甲(jia)(jia)亢(kang)可(ke)以是(shi)(shi)因甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)內(nei)甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)激(ji)(ji)素(T3 和T4 )合(he)成(cheng)和分(fen)泌增(zeng)加(jia)的結果,這是(shi)(shi)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)血中甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)刺激(ji)(ji)因子或(huo)自主(zhu)性甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)功能(neng)亢(kang)進所致,也可(ke)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)過度釋放甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)激(ji)(ji)素而無增(zeng)加(jia)激(ji)(ji)素合(he)成(cheng)。后者最常見原因是(shi)(shi)繼發于(yu)(yu)(yu)各種原因的甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)炎引起破壞性改(gai)變所致。甲(jia)(jia)亢(kang)的最后一個(ge)主(zhu)要原因是(shi)(shi)有意或(huo)意外服(fu)用過量(liang)甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)激(ji)(ji)素,稱人為甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)毒癥。
甲亢的病因(yin)分類根據放射性碘吸取和有(you)無(wu)循環甲狀腺興奮因(yin)子。
格雷夫斯病(彌漫性(xing)毒(du)性(xing)甲狀(zhuang)腺(xian)腫(zhong)),以(yi)甲狀(zhuang)腺(xian)功能亢(kang)進和下(xia)述一個(ge)或一個(ge)以(yi)上癥狀(zhuang)為特征:甲狀(zhuang)腺(xian)腫(zhong)大,突(tu)眼,脛前粘(zhan)液性(xing)水(shui)腫(zhong)。
格(ge)(ge)雷夫斯病(bing)(bing)為甲亢的(de)最常見原因,此為自身免(mian)疫(yi)性疾(ji)病(bing)(bing),病(bing)(bing)程緩慢伴有緩解和復發。格(ge)(ge)雷夫斯病(bing)(bing)的(de)病(bing)(bing)因是抗(kang)甲狀(zhuang)腺(xian)TSH受(shou)體抗(kang)體持續(xu)興奮甲狀(zhuang)腺(xian)導致(zhi)過度合(he)成(cheng)和分泌T3 和T4 .格(ge)(ge)雷夫斯病(bing)(bing)(和橋本甲狀(zhuang)腺(xian)炎)有時伴有其(qi)他自身免(mian)疫(yi)性疾(ji)病(bing)(bing),包括(kuo)IDDM,白癜風,過早白發,惡性貧血,膠原病(bing)(bing),多腺(xian)體缺陷綜合(he)征。
浸(jin)潤(run)性(xing)(xing)突(tu)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)見于(yu)格雷(lei)夫斯(si)病,發病機制很少(shao)了(le)解,但(dan)最多見于(yu)活動(dong)性(xing)(xing)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)亢(kang)(kang)。同樣可見于(yu)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)亢(kang)(kang)發病前或后15~20年,突(tu)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)好(hao)轉和加劇(ju)不依賴于(yu)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)亢(kang)(kang)的(de)臨床過程。浸(jin)潤(run)性(xing)(xing)突(tu)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)可以是由針(zhen)對(dui)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)外(wai)肌(ji)和眶纖(xian)維母細胞的(de)特殊抗(kang)(kang)(kang)原免疫球(qiu)蛋(dan)白,這一抗(kang)(kang)(kang)體不同于(yu)起動(dong)格雷(lei)夫斯(si)型甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)亢(kang)(kang)的(de)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)體。正(zheng)常甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)狀腺(xian)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)的(de)典型突(tu)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)叫作正(zheng)常甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)狀腺(xian)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)格雷(lei)夫斯(si)病。
不(bu)適當TSH分(fen)泌:所有甲(jia)狀(zhuang)腺(xian)功能(neng)亢進的(de)最主要問題是(shi)不(bu)能(neng)檢出血清TSH,除非是(shi)TSH分(fen)泌前垂(chui)體腫(zhong)瘤或垂(chui)體對甲(jia)狀(zhuang)腺(xian)激素對抗(kang)。這兩(liang)種病的(de)TSH生物活性較正常TSH強,血中α-亞單位(wei)增加是(shi)TSH分(fen)泌腫(zhong)瘤的(de)標志。
葡萄胎,絨(rong)毛膜上(shang)皮(pi)癌和妊(ren)娠嘔吐(tu),這三種(zhong)病血(xue)(xue)清HCG增高(gao),后(hou)者是(shi)弱甲(jia)狀(zhuang)腺(xian)興奮因(yin)子(zi)(zi)。妊(ren)娠頭3個月(yue)HCG最高(gao),導致血(xue)(xue)清FT4 輕度增加和TSH輕度降低有時(shi)見于早孕。葡萄胎和絨(rong)毛膜上(shang)皮(pi)癌婦(fu)女(nv)HCG一般較高(gao),但妊(ren)娠嘔吐(tu)婦(fu)女(nv)通常(chang)正常(chang)。最近提示這些病人血(xue)(xue)清中由于唾液(ye)酸-HCG水(shui)平(ping)增加,增高(gao)了(le)甲(jia)狀(zhuang)腺(xian)興奮活性,該激素似是(shi)比(bi)較強大的甲(jia)狀(zhuang)腺(xian)興奮因(yin)子(zi)(zi)。
毒性(xing)(xing)孤(gu)立(li)性(xing)(xing)或多結性(xing)(xing)甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)腫(zhong)(普(pu)盧默病(bing):毒性(xing)(xing)多結節性(xing)(xing)甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)腫(zhong)老(lao)年人常見。最近,在TSH受體激(ji)活點狀(zhuang)(zhuang)突變(bian),引(yin)起持續性(xing)(xing)甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)興奮,已在孤(gu)立(li)結節中發現。這一發現至少可以(yi)解釋(shi)某(mou)些病(bing)人功能(neng)亢(kang)進結節發病(bing)的機制。
非自身免疫常染色體(ti)顯性(xing)甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)腺功能亢進:這(zhe)一疾病是家(jia)族性(xing)常染色體(ti)顯性(xing)甲(jia)(jia)亢綜合征,出現(xian)在嬰兒(er)期,病因是TSH受體(ti)基(ji)因突(tu)變(bian),導致體(ti)質性(xing)受體(ti)激活,持續興(xing)奮甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)腺合成(cheng)和釋(shi)放過量甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)腺激素。
鋰(li)誘導甲(jia)(jia)狀腺腫:攝(she)入鋰(li)可誘導伴有(you)或(huo)無(wu)甲(jia)(jia)減的甲(jia)(jia)狀腺腫,尤其在橋(qiao)本氏甲(jia)(jia)狀腺炎(yan)病(bing)人(ren),多半是因為抑(yi)制了(le)甲(jia)(jia)狀腺碘釋放。雖攝(she)入鋰(li),但同樣可出(chu)現甲(jia)(jia)亢。最近提(ti)示這一伴隨是偶爾巧合,不與服(fu)用(yong)鋰(li)有(you)關。
炎(yan)(yan)癥(zheng)性(xing)(xing)疾病(甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)炎(yan)(yan)):甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)炎(yan)(yan)類型包括靜止淋(lin)巴(ba)細(xi)胞(bao)性(xing)(xing)甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)炎(yan)(yan),亞急性(xing)(xing)甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)炎(yan)(yan)和橋本甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)炎(yan)(yan)(三(san)種病均在(zai)以下甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)炎(yan)(yan)中討論)。散(san)發性(xing)(xing)淋(lin)巴(ba)細(xi)胞(bao)性(xing)(xing)甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)炎(yan)(yan)少見,來自中西部早期(qi)報告發病率增(zeng)加(jia)可能與(yu)進食(shi)含有牛甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)牛肉相混淆(xiao)。甲(jia)亢是由于腺(xian)(xian)(xian)體破壞性(xing)(xing)改變,釋(shi)放(fang)貯藏(zang)的(de)激素而非合成增(zeng)加(jia)所致。
高劑量放射治療頸(jing)部非甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺惡性(xing)(xing)腫瘤可(ke)(ke)引起疼痛性(xing)(xing)甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺炎和暫短性(xing)(xing)甲亢。放療后永久(jiu)性(xing)(xing)甲減(jian)發生率(lv)高。甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺功能(血(xue)清(qing)TSH)應(ying)每6~12個月作一(yi)次評估。放療后數(shu)年可(ke)(ke)以發生格雷(lei)夫斯突眼。
乙胺碘呋酮和干擾素-α可誘(you)(you)導(dao)諸多甲(jia)(jia)狀腺改變已(yi)有報道;討論超越本文范圍(wei)。然而(er)這兩(liang)種藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)可誘(you)(you)導(dao)甲(jia)(jia)狀腺炎(yan)伴甲(jia)(jia)亢,接受這些藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)(de)病(bing)人應(ying)受到嚴(yan)密(mi)的(de)(de)監察。
人(ren)為甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺毒癥(zheng):該病病人(ren)有意(yi)或無意(yi)服(fu)用了過量甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺激素導(dao)致無甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺腫大性甲(jia)(jia)亢(kang)。與(yu)其(qi)他原因甲(jia)(jia)亢(kang)不(bu)同,血清甲(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)腺球蛋(dan)白不(bu)高,幾乎(hu)總是(shi)低或正(zheng)常(chang)低限。
服(fu)(fu)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)致(zhi)甲(jia)(jia)亢(kang):攝入(ru)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是伴(ban)有低(di)甲(jia)(jia)狀腺(xian)放射(she)(she)性(xing)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)吸取甲(jia)(jia)亢(kang)的主要(yao)原(yuan)因,被視為真甲(jia)(jia)亢(kang),即甲(jia)(jia)狀腺(xian)激素合(he)成和釋放增加。最常(chang)(chang)(chang)見(jian)于(yu)非毒性(xing)結(jie)節性(xing)甲(jia)(jia)狀腺(xian)腫大病(bing)人(特別(bie)是老年人),這些病(bing)人服(fu)(fu)用了含碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)藥物(wu)(如乙胺碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)呋酮(tong)或含碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)祛痰藥)或因放射(she)(she)學(xue)或心臟檢(jian)查使(shi)用了富含碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的造影劑。因甲(jia)(jia)狀腺(xian)放射(she)(she)性(xing)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)吸取與攝入(ru)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成反比,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)低(di)放射(she)(she)性(xing)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)吸取容易理(li)解,這種情況通(tong)常(chang)(chang)(chang)出現在低(di)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或界限性(xing)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)攝入(ru)的地區(如西歐(ou)),但亦見(jian)于(yu)美國(guo),盡(jin)管碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)攝入(ru)充足。然(ran)而碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)誘導甲(jia)(jia)亢(kang)的病(bing)因不(bu)清,但可(ke)以(yi)由于(yu)對甲(jia)(jia)狀腺(xian)組織的自主性(xing)小區提供了過(guo)量(liang)的碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)致(zhi)。不(bu)要(yao)存在過(guo)度(du)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),甲(jia)(jia)亢(kang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)會持續存在,并(bing)且(qie)較(jiao)其(qi)他(ta)原(yuan)因的甲(jia)(jia)亢(kang)控制更困難。
轉移性甲狀(zhuang)腺癌:功能性轉移性濾泡癌,尤(you)其在(zai)肺,罕見有過高地產生甲狀(zhuang)腺激素
卵巢腫瘤(liu):含有足(zu)夠甲(jia)狀(zhuang)腺(xian)組(zu)織卵巢畸胎瘤(liu)可致真甲(jia)亢,但部位在盆(pen)腔,甲(jia)狀(zhuang)腺(xian)放(fang)射性碘吸取被抑制。
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