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難治性心力衰竭治療原則是什么,難治性心力衰竭有哪些癥狀

金婚銀婚 2023-07-06 20:29:06

一、難治(zhi)性心力衰竭治(zhi)療(liao)原則

1.利(li)(li)尿(niao)藥(yao)應根據(ju)心(xin)(xin)(xin)衰的(de)程度以及患者的(de)年(nian)(nian)齡(ling)、血壓(ya)(ya)及水(shui)電(dian)解質水(shui)平等,遵循個體(ti)(ti)化(hua)(hua)原(yuan)則,采(cai)取停藥(yao)、調(diao)換藥(yao)物、調(diao)整劑(ji)量(liang)(liang)、聯合(he)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)兩種利(li)(li)尿(niao)劑(ji)等方式,仍(reng)有望爭取心(xin)(xin)(xin)衰癥狀的(de)改(gai)善。若能排除低血容量(liang)(liang)所致尿(niao)量(liang)(liang)明(ming)(ming)顯減(jian)(jian)少者,成人(ren)可用(yong)(yong)(yong)呋(fu)塞(sai)米(mi)(速尿(niao))160~1000mg/d,分次(ci)口服或(huo)分次(ci)靜(jing)脈注(zhu)射,或(huo)靜(jing)脈滴注(zhu)。連續應用(yong)(yong)(yong)不宜(yi)超過(guo)(guo)(guo)2~5天。此種用(yong)(yong)(yong)法尤(you)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)伴有腎功能不全的(de)難(nan)治性心(xin)(xin)(xin)衰。中等劑(ji)量(liang)(liang)呋(fu)塞(sai)米(mi)(速尿(niao)) (60~100mg/d)加大劑(ji)量(liang)(liang)螺(luo)內酯(安體(ti)(ti)舒(shu)通)160~320mg/d,分3~4次(ci)口服,用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)容量(liang)(liang)負荷過(guo)(guo)(guo)重且尿(niao)量(liang)(liang)明(ming)(ming)顯減(jian)(jian)少的(de)頑固性心(xin)(xin)(xin)衰,通過(guo)(guo)(guo)呋(fu)塞(sai)米(mi)(速尿(niao))和(he)螺(luo)內酯(安體(ti)(ti)舒(shu)通)的(de)協(xie)同利(li)(li)尿(niao)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)以及后(hou)者的(de)抗醛固酮作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),常能獲得心(xin)(xin)(xin)衰癥狀的(de)改(gai)善。應注(zhu)意(yi)只能短期應用(yong)(yong)(yong),必(bi)須及時(shi)補鉀、鎂(mei)并監測(ce)血壓(ya)(ya)以及心(xin)(xin)(xin)衰癥狀體(ti)(ti)征變(bian)化(hua)(hua),老年(nian)(nian)患者尤(you)其還應注(zhu)意(yi)利(li)(li)尿(niao)過(guo)(guo)(guo)度而(er)誘發栓(shuan)塞(sai)性血管(guan)并發癥,如腦梗死等。

2.洋(yang)地(di)黃難(nan)(nan)治(zhi)性心衰(shuai)患(huan)(huan)者對洋(yang)地(di)黃毒性的敏感性增(zeng)加(jia),不宜尋求增(zeng)加(jia)洋(yang)地(di)黃用(yong)量(liang)(liang)以提(ti)高(gao)(gao)難(nan)(nan)治(zhi)性心衰(shuai)的療效。有(you)研(yan)究表明(ming),中(zhong)等劑(ji)量(liang)(liang)以上(shang)地(di)高(gao)(gao)辛(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)不比小劑(ji)量(liang)(liang)地(di)高(gao)(gao)辛(xin)(xin)(xin)得到(dao)的血(xue)流動力學和自主神(shen)經功能改(gai)善程度高(gao)(gao),而前者引起的地(di)高(gao)(gao)辛(xin)(xin)(xin)不良反(fan)應和中(zhong)毒發生率(lv)卻明(ming)顯(xian)增(zeng)加(jia)。即使對于(yu)快速房顫(zhan)的心衰(shuai)患(huan)(huan)者地(di)高(gao)(gao)辛(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)亦不宜超過0.375mg/d。心衰(shuai)性胃腸淤血(xue)嚴重,可能存在地(di)高(gao)(gao)辛(xin)(xin)(xin)吸收障礙或服(fu)用(yong)地(di)高(gao)(gao)辛(xin)(xin)(xin)困難(nan)(nan)時,可考慮改(gai)用(yong)相當(dang)劑(ji)量(liang)(liang)的毛花(hua)苷(gan)C(西地(di)蘭)或毒毛花(hua)苷(gan)K(毒毛旋花(hua)子甙K)靜(jing)脈注射。

二、難治性(xing)心力衰竭(jie)的病因(yin)是什(shen)么

由于(yu)心(xin)(xin)臟外科(ke)手術糾治先天性心(xin)(xin)血(xue)管畸形、心(xin)(xin)瓣膜病(bing)(bing)(bing)和冠(guan)心(xin)(xin)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)進展,目前難(nan)治性心(xin)(xin)力衰竭主(zhu)要以下(xia)列患(huan)者多見:①無(wu)法進行手術治療(liao)的(de)冠(guan)心(xin)(xin)病(bing)(bing)(bing)患(huan)者伴有(you)多發性心(xin)(xin)肌梗(geng)死、心(xin)(xin)肌纖(xian)維化和乳頭肌功能不全。②心(xin)(xin)肌病(bing)(bing)(bing)患(huan)者,尤其(qi)是(shi)擴張型心(xin)(xin)肌病(bing)(bing)(bing)患(huan)者。③嚴重或(huo)惡性高(gao)血(xue)壓心(xin)(xin)臟病(bing)(bing)(bing)患(huan)者,常同時伴有(you)嚴重的(de)腎或(huo)腦血(xue)管病(bing)(bing)(bing)變及風濕(shi)性多瓣膜病(bing)(bing)(bing)伴有(you)嚴重肺(fei)動脈高(gao)壓患(huan)者。④失去手術時機的(de)心(xin)(xin)血(xue)管病(bing)(bing)(bing)變,病(bing)(bing)(bing)程逐漸惡化。

難治(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)力(li)(li)衰(shuai)(shuai)竭(jie)(jie)可能是(shi)(shi)嚴重(zhong)器質性(xing)(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)臟病終末(mo)期的(de)表現,但其中相(xiang)當一部分是(shi)(shi)由于考慮(lv)不(bu)(bu)周、治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)措施不(bu)(bu)力(li)(li)或治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)不(bu)(bu)當所致,對這(zhe)部分患者(zhe),經過努力(li)(li)調(diao)整治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)方(fang)案和悉心(xin)(xin)(xin)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)后(hou),有可能挽回(hui)患者(zhe)生命,康復出院,變(bian)難治(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)可治(zhi)(zhi)。必須指出,不(bu)(bu)同時期對難治(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)力(li)(li)衰(shuai)(shuai)竭(jie)(jie)的(de)概(gai)念或診斷標(biao)(biao)準不(bu)(bu)盡相(xiang)同。近年來(lai)由于對心(xin)(xin)(xin)肌(ji)力(li)(li)學(xue)、心(xin)(xin)(xin)臟血流(liu)動力(li)(li)學(xue)和心(xin)(xin)(xin)力(li)(li)衰(shuai)(shuai)竭(jie)(jie)的(de)病理生理機制的(de)認(ren)(ren)識(shi)深化(hua),心(xin)(xin)(xin)力(li)(li)衰(shuai)(shuai)竭(jie)(jie)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)也取得了長足的(de)進步,使(shi)以(yi)往認(ren)(ren)為(wei)的(de)部分難治(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)力(li)(li)衰(shuai)(shuai)竭(jie)(jie)變(bian)為(wei)可治(zhi)(zhi)。經典(dian)的(de)難治(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)力(li)(li)衰(shuai)(shuai)竭(jie)(jie)是(shi)(shi)指經休息、限制水鈉、給予(yu)利尿(niao)藥(yao)和強心(xin)(xin)(xin)劑(ji)后(hou),心(xin)(xin)(xin)力(li)(li)衰(shuai)(shuai)竭(jie)(jie)仍難以(yi)控(kong)制者(zhe),而(er)這(zhe)類(lei)心(xin)(xin)(xin)力(li)(li)衰(shuai)(shuai)竭(jie)(jie)目(mu)前有可能通過應用(yong)血管擴張(zhang)藥(yao)、ACE抑制劑(ji)、非洋地(di)黃類(lei)正性(xing)(xing)肌(ji)力(li)(li)藥(yao)物及改善心(xin)(xin)(xin)肌(ji)順應性(xing)(xing)而(er)控(kong)制。因此,目(mu)前難治(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)力(li)(li)衰(shuai)(shuai)竭(jie)(jie)的(de)診斷標(biao)(biao)準應包括上述治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)措施均難以(yi)控(kong)制的(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)力(li)(li)衰(shuai)(shuai)竭(jie)(jie)。

三(san)、難治性(xing)心力衰竭的發病(bing)機制

1.進(jin)行性活力(li)工作心(xin)(xin)肌(ji)喪失心(xin)(xin)肌(ji)缺(que)(que)血(xue)、炎癥(zheng)、變性、壞死不(bu)良進(jin)展(zhan)是由(you)于長(chang)時間(jian)冠狀動脈性心(xin)(xin)肌(ji)絕對(dui)或(huo)相對(dui)缺(que)(que)血(xue),慢(man)性生物性或(huo)非生物性心(xin)(xin)肌(ji)炎癥(zheng)以(yi)及心(xin)(xin)肌(ji)負荷增(zeng)大等因素,使(shi)得心(xin)(xin)肌(ji)細胞(bao)腫脹(zhang)變性,收縮蛋(dan)白退化,其最(zui)后結果常是心(xin)(xin)肌(ji)壞死以(yi)及替代性間(jian)質增(zeng)生甚(shen)至心(xin)(xin)肌(ji)纖維化。

心(xin)肌(ji)(ji)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)凋(diao)(diao)(diao)零(ling)(ling)活躍:凋(diao)(diao)(diao)零(ling)(ling)(apoptosis)也(ye)(ye)稱凋(diao)(diao)(diao)亡,是生理(li)性(xing)器官系統(tong)成熟(shu)和(he)成熟(shu)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)更新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)重要機制,一(yi)般認為終止分化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)如心(xin)肌(ji)(ji)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)神經元正常情況下不發(fa)(fa)生凋(diao)(diao)(diao)零(ling)(ling)變化(hua)(hua)。近年研究發(fa)(fa)現心(xin)肌(ji)(ji)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)在缺氧、缺血(xue)、高(gao)負荷等損(sun)傷因(yin)(yin)子作(zuo)用下也(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)生凋(diao)(diao)(diao)零(ling)(ling)。有作(zuo)者認為凋(diao)(diao)(diao)零(ling)(ling)是晚(wan)期(qi)心(xin)衰心(xin)肌(ji)(ji)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)喪(sang)失(shi)(shi),心(xin)功(gong)能進行(xing)性(xing)惡(e)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)重要原因(yin)(yin)。心(xin)肌(ji)(ji)壞(huai)死的(de)(de)(de)特(te)征是心(xin)肌(ji)(ji)ATP耗竭,細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)器破(po)壞(huai),細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)腫脹,膜(mo)破(po)裂,細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)內成分溢(yi)出并(bing)繼(ji)發(fa)(fa)炎(yan)性(xing)反應等。心(xin)肌(ji)(ji)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)凋(diao)(diao)(diao)零(ling)(ling)遵循(xun)程序(xu)化(hua)(hua)信號(hao)傳導原則,其特(te)征是細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)標志失(shi)(shi)去(qu)與相(xiang)鄰細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)接觸,DNA染色質碎裂,細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)皺縮,并(bing)通過DNA內切核苷酸水解作(zuo)用,使(shi)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)內寡核苷體積(ji)聚,最(zui)后(hou)凋(diao)(diao)(diao)零(ling)(ling)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)被(bei)吞噬細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)或相(xiang)鄰細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)吞噬。心(xin)衰時這一(yi)過程伴有多種(zhong)基因(yin)(yin)異(yi)常表達(da)。其中包括抑制凋(diao)(diao)(diao)零(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)Bcl2蛋白(bai)和(he)促進凋(diao)(diao)(diao)零(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)BAX蛋白(bai),而以(yi)BAX蛋白(bai)增高(gao)尤為明(ming)顯。凋(diao)(diao)(diao)零(ling)(ling)活躍是晚(wan)期(qi)心(xin)衰活力(li)心(xin)肌(ji)(ji)慢性(xing)喪(sang)失(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)重要方式。

2.心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室運(yun)動(dong)(dong)紊亂常(chang)(chang)見于心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室壁瘤,由(you)于區域性心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)肌(ji)壞(huai)死、缺血、損傷、病變心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)肌(ji)與(yu)健康心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)肌(ji)在興奮傳導(dao),主要(yao)是(shi)機(ji)械舒縮活(huo)動(dong)(dong)方(fang)面產生(sheng)不(bu)同步(bu),甚(shen)至(zhi)呈矛盾運(yun)動(dong)(dong),心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室射血合力減退,不(bu)良(liang)的發展(zhan)使(shi)健康心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)肌(ji)終因負荷增大而發生(sheng)結構(gou)和功(gong)能(neng)異常(chang)(chang),從而加(jia)劇(ju)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)功(gong)能(neng)惡化。這是(shi)冠心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)病等心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰難(nan)治的常(chang)(chang)見原(yuan)因。

四(si)、難治(zhi)性(xing)心力(li)衰竭有什么癥狀

心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)力衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)竭經適當病因(yin)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療和(he)(he)常(chang)(chang)規抗心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)處理(休息、限鹽、利尿藥(yao)、洋地(di)黃、ACEI等)常(chang)(chang)能迅速改善癥狀(zhuang)(zhuang),若心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)癥狀(zhuang)(zhuang)和(he)(he)體征(zheng)在常(chang)(chang)規心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療下仍長期持(chi)續無變化或呈(cheng)進行性(xing)加重時,稱為(wei)難(nan)(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)(refractory heart failure)。多(duo)數難(nan)(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)屬于(yu)慢性(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)不良發展的晚(wan)期表現,亦稱終(zhong)末期心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)(end-stage heart failure)。部分難(nan)(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)常(chang)(chang)存在使心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)惡化但可(ke)(ke)以(yi)被糾正的心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)內和(he)(he)(或)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)外(wai)因(yin)素(su),去除或改變這些因(yin)素(su),心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療尚能收到良好效果,這類難(nan)(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)也(ye)稱為(wei)不穩(wen)定性(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)(unstable heart failure)。難(nan)(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)是左心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)、右心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)或全心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)。可(ke)(ke)以(yi)是收縮功(gong)(gong)能障(zhang)礙(ai)性(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)或舒張功(gong)(gong)能障(zhang)礙(ai)性(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)。多(duo)系混(hun)合性(xing)收縮舒張功(gong)(gong)能障(zhang)礙(ai)性(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)。難(nan)(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)常(chang)(chang)為(wei)重度(du)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)、亦可(ke)(ke)為(wei)中重度(du)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)。

難治性(xing)心力(li)衰竭是一(yi)種臨(lin)床診斷。

1.癥(zheng)狀患者休息或輕微活(huo)動即感氣急、端坐呼吸、極度疲乏、發(fa)紺(gan)、倦怠、四肢發(fa)冷,運(yun)動耐(nai)量降低(di)伴呼吸困難,骨(gu)骼肌(ji)萎(wei)縮(suo),心源性(xing)惡病質,頑固性(xing)水腫,肝臟進(jin)行性(xing)增大伴右上腹疼痛。

2.體征心(xin)尖(jian)(jian)搏動(dong)向左下擴大(da),可(ke)聞及第(di)三心(xin)音(yin)(yin)奔馬律,肺(fei)動(dong)脈瓣第(di)二音(yin)(yin)亢(kang)進,繼發于二尖(jian)(jian)瓣關閉不全(quan)的收(shou)縮(suo)早期(qi)或(huo)全(quan)收(shou)縮(suo)期(qi)雜(za)音(yin)(yin);右心(xin)室第(di)三心(xin)音(yin)(yin)奔馬律;三尖(jian)(jian)瓣反流時(shi),沿著胸(xiong)骨左下緣可(ke)聞及收(shou)縮(suo)早期(qi)及全(quan)收(shou)縮(suo)期(qi)雜(za)音(yin)(yin),用力(li)吸氣時(shi)增強;外周水(shui)腫、腹(fu)水(shui);體重迅速(su)增加;終末(mo)期(qi)難治性心(xin)力(li)衰(shuai)竭患者可(ke)捫及肝臟(zang)搏動(dong)。部(bu)分(fen)患者持續(xu)存在(zai)(zai)心(xin)動(dong)過速(su)和(或(huo))舒張期(qi)奔馬律。血壓偏低(di)、在(zai)(zai)此基礎上脈壓常持續(xu)≤25mmHg(3.32kPa)。還可(ke)存在(zai)(zai)胸(xiong)腔(qiang)積(ji)(ji)液、腹(fu)水(shui)或(huo)心(xin)包積(ji)(ji)液及持續(xu)存在(zai)(zai)雙側肺(fei)部(bu)濕啰音(yin)(yin)等。

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