呼吸窘迫綜合征病理改變

肺外觀大小正常，由于高度郁血，呈深紅色，質靭如肝，入水下沉，切面呈深紅色肺組織片蘇木伊紅染色顯微鏡下見廣泛的再吸收肺不張，肺泡間壁相互貼近，肺中僅有少量擴張的肺泡，其壁附有一層嗜伊紅均勻而無結構的物質，即透明膜，有時可見透明膜部份游離于肺泡中，肺泡管和細支氣管擴張，壁上也附有透明膜。肺組織則有水腫，有時可見到水腫液濃縮成透明膜的過程，并可見到大單核和多核細胞滲出，存活32小時以上者常并發肺炎，而透明膜已被吸收或呈疏松顆粒狀碎片。

呼吸系統病理

慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)：是(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)感(gan)(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)或(huo)(huo)非感(gan)(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)因(yin)素引(yin)(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)粘(zhan)膜(mo)(mo)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)理(li)特(te)(te)征是(shi)(shi)粘(zhan)液(ye)(ye)腺(xian)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)肥大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)、粘(zhan)膜(mo)(mo)上(shang)(shang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)杯(bei)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)化(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。臨(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)咳嗽、咯痰，每年至(zhi)少(shao)(shao)(shao)持續3個月(yue)，連(lian)續2年以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)。 肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：系(xi)指肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)臟過(guo)度充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，終末細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)遠端部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)，包括(kuo)呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)囊和(he)(he)(he)(he)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)永久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)膨脹并伴有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)破(po)(po)壞性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)改(gai)(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)理(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態。 氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)擴(kuo)(kuo)張(zhang)癥(zheng)：是(shi)(shi)指肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)因(yin)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)壁(bi)(bi)平滑肌和(he)(he)(he)(he)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)持組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)破(po)(po)壞而(er)(er)(er)導致管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)腔(qiang)(qiang)持久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)擴(kuo)(kuo)張(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)道(dao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。 成(cheng)(cheng)人呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)窘(jiong)迫綜合征：是(shi)(shi)急(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)功(gong)能(neng)障礙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)臨(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外原因(yin)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)。臨(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)上(shang)(shang)表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)極度窘(jiong)迫，低(di)氧(yang)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)癥(zheng)及(ji)非左心(xin)衰竭性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)彌(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)漫(man)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)特(te)(te)征的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合征。 透明(ming)(ming)膜(mo)(mo)：在(zai)成(cheng)(cheng)人呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)窘(jiong)迫綜合征中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，極富蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)液(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)(he)(he)壞死的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)殘(can)留物(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布在(zai)擴(kuo)(kuo)張(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)及(ji)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)表(biao)面(mian)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)膜(mo)(mo)樣結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，它(ta)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)影響肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)換氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)功(gong)能(neng)。 小葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)：是(shi)(shi)指細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)及(ji)其鄰(lin)近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)急(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)化(hua)膿性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)癥(zheng)。 大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)：是(shi)(shi)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)急(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)滲(shen)出(chu)(chu)(chu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)癥(zheng)。病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)理(li)特(te)(te)點(dian)(dian)表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)彌(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)漫(man)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)滲(shen)出(chu)(chu)(chu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)同(tong)時(shi)伴有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)癥(zheng)。 充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)水(shui)(shui)(shui)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)：是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)，重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)暗(an)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)，擠壓(ya)之(zhi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)(jian)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)流出(chu)(chu)(chu)淡(dan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)沫狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)。鏡檢：病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)彌(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)漫(man)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)壁(bi)(bi)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)擴(kuo)(kuo)張(zhang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)少(shao)(shao)(shao)不(bu)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)液(ye)(ye)，少(shao)(shao)(shao)數(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)及(ji)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。 紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)樣變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)：是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)在(zai)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)后(hou)(hou)第(di)(di)3～4天進入此期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。鏡檢可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)(jian)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)壁(bi)(bi)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仍擴(kuo)(kuo)張(zhang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)除(chu)原有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)液(ye)(ye)外，已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)塞其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，同(tong)時(shi)夾雜(za)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、少(shao)(shao)(shao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)巨噬(shi)(shi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。相(xiang)鄰(lin)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)通過(guo)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)連(lian)接成(cheng)(cheng)網(wang)。眼觀(guan)(guan)：肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)，呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)暗(an)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)，受(shou)累肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)，切面(mian)灰(hui)(hui)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)，粗糙顆(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，似肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)，故(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)樣變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)”之(zhi)稱(cheng)(cheng)。 灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se)(se)(se)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)樣變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)：是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)在(zai)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)后(hou)(hou)第(di)(di)5～6天進入此期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。鏡檢：肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隔毛(mao)(mao)(mao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)逐(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)漸減(jian)輕(qing)，肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)繼續有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)滲(shen)出(chu)(chu)(chu)，紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)(jian)，但數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)甚(shen)(shen)少(shao)(shao)(shao)。纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)經(jing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)相(xiang)互(hu)連(lian)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)網(wang)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)。眼觀(guan)(guan)：肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)仍腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)，質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)，由(you)于(yu)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隔毛(mao)(mao)(mao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)程度減(jian)輕(qing)，實(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)(se)由(you)暗(an)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)逐(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)漸變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)灰(hui)(hui)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)，切面(mian)干(gan)燥(zao)，顆(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，故(gu)稱(cheng)(cheng)“灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se)(se)(se)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)樣變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)” 肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)肉質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樣變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)：在(zai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，某(mou)些(xie)患者中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)滲(shen)出(chu)(chu)(chu)過(guo)少(shao)(shao)(shao)，其釋出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)酶不(bu)足以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)時(shi)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)和(he)(he)(he)(he)消除(chu)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)等(deng)滲(shen)出(chu)(chu)(chu)物(wu)。久之(zhi)則(ze)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)機化(hua)，眼觀(guan)(guan)局(ju)(ju)部(bu)(bu)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地堅韌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)肉樣纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)：一(yi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)局(ju)(ju)限(xian)于(yu)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)部(bu)(bu)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)癥(zheng)。病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)理(li)特(te)(te)點(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)淋巴(ba)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、單核細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)癥(zheng)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)浸潤于(yu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，同(tong)時(shi)伴有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)不(bu)同(tong)程度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴(kuo)(kuo)張(zhang)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)非典型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。 肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)沉(chen)著癥(zheng)：是(shi)(shi)因(yin)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)吸(xi)(xi)入大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)事含游(you)離(li)二氧(yang)化(hua)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)（siO2）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粉塵沉(chen)著于(yu)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)部(bu)(bu)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職業病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。 硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)節(jie)：硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)節(jie)境界清楚，直徑2~5mm，呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)，灰(hui)(hui)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se)、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)硬，觸之(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)砂樣感(gan)(gan)(gan)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)節(jie)初始階段(duan)是(shi)(shi)由(you)吞(tun)噬(shi)(shi)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)塵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨噬(shi)(shi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)聚集(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，繼而(er)(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，使之(zhi)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)化(hua)。結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)節(jie)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)常(chang)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)同(tong)心(xin)圓(yuan)式排列。當(dang)膠原沉(chen)積(ji)(ji)(ji)較多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)時(shi)，則(ze)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)同(tong)心(xin)圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)或(huo)(huo)漩渦(wo)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)排列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玻璃樣變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)節(jie)。 肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)原性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)心(xin)臟病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)：是(shi)(shi)因(yin)慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)及(ji)胸(xiong)廓(kuo)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)循(xun)環阻力增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)、肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)動(dong)脈(mo)壓(ya)力升高(gao)而(er)(er)(er)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)右心(xin)室肥厚、擴(kuo)(kuo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)甚(shen)(shen)至(zhi)右心(xin)衰竭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)臟病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。 鼻咽(yan)(yan)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)：是(shi)(shi)起(qi)源(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)鼻咽(yan)(yan)粘(zhan)膜(mo)(mo)上(shang)(shang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)腺(xian)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惡(e)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘤(liu)。 肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)：是(shi)(shi)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惡(e)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘤(liu)。因(yin)其大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)起(qi)源(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)粘(zhan)膜(mo)(mo)上(shang)(shang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)，故(gu)亦稱(cheng)(cheng)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)。 燕(yan)(yan)麥(mai)(mai)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)：是(shi)(shi)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)，鏡下(xia)(xia)特(te)(te)點(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)小而(er)(er)(er)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)短梭形(xing)(xing)，猶(you)(you)如小淋巴(ba)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，染(ran)(ran)色(se)(se)(se)(se)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)染(ran)(ran)，胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)(shao)(shao)而(er)(er)(er)形(xing)(xing)似裸(luo)核。典型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)時(shi)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)常(chang)一(yi)端稍尖(jian)，形(xing)(xing)如燕(yan)(yan)麥(mai)(mai)穗粒(li)(li)(li)(li)，故(gu)稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)燕(yan)(yan)麥(mai)(mai)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)。癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)常(chang)密集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)群(qun)，亦可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)編織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)排列，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)圍(wei)繞小血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)假菊形(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，這(zhe)種(zhong)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)特(te)(te)點(dian)(dian)提示(shi)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神經(jing)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)泌細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)源(yuan)(yuan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，起(qi)源(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)粘(zhan)膜(mo)(mo)或(huo)(huo)腺(xian)上(shang)(shang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗜(shi)銀細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，歸屬(shu)于(yu)神經(jing)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)泌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘤(liu)。電鏡證(zheng)實(shi)此類(lei)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)含有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)泌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)，能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)5-HT、ACTH等(deng)激素，引(yin)(yin)起(qi)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臨(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。本(ben)(ben)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘤(liu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)男性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)見(jian)(jian)(jian)，年齡常(chang)偏輕(qing)，且與吸(xi)(xi)煙關系(xi)密切。治療中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)對放療和(he)(he)(he)(he)化(hua)療為(wei)(wei)敏感(gan)(gan)(gan)。由(you)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)迅速(su)，早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)即沿淋巴(ba)道(dao)或(huo)(huo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)道(dao)轉移，預后(hou)(hou)較差(cha)。據統計，５年生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)率不(bu)到(dao)1％。 慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)理(li)改(gai)(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)哪些(xie)？ 答：慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)理(li)改(gai)(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)：1.腺(xian)體(ti)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)肥大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)、分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)泌亢(kang)進，表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)道(dao)腺(xian)體(ti)肥大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)、增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，漿液(ye)(ye)腺(xian)上(shang)(shang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)粘(zhan)液(ye)(ye)腺(xian)化(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。2.粘(zhan)膜(mo)(mo)上(shang)(shang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)傷，首先受(shou)到(dao)損(sun)害的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)纖(xian)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)柱(zhu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)上(shang)(shang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)。纖(xian)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)上(shang)(shang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)程度不(bu)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、壞死、脫落，纖(xian)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)短而(er)(er)(er)參差(cha)不(bu)齊，稀疏倒伏，互(hu)相(xiang)粘(zhan)連(lian)，嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)局(ju)(ju)部(bu)(bu)完全(quan)脫失；粘(zhan)膜(mo)(mo)損(sun)傷嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)，上(shang)(shang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)壞死和(he)(he)(he)(he)崩解(jie)(jie)(jie)，甚(shen)(shen)至(zhi)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)潰(kui)瘍(yang)。3.支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)壁(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)壁(bi)(bi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、粘(zhan)膜(mo)(mo)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)脹，各級支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)壁(bi)(bi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淋巴(ba)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨噬(shi)(shi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)浸潤，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)周圍(wei)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)撐組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)(po)壞，間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)彈力纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)與平滑肌束斷(duan)裂、破(po)(po)壞，纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，還(huan)會導致管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)壁(bi)(bi)軟骨(gu)(gu)片萎縮(suo)、纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)化(hua)、鈣鹽沉(chen)著，甚(shen)(shen)至(zhi)骨(gu)(gu)化(hua)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)。 請問有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)哪些(xie)因(yin)素可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)動(dong)脈(mo)高(gao)壓(ya)？ 答：1.原發(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing) ，包括(kuo)慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)哮喘和(he)(he)(he)(he)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)擴(kuo)(kuo)張(zhang)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)日久后(hou)(hou)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)阻塞性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)，是(shi)(shi)本(ben)(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)(jian)原因(yin)。此外，還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)矽肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)空(kong)洞型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)核及(ji)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)化(hua)等(deng)。這(zhe)些(xie)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)常(chang)因(yin)低(di)氧(yang)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)癥(zheng)、肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)數(shu)目減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)、肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)小動(dong)脈(mo)痙攣，而(er)(er)(er)致肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)動(dong)脈(mo)壓(ya)力增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)高(gao)，導致右心(xin)肥大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)。 2.原發(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing) 原發(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)動(dong)脈(mo)高(gao)壓(ya)、肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)扭(niu)曲或(huo)(huo)閉塞、結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)節(jie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)動(dong)脈(mo)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)發(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)小動(dong)脈(mo)栓塞等(deng)，是(shi)(shi)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)動(dong)脈(mo)高(gao)壓(ya)更(geng)直接的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)，從而(er)(er)(er)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)右心(xin)肥大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)。 3.影響胸(xiong)廓(kuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing) 這(zhe)類(lei)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)胸(xiong)廓(kuo)畸形(xing)(xing)、脊柱(zhu)后(hou)(hou)側彎、胸(xiong)膜(mo)(mo)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)化(hua)等(deng)，它(ta)們(men)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)使呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)活動(dong)受(shou)限(xian)制，肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)通氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)足，引(yin)(yin)起(qi)缺氧(yang)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)癥(zheng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)酸中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒，而(er)(er)(er)致肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)動(dong)脈(mo)高(gao)壓(ya)。 大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)各期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)何特(te)(te)點(dian)(dian)？ 1、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)水(shui)(shui)(shui)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)：是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)，重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)暗(an)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)，擠壓(ya)之(zhi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)(jian)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)流出(chu)(chu)(chu)淡(dan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)沫狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)。鏡檢：病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)彌(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)漫(man)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)壁(bi)(bi)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)擴(kuo)(kuo)張(zhang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)少(shao)(shao)(shao)不(bu)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)液(ye)(ye)，少(shao)(shao)(shao)數(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)及(ji)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。 2、紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)樣變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)：是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)在(zai)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)后(hou)(hou)第(di)(di)3～4天進入此期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。鏡檢可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)(jian)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)壁(bi)(bi)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仍擴(kuo)(kuo)張(zhang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)除(chu)原有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)液(ye)(ye)外，已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)塞其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，同(tong)時(shi)夾雜(za)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、少(shao)(shao)(shao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)巨噬(shi)(shi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。相(xiang)鄰(lin)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)通過(guo)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)連(lian)接成(cheng)(cheng)網(wang)。眼觀(guan)(guan)：肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)，呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)暗(an)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)，受(shou)累肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)，切面(mian)灰(hui)(hui)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)，粗糙顆(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，似肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)，故(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)樣變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)”之(zhi)稱(cheng)(cheng)。 3、灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se)(se)(se)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)樣變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)：是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)在(zai)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)后(hou)(hou)第(di)(di)5～6天進入此期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。鏡檢：肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隔毛(mao)(mao)(mao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)逐(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)漸減(jian)輕(qing)，肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)繼續有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)滲(shen)出(chu)(chu)(chu)，紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)(jian)，但數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)甚(shen)(shen)少(shao)(shao)(shao)。纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)經(jing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)相(xiang)互(hu)連(lian)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)網(wang)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)。眼觀(guan)(guan)：肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)仍腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)，質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)，由(you)于(yu)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隔毛(mao)(mao)(mao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)程度減(jian)輕(qing)，實(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)(se)由(you)暗(an)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)逐(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)漸變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)灰(hui)(hui)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)，切面(mian)干(gan)燥(zao)，顆(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，故(gu)稱(cheng)(cheng)“灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se)(se)(se)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)樣變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)”。 4、溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)消散(san)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)：病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)后(hou)(hou)1周左右，病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)原菌(jun)被(bei)(bei)吞(tun)噬(shi)(shi)消滅，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)壞死，釋放出(chu)(chu)(chu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)酶，使滲(shen)出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)被(bei)(bei)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)。溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)物(wu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)由(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)道(dao)咳出(chu)(chu)(chu)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)被(bei)(bei)吞(tun)噬(shi)(shi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)吞(tun)噬(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)經(jing)淋巴(ba)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)逐(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)步排出(chu)(chu)(chu)或(huo)(huo)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)，最(zui)(zui)終肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)完全(quan)恢復正常(chang)。 試述(shu)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)及(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。 答：硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)是(shi)(shi)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)彌(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)漫(man)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)化(hua)。 Ⅰ期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)：硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)節(jie)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)局(ju)(ju)限(xian)在(zai)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淋巴(ba)系(xi)統，肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)節(jie)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)較少(shao)(shao)(shao)，直徑在(zai)1-3mm，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布在(zai)兩肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia)(xia)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)近(jin)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)門(men)處。 Ⅱ期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)：硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)節(jie)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)、體(ti)積(ji)(ji)(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)，伴有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)化(hua)。結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)節(jie)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)散(san)布于(yu)全(quan)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，但仍密積(ji)(ji)(ji)人在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia)(xia)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)近(jin)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)門(men)區(qu)為(wei)(wei)特(te)(te)征，總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)范圍(wei)不(bu)超過(guo)錢肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1/3。 Ⅲ期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)：硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)節(jie)密集(ji)與肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)化(hua)融合成(cheng)(cheng)塊。結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)節(jie)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)常(chang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灶周肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或(huo)(huo)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)不(bu)張(zhang)。切開(kai)時(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)沙礫感(gan)(gan)(gan)。 肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)理(li)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)哪些(xie)？ 1、眼觀(guan)(guan)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)：①中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)：腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)塊位(wei)于(yu)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)門(men)處，發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)或(huo)(huo)段(duan)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。②周圍(wei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)：主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)指發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)段(duan)及(ji)段(duan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。③彌(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)漫(man)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)：罕見(jian)(jian)(jian)，腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘤(liu)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現彌(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)漫(man)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)浸潤生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)沿肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)，呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)彌(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)漫(man)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)小結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)節(jie)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。 2、組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)：（1） 鱗狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)，高(gao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)化(hua)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)(jian)到(dao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)橋、角化(hua)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，典型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)角化(hua)珠形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)；低(di)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)化(hua)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)無或(huo)(huo)偶見(jian)(jian)(jian)角化(hua)，細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)而(er)(er)(er)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)邊(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)梭形(xing)(xing)；核常(chang)異(yi)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)；未分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)化(hua)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)則(ze)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)彌(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)漫(man)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布，無明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)巢。(2)小細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)，鏡下(xia)(xia)特(te)(te)點(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)小而(er)(er)(er)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)短梭形(xing)(xing)，猶(you)(you)如小淋巴(ba)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，染(ran)(ran)色(se)(se)(se)(se)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)染(ran)(ran)，胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)(shao)(shao)而(er)(er)(er)形(xing)(xing)似裸(luo)核。（３）腺(xian)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)化(hua)高(gao)者可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)腺(xian)腔(qiang)(qiang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，腺(xian)上(shang)(shang)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)泌粘(zhan)液(ye)(ye)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)乳(ru)頭(tou)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)、分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)化(hua)差(cha)者癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)排列成(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索，無明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)腺(xian)腔(qiang)(qiang)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現不(bu)規則(ze)腺(xian)體(ti)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，或(huo)(huo)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)篩(shai)網(wang)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)。（4）大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)未分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)化(hua)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)特(te)(te)點(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘤(liu)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)體(ti)積(ji)(ji)(ji)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)，胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)豐富，細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)異(yi)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)，常(chang)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)邊(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)，核深(shen)染(ran)(ran)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現奇(qi)異(yi)核和(he)(he)(he)(he)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)核；也(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)(jian)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)瘤(liu)巨細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。

急性(xing)呼(hu)吸窘迫綜(zong)合征(zheng)(ARDS)的(de)病理生(sheng)理改變是

病情分析：
成人呼吸窘迫綜合征（adult respiratory distress syndrome ）是患者原心肺功能正常，如嚴重創傷、燒傷、休克、感染、大手術等過程中繼發的一種以進行性呼吸窘迫和難以糾正的低氧血癥為特征的急性呼吸衰竭。英文簡稱ARDS。病情復雜，預后不佳，病死率高達50％。雖其病因各異，但肺組織損傷的病理和功能改變大致相同。
指導意見：
預防呼吸窘迫綜合癥最好的方法就是積極治療原發病。，1.對高危患者應加強監護警惕本病的發生2.密切觀察病情變化及時糾正呼吸循環衰竭3.應積極配合治療原發病因，對高危的患者應嚴密觀察，加強監護，一但發現呼吸頻速，PaO2降低等肺損傷表現，在治療原發開門見山時，應早期給予呼吸支持和其它有效的預防及干預措施，防止ARDS進一步發展和重要臟器損傷。

病情分析：
您好，很高興為您解答。急性呼吸窘迫綜合征的發病原因，在許多情況下，創傷者可發生呼吸損害。多發性肋骨骨折、肺挫傷、肺破裂、血胸和氣胸等造成胸廓及胸腔內的直接損傷是常見的原因。頭部創傷后意識昏迷者，由于血液和胃內容物的誤吸或神經源性反射性肺水腫，引起呼吸損害也不少見。近年來，對非胸廓的創傷者發生的急性呼吸衰竭，越來越被注意;如大量輸血及輸液過多，骨折后的脂肪栓塞，以及創傷后感染，都是造成呼吸窘迫綜合征的熟知原因。
指導意見：
臨床表現有：除與有關相應的的發病征象外，當肺剛受損的數小時內，患者可無呼吸系統癥狀。隨后呼吸頻率加快，氣促逐漸加重，肺部體征無異常發現，或可聽到吸氣時細小濕啰音。X線胸片顯示清晰肺野，或僅有肺紋理增多模糊，提示血管周圍液體聚集。動脈血氣分析示PaO2和PaCO2偏低。隨著病情進展，患者呼吸窘迫，感胸部緊束，吸氣費力、紫紺，常伴有煩躁、焦慮不安，兩肺廣泛間質浸潤，可伴奇靜脈擴張，胸膜反應或有少量積液。由于明顯低氧血癥引起過度通氣，PaCO2降低，出現呼吸性堿中毒。呼吸窘迫不能用通常的氧療使之改善。如上述病情繼續惡化，呼吸窘迫和紫紺繼續加重，胸片示肺部浸潤陰曩大片融合，乃至發展成“白肺”。呼吸肌疲勞導致通氣不足，二氧化碳潴留，產生混和性酸中毒。心臟停搏。部分患者出現多器官衰竭。

病情分析：
多種急性致病原因可以導致肺等器官的損害，嚴重時可以引起急性肺損傷即ALI，而急性呼吸窘迫綜合征ARDS是嚴重的ALI。
其病理特征是由于肺微血管通透性增高而導致的肺泡滲出液中富含蛋白質的肺水腫及透明膜形成，可伴有肺間質纖維化。
指導意見：
其臨床表現是呼吸頻數和呼吸窘迫、頑固性低氧血癥。
其治療措施包括
1、積極治療原發病
2、氧療
3、機械通氣
4、調節機體液體平衡

病情分析：
急性呼吸窘迫綜合征（acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS）是指肺內、外嚴重疾病導致以肺毛細血管彌漫性損傷、通透性增強為基礎，以肺水腫、透明膜形成和肺不張為主要病理變化，以進行性呼吸窘迫和難治性低氧血癥為臨床特征的急性呼吸衰竭綜合征。
ARDS是急性肺損傷發展到后期的典型表現。該病起病急驟，發展迅猛，預后極差，死亡率高達50％以上
由于肺泡-毛細血管膜的損傷及炎癥介質的作用使肺泡上皮和毛細血管內皮通透性增高，引起滲透性肺水腫，致肺彌散性功能障礙。肺泡Ⅱ型上皮細胞損傷使表面活性物質生成減少，加上水腫液的稀釋和肺泡過度通氣消耗表面活性物質，使肺泡表面張力增高，肺的順應性降低，形成肺不張。
肺不張、肺水腫引起的氣道阻塞，以及炎癥介質引起的支氣管痙攣可導致肺內分流；肺內DIC及炎癥介質引起的肺血管收縮，可導致死腔樣通氣。
肺彌散功能障礙、肺內分流和死腔樣通氣均使PaO2降低，導致Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭。病情嚴重者，由于肺部病變廣泛，肺總通氣量減少,可發生Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭。
指導意見：
　ARDS治療的關鍵在于原發病及其病因，如處理好創傷，遲早找到感染灶，針對病的菌應用敏感的抗生素，制止炎癥反應進一步對肺的損作；
更緊迫的是要及時糾正患者嚴重缺氧，贏得治療基礎疾病的寶貴時間。
在呼吸支持治療中，要防止擬壓傷，呼吸道繼發感染和氧中毒等并發癥的發生。根據肺損傷的發病機制，探索新的藥理治療也是研究的重要方向。
　　（一）呼吸支持治療
　　1.氧療 糾正缺氧刻不容緩，可采用經面罩持續氣道正壓（CPAP）吸氧，但大多需要藉助機械通氣吸入氧氣。一般認為FiO2＞0.6，PaO2仍＜8kPa(60mmHg)，SaO2＜90%時，應對患者采用咱氣末正壓通氣PEEP為主的綜合治療。
　　2.人工氣道機械通氣
（二）維持適宜的血容量
創傷出血過多，必須輸血。輸血切忌過量，滴速不宜過快，最好輸入新鮮血。在保證血容量、穩定血壓前提下，要求出入液量輕度負平衡（-500～-1000ml/d）。
為促進水腫液的消退可使用呋噻米（速尿），每日40～60mg。在內皮細胞通透性增加時，膠體可滲至間質內，加重肺水腫，故在ARDS的早期不宜給膠體液
（三）腎上腺皮質激素的應用
它有保護毛細血管內皮細胞、防止白細胞、血小板聚集和粘附管壁形成微血栓；
穩定溶酶體膜，降低補體活性，抑制細胞膜上磷脂代謝，減少花生四烯酸的合成，阻止前列腺素及血栓素A2的生命；
保護肺Ⅱ型細胞分泌表面活性物質；具抗炎和促使肺間質液吸收；
緩解支氣管痙攣；抑制后期肺纖維化作用。目前認為對刺激性氣體吸入、外傷骨折所致的脂肪栓塞等非感染性引起的ARDS，早期可以應用激素。
地塞米松60～80mg/d，或氫化考的松1000～2000mg/d，每6h1次，連用2天，有效者繼續使用1～2天停藥，無效者遲早停用。ARDS伴有敗血下或嚴重呼吸道感染忌用激素。
　　（四）糾正酸堿和電解質紊亂 與呼吸衰竭時的一般原則相同。重在預防。
　　（五）營養支持
ARDS患者處于高代謝狀態，應及時補補充熱量和高蛋白、高脂肪營養物質。應盡早給予強有力的營養支持，鼻飼或靜脈補給，保持總熱量攝取83.7～167.4kJ(20～40kCal/kg)。
　　（六）其他治療探索
　　1.肺表面活性物質替代療法
目前國內外有自然提取和人工制劑的表面活性物質，治療嬰兒呼吸窘迫綜合征有較好效果，外源性表面活性物質在ARDS僅暫時使PaO2升高。
　　2.吸NO
NO即血管內皮細胞衍生舒張因子，具有廣泛生理學活性，參與許多疾病的病理生理過程。在ARDS中的生理學作用和可能的臨床應用前景已有廣泛研究。
3.氧自由基清除劑、抗氧化劑以及免疫治療
根據ARDS發病機制，針對發病主要環節，研究相應的藥物給予干預，減輕肺和其它臟器損害，是目前研究熱點之一。 過氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、過氧化氫酶（CAT），可防止O2和H2O2氧化作用所引起的急性肺損傷；
尿酸可抑制O2、OH的產生和PMNs呼吸暴發；維生素E具有一定抗氧化劑效能，但會增加醫院內感染的危險。
　　脂氧化酶和環氧化酶途徑抑制劑，如布洛芬等可使血栓素A2和前列腺素減少，抑制補體與PMNs結合，防止PMNs在肺內聚集。
　　免疫治療是通過中和致病因子，對抗炎性介質和抑制效應細胞來治療ARDS。目前研究較多的有抗內毒素抗體，抗TNF、IL-1、IL-6、IL-8，以及抗細胞黏附分子的抗體或藥物。
醫生詢問：
具(ju)體治(zhi)療要(yao)根(gen)據患者的病因具(ju)體癥狀對(dui)癥對(dui)因治(zhi)療 祝早日康(kang)復

成人呼(hu)吸窘迫綜合癥(zheng)的病理(li)(li)生(sheng)理(li)(li)學(xue)

對于最初的肺部損害，知之甚少。動物模型研究提示，活化的白細胞和血小板積聚于毛細血管，間質和氣腔內；它們可釋放前列腺素，毒性O2 原子團，蛋白溶解酶和其他介質(如腫瘤壞死因子和白細胞介素)，這些物質損害細胞，促使炎癥形成和纖維化，并改變支氣管舒縮性和血管反應性。 　
當肺(fei)(fei)(fei)毛細血管內皮(pi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)內皮(pi)受損(sun)時，血漿和(he)(he)(he)(he)血液逸漏至(zhi)間(jian)質(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)腔內。導致肺(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)積水和(he)(he)(he)(he)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)不張(zhang)，肺(fei)(fei)(fei)不張(zhang)部分是(shi)由于表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)物質(zhi)減少所致。這種損(sun)傷并非是(shi)均勻的，它(ta)主要發生在肺(fei)(fei)(fei)的下垂部位。2~3天內，出現(xian)間(jian)質(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)支氣管肺(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)炎癥以及上(shang)皮(pi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)間(jian)質(zhi)細胞增生。然后，膠原(yuan)迅速積聚，在2~3周內導致嚴重(zhong)的間(jian)質(zhi)纖維化。這些病(bing)理(li)改變使肺(fei)(fei)(fei)順(shun)應(ying)性(xing)降低(di)，功(gong)能殘氣量下降，通氣/灌注比例失(shi)調(diao)，生理(li)死(si)腔量增加，嚴重(zhong)的低(di)氧(yang)血癥和(he)(he)(he)(he)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)動脈(mo)高壓。

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