一、血液(ye)循環(huan)的種(zhong)類都有(you)哪些
血液循環(huan)根據其(qi)循環(huan)的(de)部位和(he)功能不同(tong)，分(fen)體循環(huan)（大(da)循環(huan)）和(he)肺循環(huan)（小循環(huan)）二部分(fen)。
1、體(ti)循環（大循環）：體(ti)循環的(de)(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)管包括從心(xin)(xin)臟(zang)發出的(de)(de)主動脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)及(ji)其各(ge)級分支(zhi)，以及(ji)返回(hui)心(xin)(xin)臟(zang)的(de)(de)上(shang)腔(qiang)(qiang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)、下(xia)腔(qiang)(qiang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)、冠狀(zhuang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)竇及(ji)其各(ge)級屬(shu)支(zhi)。左心(xin)(xin)室的(de)(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)射入主動脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)，沿動脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)到全(quan)身(shen)各(ge)部(bu)的(de)(de)毛(mao)細血(xue)(xue)(xue)管，然后匯入小靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)，大靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)，最(zui)后經上(shang)腔(qiang)(qiang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)和下(xia)腔(qiang)(qiang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)回(hui)到右(you)心(xin)(xin)房。體(ti)循環靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)可分為三大系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，上(shang)腔(qiang)(qiang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)系(xi)(xi)，下(xia)腔(qiang)(qiang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)系(xi)(xi)（包括門靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)系(xi)(xi)）和心(xin)(xin)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)系(xi)(xi)。上(shang)腔(qiang)(qiang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)系(xi)(xi)是收集頭頸、上(shang)肢和胸背部(bu)等處(chu)的(de)(de)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)回(hui)到心(xin)(xin)臟(zang)的(de)(de)管道(dao)(dao)。下(xia)腔(qiang)(qiang)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)系(xi)(xi)是收集腹(fu)部(bu)、盆部(bu)、下(xia)肢部(bu)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)回(hui)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)一系(xi)(xi)列管道(dao)(dao)。心(xin)(xin)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)系(xi)(xi)是收集心(xin)(xin)臟(zang)的(de)(de)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)管道(dao)(dao)。
2、肺(fei)(fei)循環(huan)（小(xiao)循環(huan)）：肺(fei)(fei)循環(huan)的(de)血(xue)管(guan)包(bao)括肺(fei)(fei)動(dong)脈(mo)和肺(fei)(fei)靜脈(mo)。肺(fei)(fei)動(dong)脈(mo)內(nei)的(de)血(xue)液(ye)(ye)為(wei)靜脈(mo)血(xue)，它是人體(ti)中唯一(yi)運送(song)(song)缺氧(yang)血(xue)液(ye)(ye)的(de)動(dong)脈(mo)。右心室(shi)的(de)血(xue)液(ye)(ye)經肺(fei)(fei)動(dong)脈(mo)只到達肺(fei)(fei)毛細(xi)血(xue)管(guan)，在(zai)肺(fei)(fei)內(nei)毛細(xi)血(xue)管(guan)中同肺(fei)(fei)泡內(nei)的(de)氣體(ti)進(jin)行氣體(ti)交(jiao)換，排出二氧(yang)化碳吸進(jin)氧(yang)氣，血(xue)液(ye)(ye)變(bian)成(cheng)鮮紅色的(de)動(dong)脈(mo)血(xue)，經肺(fei)(fei)靜脈(mo)回(hui)左(zuo)心房。（肺(fei)(fei)靜脈(mo)是人體(ti)中唯一(yi)運送(song)(song)富氧(yang)血(xue)液(ye)(ye)的(de)靜脈(mo)）
機(ji)體對心(xin)血(xue)管(guan)活動的(de)神(shen)經調節是通過各種心(xin)血(xue)管(guan)反射完成的(de)。支配心(xin)臟(zang)的(de)傳出神(shen)經為交感神(shen)經系統的(de)心(xin)交感神(shen)經和副交感神(shen)經系統的(de)迷走神(shen)經。
二、血液循環的(de)能量是什么
血液的(de)(de)(de)流動是(shi)需要(yao)能量的(de)(de)(de)，這些能量主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)心臟搏動產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)，而心臟搏動的(de)(de)(de)能量歸根結底又是(shi)細胞(bao)中的(de)(de)(de)線粒體產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)，所以心肌(ji)細胞(bao)中的(de)(de)(de)線粒體含量是(shi)相當相當多的(de)(de)(de)。
其實線粒體也是能量(liang)產生(sheng)的場所而已了，線粒體里面(mian)的活動主要(yao)是有氧呼(hu)吸的二(er)、三階段，哦(e)，有氧呼(hu)吸分(fen)三個階段：
第一(yi)階段是葡萄(tao)糖脫氫，產生還原(yuan)性氫、丙酮(tong)酸和少量的ATP，這(zhe)個(ge)階段在細胞 質的基質中進(jin)行。
第二(er)階段是丙(bing)酮酸(suan)繼(ji)續脫氫，同時需要水分子參(can)與反應，產生還(huan)原性氫、二(er)氧化碳和少量的ATP。
第三(san)階段是前兩階段脫下的(de)(de)氫與(yu)氧氣結合生成水，這一階段產生了大量的(de)(de)ATP。
ATP又叫三磷(lin)酸(suan)腺苷(gan)、腺三磷(lin)，它主(zhu)要是腺嘌呤與核糖(tang)結合成(cheng)腺苷(gan)，腺苷(gan)通(tong)過核糖(tang)中的第5位羥基，與3個(ge)相連的磷(lin)酸(suan)基團結合形(xing)成(cheng)，ATP起作用時就脫去1個(ge)磷(lin)酸(suan)形(xing)成(cheng)ADP，這個(ge)過程(cheng)會(hui)釋放能量。
三、血液(ye)循環的主要(yao)功能及重要(yao)性
血(xue)液(ye)循(xun)環的(de)(de)(de)主要功能(neng)是(shi)完成體(ti)(ti)內的(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)運輸。血(xue)液(ye)循(xun)環一旦停(ting)(ting)止，機體(ti)(ti)各(ge)器(qi)官組織將(jiang)因(yin)失(shi)去(qu)正(zheng)常的(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)轉運而發生(sheng)(sheng)新陳代謝的(de)(de)(de)障礙。同時體(ti)(ti)內一些重要器(qi)官的(de)(de)(de)結構和功能(neng)將(jiang)受(shou)到損(sun)害(hai)，尤(you)其是(shi)對(dui)缺氧敏感的(de)(de)(de)大(da)腦(nao)皮(pi)層，只要大(da)腦(nao)中血(xue)液(ye)循(xun)環停(ting)(ting)止3～4分鐘，人(ren)就喪(sang)失(shi)意識，血(xue)液(ye)循(xun)環停(ting)(ting)止4～5分鐘，半數以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)發生(sheng)(sheng)永久(jiu)性的(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)損(sun)害(hai)，停(ting)(ting)止10分鐘，即(ji)使不是(shi)全部智力毀(hui)掉，也會(hui)毀(hui)掉絕大(da)部分。臨床(chuang)上的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)外(wai)循(xun)環方法就是(shi)在進行心臟外(wai)科手術(shu)時，保持病人(ren)周身血(xue)液(ye)不停(ting)(ting)地流動。對(dui)各(ge)種(zhong)原因(yin)造成的(de)(de)(de)心跳驟停(ting)(ting)病人(ren)，緊急采用的(de)(de)(de)心臟按摩（又(you)稱心臟擠(ji)壓）等方法也是(shi)為了代替心臟自動節律性活動以(yi)達到維持循(xun)環和促(cu)使心臟恢復節律性跳動的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。
心臟是(shi)由心肌組織構成并具有瓣膜結(jie)構的空腔器官。它(ta)和(he)全身血管組成了人體的循環(huan)系(xi)統。
血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)其(qi)中按一定的(de)(de)方向流動，周(zhou)而(er)復始(shi)，稱為(wei)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)(ye)循環。血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)(ye)循環的(de)(de)主要(yao)作用就(jiu)是以血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)(ye)作為(wei)運載(zai)工具，通(tong)過吸收從食物中吸取的(de)(de)營養物質和(he)(he)從肺吸取的(de)(de)新鮮氧氣，把(ba)靜脈(mo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)變(bian)成(cheng)動脈(mo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)，輸送(song)到人體各個器官(guan)、組織和(he)(he)細胞，供(gong)其(qi)完成(cheng)重要(yao)的(de)(de)生理功能。經過組織或(huo)細胞利用后，產生的(de)(de)廢物及(ji)呼出的(de)(de)二氧化碳(tan)進(jin)入血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)(ye)，成(cheng)為(wei)靜脈(mo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)，再(zai)通(tong)過血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)(ye)攜帶到肺、肝、腎、皮膚等器官(guan)和(he)(he)組織排出體外，以保證身(shen)體各部分新陳代謝不斷進(jin)行。
根據(ju)血液在(zai)體內循(xun)環的途徑不同，可把(ba)血液循(xun)環分為體循(xun)環（也叫大循(xun)環）和肺循(xun)環（也叫小循(xun)環）。
①體(ti)循環(huan)：當心臟收(shou)縮時，左室內(nei)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量充分的動(dong)脈因主動(dong)脈瓣開放，首先被泵入主動(dong)脈，并通過主動(dong)脈的分支流到(dao)全身各(ge)部分的毛細血管，把(ba)氧(yang)(yang)和營養(yang)物(wu)質送(song)到(dao)各(ge)器官、組織(zhi)和細胞，進行物(wu)質交換，并帯走新(xin)陳代謝產生的廢物(wu)和二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化碳(tan)，成(cheng)為靜脈血，最后匯(hui)集到(dao)上下(xia)腔靜脈返回(hui)右(you)心房。
②肺(fei)(fei)(fei)循環：右心房內的靜脈(mo)(mo)(mo)血因三(san)尖瓣開(kai)放(fang)而流(liu)入右心室后(hou)(hou)，首(shou)先由于肺(fei)(fei)(fei)動脈(mo)(mo)(mo)瓣開(kai)放(fang)，泵入肺(fei)(fei)(fei)動脈(mo)(mo)(mo)，經肺(fei)(fei)(fei)動脈(mo)(mo)(mo)注入肺(fei)(fei)(fei)毛(mao)細血管，在(zai)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)進行(xing)氣體交(jiao)換，充(chong)分吸收氧氣，排出二氧化碳，血液(ye)又變成(cheng)含(han)氧的動脈(mo)(mo)(mo)血。然后(hou)(hou)由肺(fei)(fei)(fei)靜脈(mo)(mo)(mo)（雖然叫靜脈(mo)(mo)(mo)，但(dan)運輸的是動脈(mo)(mo)(mo)血）送回左心房。
四、血液循環營養物質(zhi)的獲取(qu)
體(ti)內各器官(guan)與組織細胞進行活動(dong)(dong)，需不斷(duan)供給氧與營養(yang)(yang)物質，氧來自(zi)(zi)(zi)肺(fei)泡，營養(yang)(yang)物質來自(zi)(zi)(zi)小腸粘膜的(de)(de)吸(xi)收。而遠(yuan)離肺(fei)與腸的(de)(de)器官(guan)又如何能(neng)得到(dao)這(zhe)些物質呢？這(zhe)是(shi)因(yin)為體(ti)內有完善(shan)的(de)(de)血(xue)液轉運系統(tong)，包括大(da)(da)循(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)（體(ti)循(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)）與小循(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)（肺(fei)循(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)）。血(xue)液自(zi)(zi)(zi)右(you)(you)心(xin)(xin)(xin)室到(dao)肺(fei)動(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)、肺(fei)毛細血(xue)管(guan)、肺(fei)靜(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)入(ru)左心(xin)(xin)(xin)房(fang)，此(ci)(ci)為肺(fei)循(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)。經(jing)(jing)過此(ci)(ci)循(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)血(xue)液獲得氧。血(xue)液自(zi)(zi)(zi)左心(xin)(xin)(xin)室到(dao)主動(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)、大(da)(da)動(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)、小動(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)經(jing)(jing)毛細血(xue)管(guan)與靜(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)系統(tong)回到(dao)右(you)(you)心(xin)(xin)(xin)房(fang)，此(ci)(ci)為體(ti)循(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)。食入(ru)的(de)(de)營養(yang)(yang)物質在消(xiao)化道內消(xiao)化后被(bei)小腸吸(xi)收，經(jing)(jing)腸系膜靜(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)到(dao)門靜(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)入(ru)肝(gan)臟，再經(jing)(jing)肝(gan)靜(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)到(dao)下(xia)腔靜(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)而進入(ru)右(you)(you)心(xin)(xin)(xin)房(fang)與右(you)(you)心(xin)(xin)(xin)室。肺(fei)循(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)與體(ti)循(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)是(shi)相互銜接的(de)(de)，從左心(xin)(xin)(xin)室進入(ru)動(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)血(xue)液既含(han)有豐富的(de)(de)氧也含(han)有豐富的(de)(de)營養(yang)(yang)物質。經(jing)(jing)分(fen)布到(dao)全身各器官(guan)與組織的(de)(de)毛細血(xue)管(guan)，將動(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)血(xue)輸送(song)給它(ta)們，以(yi)滿(man)足(zu)其需要(yao)，使其正常的(de)(de)機能(neng)活動(dong)(dong)得以(yi)維持。
動脈(mo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)主(zhu)要區別是(shi)：動脈(mo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)含氧(yang)合血(xue)(xue)(xue)紅(hong)蛋白較多(duo)，故呈鮮紅(hong)色(se)；而(er)靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)含氮離血(xue)(xue)(xue)紅(hong)蛋白較多(duo)，故呈紫藍色(se)。經過毛(mao)細血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)中的(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)每100毫(hao)升含的(de)氧(yang)離血(xue)(xue)(xue)紅(hong)蛋白若(ruo)到(dao)心(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)(zang)的(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)與(yu)從心(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)(zang)泵入(ru)動脈(mo)系統的(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)是(shi)平(ping)衡的(de)。這種進出心(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)(zang)的(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)量(liang)為什么(me)能(neng)取(qu)得平(ping)衡呢？在(zai)前(qian)面(mian)已經談到(dao)心(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)(zang)的(de)泵血(xue)(xue)(xue)量(liang)取(qu)決(jue)于心(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)肌(ji)(ji)的(de)收(shou)縮力量(liang)，而(er)心(xin)(xin)(xin)肌(ji)(ji)的(de)收(shou)縮力又取(qu)決(jue)于心(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)肌(ji)(ji)纖維(wei)的(de)初(chu)長度。在(zai)一定范圍(wei)內心(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)肌(ji)(ji)初(chu)長度增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，心(xin)(xin)(xin)肌(ji)(ji)的(de)收(shou)縮力也增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，這現(xian)象(xiang)稱為心(xin)(xin)(xin)定律。
心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)肌(ji)纖(xian)維(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)(chu)長度(du)(du)與(yu)進入心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)血量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)有關，進入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)血量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)多，則(ze)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)舒(shu)張(zhang)末(mo)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容積(ji)增(zeng)大(da)(da)，此時(shi)(shi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)肌(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)(chu)長度(du)(du)即增(zeng)加，故(gu)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)收縮時(shi)(shi)力量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)大(da)(da)，泵出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)血量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)自然(ran)增(zeng)大(da)(da)。相(xiang)反，當回心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)血量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)少時(shi)(shi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充盈量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)也減少，故(gu)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)舒(shu)張(zhang)末(mo)期容積(ji)減小(xiao)，心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)肌(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)(chu)長度(du)(du)減小(xiao)，收縮力減弱，被泵出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)血量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)自然(ran)減少。可(ke)見進出(chu)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)臟血量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)衡(heng)是通過改變心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)肌(ji)纖(xian)維(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)(chu)長度(du)(du)來實現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。它不(bu)(bu)受神經與(yu)體液(ye)因素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，只取(qu)決(jue)于(yu)進入心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)血量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，所(suo)以進入量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)泵出(chu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)能(neng)(neng)取(qu)得平(ping)衡(heng)。若這種平(ping)衡(heng)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)維(wei)持則(ze)出(chu)現病(bing)理狀態。如果(guo)回心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)血量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)于(yu)泵出(chu)血量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，則(ze)靜脈系統出(chu)現淤(yu)血，肝腫大(da)(da)，心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)衰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)人可(ke)發生這種情況。
在(zai)人的(de)(de)體(ti)內循環流(liu)(liu)(liu)動的(de)(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)，可以把(ba)(ba)(ba)營養(yang)物(wu)質(zhi)輸送(song)(song)(song)到(dao)全(quan)身(shen)(shen)各處，并(bing)將人體(ti)內的(de)(de)廢物(wu)收集起(qi)來(lai)，排(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)體(ti)外。當(dang)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)流(liu)(liu)(liu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)心臟時，它把(ba)(ba)(ba)養(yang)料(liao)和(he)氧氣輸送(song)(song)(song)到(dao)全(quan)身(shen)(shen)各處；當(dang)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)流(liu)(liu)(liu)回心臟時，它又將機體(ti)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)二(er)氧化碳和(he)其(qi)他廢物(wu)，輸送(song)(song)(song)到(dao)排(pai)泄(xie)器官(guan)，排(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)體(ti)外。正常成年(nian)人的(de)(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)總量大(da)約(yue)相(xiang)當(dang)于(yu)體(ti)重的(de)(de)8%。血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)把(ba)(ba)(ba)氧氣、食物(wu)、營養(yang)素和(he)激素運輸到(dao)全(quan)身(shen)(shen)各處，并(bing)把(ba)(ba)(ba)代謝出(chu)(chu)(chu)來(lai)的(de)(de)廢物(wu)運送(song)(song)(song)到(dao)排(pai)泄(xie)器官(guan)。血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)還能(neng)(neng)保護身(shen)(shen)體(ti)，它能(neng)(neng)產生(sheng)一種叫“抗體(ti)”的(de)(de)特殊(shu)蛋白質(zhi)。抗體(ti)能(neng)(neng)黏附在(zai)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)上，并(bing)阻止(zhi)其(qi)活動。于(yu)是，血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)(de)其(qi)他細(xi)胞會包圍、吞噬(shi)、消滅這些微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)。血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)也能(neng)(neng)夠凝(ning)結(jie)成塊(kuai)，幫助我們堵住(zhu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)傷口(kou)，防止(zhi)大(da)量血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)流(liu)(liu)(liu)失以及微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)入(ru)侵(qin)。
高等動(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)循(xun)環系統除(chu)運(yun)輸(shu)功(gong)能外(wai)還有附加(jia)的(de)功(gong)能：如機(ji)體(ti)的(de)保護作用(yong)；將血液運(yun)送到受傷或感(gan)染部位，包括白(bai)細(xi)胞和免疫蛋白(bai)（抗體(ti)）、凝血物(wu)(wu)質（在受傷部位形成纖維(wei)蛋白(bai)網(wang)）；將身(shen)體(ti)儲存的(de)脂肪和糖運(yun)到用(yong)場等。
無脊椎動物(wu)的(de)循環(huan)系統(tong)多為開放型(xing)循環(huan)；血液由(you)“心”經血管流(liu)入組織間隙形成的(de)血竇直接(jie)或經靜脈回心。
血(xue)竇(dou)中血(xue)液(ye)與組(zu)織液(ye)、淋巴液(ye)相混，無管道將它們隔離，因此(ci)開放型循環不存(cun)在(zai)由(you)(you)微動(dong)脈(mo)、毛細血(xue)管、微靜(jing)脈(mo)形(xing)成的(de)微循環，有(you)些連靜(jing)脈(mo)也沒有(you)，血(xue)液(ye)由(you)(you)血(xue)竇(dou)經(jing)心門直接入心。這(zhe)是低級形(xing)式的(de)循環系統。其特點是血(xue)管壁彈性小，不能支持較高的(de)血(xue)壓，因此(ci)它們的(de)血(xue)壓很(hen)低，血(xue)液(ye)重新(xin)分(fen)配的(de)調(diao)節和血(xue)流速度很(hen)慢。
血液循環系統體循環：
體循環開(kai)始于左心(xin)室。血(xue)液從左心(xin)室搏出后，流(liu)經主(zhu)動脈(mo)及(ji)其派生的(de)若干動脈(mo)分(fen)支(zhi)，將血(xue)液送入相應的(de)器(qi)官。動脈(mo)再經多次分(fen)支(zhi)，管徑逐漸(jian)變細，血(xue)管數目逐漸(jian)增多，最終到達毛細血(xue)管，在此處通過細胞(bao)(bao)間液同(tong)組(zu)織細胞(bao)(bao)進行物質交換。
血液(ye)中的氧和(he)營(ying)養物質被(bei)組(zu)織吸收(shou)，而(er)組(zu)織中的二氧化(hua)碳和(he)其他(ta)代(dai)謝產物進入血液(ye)中，變(bian)動脈(mo)血為靜脈(mo)血。此間靜脈(mo)管徑(jing)逐(zhu)漸變(bian)粗(cu)，數(shu)目逐(zhu)漸減少，直到(dao)最后所有靜脈(mo)均(jun)匯集到(dao)上腔靜脈(mo)和(he)下腔靜脈(mo)，血液(ye)即(ji)由此回到(dao)右(you)心房，從(cong)右(you)心房再到(dao)右(you)心室，從(cong)而(er)完成了體循環(huan)過程。
體循環：
左心(xin)室－>主(zhu)動(dong)脈－>全(quan)身小動(dong)脈－>全(quan)身毛細血管(guan)－>全(quan)身小靜脈－>上(shang)下(xia)腔靜脈－>右心(xin)房
以(yi)上內容參(can)考 -血液循環系統；-循環系統
循環系(xi)統(tong)是進行血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)循環的動力和(he)管道系(xi)統(tong)，它由心(xin)血(xue)(xue)(xue)管系(xi)統(tong)和(he)淋巴系(xi)統(tong)組成(cheng)。心(xin)血(xue)(xue)(xue)管系(xi)統(tong)由心(xin)臟(zang)和(he)血(xue)(xue)(xue)管組成(cheng)。血(xue)(xue)(xue)管分(fen)3種：動脈(mo)、毛細血(xue)(xue)(xue)管和(he)靜(jing)脈(mo)。心(xin)臟(zang)和(he)這些血(xue)(xue)(xue)管連成(cheng)一個密閉(bi)的管道，遍布全身。心(xin)臟(zang)將(jiang)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)排(pai)入動脈(mo)，經毛細血(xue)(xue)(xue)管、靜(jing)脈(mo)又回到(dao)心(xin)臟(zang)，然后再排(pai)出(chu)，再回來，這樣周而復始，形成(cheng)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)循環。
血(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)循(xun)(xun)環可分(fen)為(wei)2部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。一部(bu)(bu)分(fen)以右(you)半心(xin)臟(zang)開始，把從靜(jing)脈(mo)(mo)回(hui)(hui)到(dao)心(xin)臟(zang)的(de)血(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)過(guo)肺(fei)(fei)動脈(mo)(mo)輸送到(dao)肺(fei)(fei)，在(zai)那里放出二氧化碳，吸取氧氣(qi)，再從肺(fei)(fei)靜(jing)脈(mo)(mo)回(hui)(hui)到(dao)左(zuo)半心(xin)臟(zang)。這一部(bu)(bu)分(fen)血(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)循(xun)(xun)環范圍(wei)比較(jiao)小，叫(jiao)做(zuo)小循(xun)(xun)環。因(yin)為(wei)經(jing)(jing)過(guo)肺(fei)(fei)，又叫(jiao)肺(fei)(fei)循(xun)(xun)環。另一部(bu)(bu)分(fen)從左(zuo)半心(xin)臟(zang)開始，經(jing)(jing)過(guo)主動脈(mo)(mo)到(dao)全(quan)身(shen)，再通過(guo)上、下(xia)腔靜(jing)脈(mo)(mo)回(hui)(hui)到(dao)右(you)半心(xin)臟(zang)，把從肺(fei)(fei)靜(jing)脈(mo)(mo)回(hui)(hui)到(dao)心(xin)臟(zang)的(de)含氧較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)血(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)輸送到(dao)全(quan)身(shen)，供給(gei)組(zu)織(zhi)細(xi)胞氧氣(qi)和養料，并把組(zu)織(zhi)細(xi)胞代謝產生的(de)二氧化碳和廢(fei)物帶回(hui)(hui)心(xin)臟(zang)。這一部(bu)(bu)分(fen)血(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)循(xun)(xun)環范圍(wei)比較(jiao)大，叫(jiao)做(zuo)大循(xun)(xun)環。因(yin)為(wei)經(jing)(jing)過(guo)身(shen)體的(de)大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)，又叫(jiao)作(zuo)體循(xun)(xun)環。
心臟
心臟(zang)(zang)是體循(xun)環和肺循(xun)環的中心，也是血(xue)流的動(dong)力裝置。心臟(zang)(zang)收縮和舒張(zhang)好(hao)比水泵一壓一放，使(shi)血(xue)液不斷(duan)從心臟(zang)(zang)排入動(dong)脈，又(you)不斷(duan)從靜脈回到心臟(zang)(zang)。心臟(zang)(zang)本身的氧氣(qi)和養料由冠狀動(dong)脈供應，冠狀動(dong)脈有病(bing)時，心肌血(xue)液供應減(jian)少，可以(yi)引起心臟(zang)(zang)病(bing)。
心(xin)臟(zang)(zang)的位置、形態(tai)和結構：心(xin)臟(zang)(zang)在胸(xiong)腔正中(zhong)偏(pian)左，位于兩肺之間(jian)，橫(heng)隔之上(shang)，前面是胸(xiong)骨和肋(lei)骨，后面是食管和脊柱(zhu)。它的形狀像一個桃子，尖(jian)(jian)(jian)向下偏(pian)左前，稱心(xin)尖(jian)(jian)(jian)，底朝上(shang)偏(pian)右，稱心(xin)底。心(xin)底部有動(dong)、靜脈(mo)出入，活(huo)動(dong)度(du)小；心(xin)尖(jian)(jian)(jian)不受牽連，活(huo)動(dong)度(du)大。心(xin)臟(zang)(zang)收縮時，心(xin)尖(jian)(jian)(jian)撞擊胸(xiong)壁，形成心(xin)尖(jian)(jian)(jian)搏動(dong)。正常人心(xin)尖(jian)(jian)(jian)搏動(dong)的位置在左側第五肋(lei)間(jian)，鎖骨中(zhong)線以(yi)內。
心(xin)臟(zang)是個中(zhong)空器官(guan)，基構造主要包括心(xin)壁、心(xin)房、心(xin)室(shi)、房室(shi)瓣、半月瓣和傳導系統。
心(xin)(xin)(xin)壁(bi)主要由心(xin)(xin)(xin)肌構(gou)成(cheng)，心(xin)(xin)(xin)壁(bi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)襯(chen)心(xin)(xin)(xin)內(nei)(nei)(nei)膜(mo)，外包(bao)心(xin)(xin)(xin)包(bao)膜(mo)。心(xin)(xin)(xin)包(bao)有(you)內(nei)(nei)(nei)、外兩(liang)(liang)(liang)屋，內(nei)(nei)(nei)層緊貼心(xin)(xin)(xin)肌，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)層相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)接，其間有(you)腔(qiang)隙，叫(jiao)(jiao)心(xin)(xin)(xin)包(bao)腔(qiang)，腔(qiang)里有(you)少量漿液。心(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)腔(qiang)室(shi)被(bei)(bei)房間隔和(he)室(shi)間隔分成(cheng)左(zuo)右兩(liang)(liang)(liang)半(ban)，互不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)通。如有(you)異(yi)常通道，那是(shi)一種先天性心(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)病(bing)。每半(ban)側心(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)又被(bei)(bei)橫(heng)分為(wei)上(shang)下(xia)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)腔(qiang)，上(shang)面較小的(de)叫(jiao)(jiao)心(xin)(xin)(xin)房，下(xia)面較大的(de)叫(jiao)(jiao)心(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)。房室(shi)之間有(you)心(xin)(xin)(xin)內(nei)(nei)(nei)膜(mo)構(gou)成(cheng)的(de)活門(men)，叫(jiao)(jiao)房室(shi)瓣，能開(kai)和(he)關。左(zuo)側房室(shi)間有(you)二個(ge)活瓣，叫(jiao)(jiao)二尖瓣；右側房室(shi)間有(you)三個(ge)活瓣，叫(jiao)(jiao)三尖瓣。這(zhe)些(xie)活門(men)只能向心(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)開(kai)，讓血液流入心(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)而不(bu)能返回心(xin)(xin)(xin)房。此外，在心(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)和(he)動(dong)脈(mo)之間也有(you)三片半(ban)圓形瓣膜(mo)構(gou)成(cheng)的(de)活門(men)，叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)半(ban)月瓣。在肺動(dong)脈(mo)口上(shang)的(de)也叫(jiao)(jiao)肺動(dong)脈(mo)瓣，在主動(dong)脈(mo)口上(shang)的(de)也叫(jiao)(jiao)主動(dong)脈(mo)瓣，它們的(de)作用是(shi)防止血液從動(dong)脈(mo)返回心(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)。
心(xin)(xin)臟的(de)興(xing)奮傳(chuan)導(dao)系統是由心(xin)(xin)內膜下(xia)一些(xie)特殊的(de)心(xin)(xin)肌組(zu)織，包括竇(dou)房結、結間束(shu)、房室結、房室束(shu)、左右(you)束(shu)支和浦金(jin)野纖(xian)維(wei)所組(zu)成(cheng)。這些(xie)心(xin)(xin)肌組(zu)織能自動(dong)地、有節奏地發(fa)生(sheng)興(xing)奮和傳(chuan)導(dao)興(xing)奮。正常(chang)時竇(dou)房結發(fa)生(sheng)興(xing)奮的(de)能力(li)最強，它是整個心(xin)(xin)臟活動(dong)的(de)起(qi)步點(dian)(或(huo)起(qi)搏點(dian))。竇(dou)房結發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)興(xing)奮沿傳(chuan)導(dao)系統先傳(chuan)心(xin)(xin)房，引(yin)起(qi)心(xin)(xin)房收縮，然(ran)后再傳(chuan)到(dao)心(xin)(xin)室，引(yin)起(qi)心(xin)(xin)室收縮。如果心(xin)(xin)臟活動(dong)的(de)起(qi)搏點(dian)不(bu)在竇(dou)房結，或(huo)者心(xin)(xin)臟的(de)興(xing)奮傳(chuan)導(dao)過程發(fa)生(sheng)障礙，則將(jiang)導(dao)致心(xin)(xin)律失常(chang)。
心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)的(de)(de)活動(dong)：心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)活劫一(yi)次，包(bao)括收(shou)縮(suo)和(he)舒張兩個過程。心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)(shi)收(shou)縮(suo)時，室(shi)(shi)(shi)內壓力增高，房室(shi)(shi)(shi)瓣(ban)關(guan)閉，半(ban)月瓣(ban)開放(fang)(fang)，將部分血(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)射入(ru)肺動(dong)脈和(he)主(zhu)動(dong)脈。心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)(shi)收(shou)縮(suo)后舒張，半(ban)月瓣(ban)關(guan)閉，房室(shi)(shi)(shi)瓣(ban)開放(fang)(fang)，血(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)從上、下腔靜脈和(he)右(you)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)房流入(ru)右(you)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)(shi)。同時從肺靜脈和(he)左心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)房流人左心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)(shi)。然后心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)房收(shou)縮(suo)，把(ba)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)房內血(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)進一(yi)步排入(ru)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，接著(zhu)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)(shi)再收(shou)縮(suo)。由于推動(dong)血(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)流動(dong)主(zhu)要靠心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)收(shou)縮(suo)和(he)舒張活動(dong)，所(suo)以(yi)常以(yi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)舒縮(suo)活動(dong)作為(wei)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)活動(dong)的(de)(de)標志(zhi)。一(yi)般所(suo)說的(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)收(shou)縮(suo)期就是指(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)(shi)收(shou)縮(suo)期，心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)臟(zang)舒張期指(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)(shi)舒張期。
心(xin)(xin)率(lv)是指(zhi)每(mei)分(fen)鐘心(xin)(xin)臟跳動的(de)(de)(de)次(ci)數(shu)。正常成年(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)安靜(jing)時(shi)心(xin)(xin)率(lv)每(mei)分(fen)鐘約60～100次(ci)，但(dan)可(ke)有明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)差異。不同(tong)年(nian)(nian)齡(ling)、不同(tong)性(xing)別(bie)和不同(tong)生(sheng)理情(qing)(qing)況下，心(xin)(xin)率(lv)都(dou)不相同(tong)。新生(sheng)兒的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)率(lv)很快，每(mei)分(fen)鐘達(da)140次(ci)左右，隨著年(nian)(nian)齡(ling)增(zeng)長而逐(zhu)漸減慢(man)(man)，至青(qing)春(chun)期(qi)，接近成年(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)率(lv)。在成年(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)中，女性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)率(lv)比男性(xing)稍快。經常進行體(ti)(ti)力勞動和體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛煉的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)，平時(shi)心(xin)(xin)率(lv)較(jiao)慢(man)(man)，同(tong)一個(ge)人(ren)(ren)，在安靜(jing)或睡眠(mian)時(shi)心(xin)(xin)率(lv)減慢(man)(man)，運(yun)動或情(qing)(qing)緒激動時(shi)心(xin)(xin)率(lv)加快。
心(xin)(xin)(xin)臟不斷舒縮，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)血(xue)液(ye)(ye)，供給人體新陳(chen)代謝(xie)需要。心(xin)(xin)(xin)臟輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)血(xue)液(ye)(ye)的量(liang)(liang)，稱為心(xin)(xin)(xin)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)量(liang)(liang)，它可標志心(xin)(xin)(xin)臟功(gong)能(neng)的好壞(huai)。如果心(xin)(xin)(xin)臟功(gong)能(neng)差，則(ze)心(xin)(xin)(xin)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)量(liang)(liang)就會減少。在運動(dong)、勞動(dong)、情緒激動(dong)和懷孕等情況(kuang)下，心(xin)(xin)(xin)肌收(shou)縮加(jia)強，心(xin)(xin)(xin)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)量(liang)(liang)增加(jia)。
心(xin)(xin)(xin)臟的活動(dong)由心(xin)(xin)(xin)交感神(shen)經(jing)和心(xin)(xin)(xin)迷(mi)走神(shen)經(jing)來調(diao)節。心(xin)(xin)(xin)交感神(shen)經(jing)興奮時(shi)(如運(yun)動(dong)、勞動(dong)、情緒激動(dong)時(shi))心(xin)(xin)(xin)跳(tiao)加(jia)快(kuai)加(jia)強(qiang)；心(xin)(xin)(xin)迷(mi)走神(shen)經(jing)興奮時(shi)(如睡眠時(shi))心(xin)(xin)(xin)跳(tiao)減慢。血液中一些內分泌(mi)激素如腎上腺素和甲狀腺素，能使(shi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)跳(tiao)快(kuai)而強(qiang)。電解質如鈣、鉀(jia)(jia)也能影(ying)響心(xin)(xin)(xin)跳(tiao)。鈣離(li)子使(shi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)跳(tiao)加(jia)強(qiang)，鉀(jia)(jia)離(li)子則使(shi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)跳(tiao)減弱。
在(zai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)臟活(huo)動(dong)過程(cheng)中，瓣膜關閉的(de)振動(dong)，以及血液撞擊(ji)心(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)壁和(he)(he)大動(dong)脈(mo)壁的(de)振動(dong)所產生(sheng)的(de)聲音(yin)(yin)，稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)心(xin)(xin)(xin)音(yin)(yin)。用聽(ting)診器在(zai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)前區進行聽(ting)診時，一般可以聽(ting)到(dao)兩個心(xin)(xin)(xin)音(yin)(yin)：第(di)(di)一心(xin)(xin)(xin)音(yin)(yin)和(he)(he)第(di)(di)二(er)心(xin)(xin)(xin)音(yin)(yin)。第(di)(di)一心(xin)(xin)(xin)音(yin)(yin)音(yin)(yin)調較(jiao)低，持(chi)續時間(jian)(jian)(jian)較(jiao)長，在(zai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)尖(jian)部聽(ting)得最清(qing)楚，它標志(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)收(shou)縮開始。第(di)(di)二(er)心(xin)(xin)(xin)音(yin)(yin)音(yin)(yin)調較(jiao)高，持(chi)續時間(jian)(jian)(jian)較(jiao)短，在(zai)第(di)(di)2肋間(jian)(jian)(jian)胸骨(gu)左(zuo)緣和(he)(he)右(you)緣處聽(ting)得最清(qing)楚，它標志(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)舒(shu)張開始。第(di)(di)一心(xin)(xin)(xin)音(yin)(yin)與第(di)(di)二(er)心(xin)(xin)(xin)音(yin)(yin)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)心(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)收(shou)縮期，第(di)(di)二(er)心(xin)(xin)(xin)音(yin)(yin)到(dao)下(xia)一次心(xin)(xin)(xin)跳的(de)第(di)(di)一心(xin)(xin)(xin)音(yin)(yin)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)心(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)舒(shu)張期。如果瓣膜狹窄，或關閉不全，或心(xin)(xin)(xin)房、心(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隔缺(que)損，均可產生(sheng)渦(wo)流出現雜音(yin)(yin)。
在心臟活動時，還伴隨有生物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的變(bian)化(hua)(hua)。因(yin)為人(ren)體是導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體，這些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)可傳到體表，用心電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)圖(tu)機將(jiang)它記錄下來，就成了心電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)圖(tu)。某些心臟疾病(bing)常(chang)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)活動的改變(bian)，故心電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)圖(tu)對診(zhen)斷(duan)某些心臟疾病(bing)有重要意(yi)義(yi)。
血管
血(xue)管(guan)分為(wei)動脈(mo)、毛(mao)細血(xue)管(guan)和靜脈(mo)。血(xue)液對血(xue)管(guan)壁的側壓力(li)，稱為(wei)血(xue)壓。
動脈：是將血液從心臟輸送到毛細血管(guan)(guan)的管(guan)(guan)道，管(guan)(guan)徑隨著分支由大逐漸變(bian)小，因(yin)此分為(wei)大、中(zhong)、小三種動脈。
心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)將血(xue)液射入動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)。心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)的(de)力(li)量(liang)，一方面(mian)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)血(xue)液在(zai)(zai)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)內流(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，另(ling)一方面(mian)，通過血(xue)液對(dui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)管壁(bi)產生(sheng)側壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)，使管壁(bi)擴(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，并形成動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)舒(shu)(shu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)不(bu)射血(xue)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，擴(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)管壁(bi)發生(sheng)彈(dan)性回縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)，從而繼續推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)血(xue)液前進，并使動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)內保持一定(ding)血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)和舒(shu)(shu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)內的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)不(bu)同，心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)，它(ta)所達(da)到(dao)的(de)最高(gao)(gao)值(zhi)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)；心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)舒(shu)(shu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，它(ta)所達(da)到(dao)的(de)最低值(zhi)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)舒(shu)(shu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)與(yu)舒(shu)(shu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)之(zhi)差(cha)(cha)稱(cheng)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)一般(ban)可在(zai)(zai)臂(bei)部測量(liang)。正(zheng)常成人(ren)(ren)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)11.997～18.662千帕(90～140毫(hao)米(mi)汞(gong)(gong)柱)，舒(shu)(shu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)7.89～11.997千帕(60～90毫(hao)米(mi)汞(gong)(gong)柱)，脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)3.99～6.65千帕(30～50毫(hao)米(mi)汞(gong)(gong)柱)。血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)常以收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)/舒(shu)(shu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)毫(hao)米(mi)汞(gong)(gong)柱表示。正(zheng)常人(ren)(ren)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)休息和安靜(jing)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)較(jiao)低；運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和激動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)。收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)高(gao)(gao)低主要(yao)與(yu)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)輸出(chu)量(liang)多少有關，運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)輸出(chu)量(liang)增加(jia)，收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)。舒(shu)(shu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)則主要(yao)與(yu)血(xue)流(liu)阻力(li)，特別與(yu)小(xiao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)口徑有關。如果小(xiao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)，口徑縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)小(xiao)，血(xue)流(liu)阻力(li)就(jiu)加(jia)大(da)，則舒(shu)(shu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)。通常講(jiang)的(de)高(gao)(gao)血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)病，主要(yao)是小(xiao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)強(qiang)烈收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以致血(xue)流(liu)阻力(li)過高(gao)(gao)所造成，所以高(gao)(gao)血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)病主要(yao)表現為(wei)(wei)舒(shu)(shu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)。脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)主要(yao)與(yu)大(da)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)彈(dan)性有關，老年人(ren)(ren)大(da)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)硬(ying)化(hua)，對(dui)血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)波動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)緩沖(chong)作用減弱(ruo)，因(yin)此(ci)收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)與(yu)舒(shu)(shu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)差(cha)(cha)距增加(jia)，即(ji)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)增大(da)。心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)，大(da)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擴(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)；心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)室(shi)(shi)舒(shu)(shu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)(jiang)低，大(da)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)回縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)。大(da)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)管壁(bi)的(de)這種(zhong)搏動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)搏。這種(zhong)搏動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)可沿大(da)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)管壁(bi)向中小(xiao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)傳(chuan)播，因(yin)此(ci)在(zai)(zai)身體(ti)淺表的(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)如橈動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)、肱動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)、股動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)、足背動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)和顳(nie)淺動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)等處可用手摸到(dao)這種(zhong)搏動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。
毛細血(xue)管(guan)(guan)：是連接小(xiao)(微)動脈(mo)和(he)小(xiao)(微)靜脈(mo)的微血(xue)管(guan)(guan)。它們在組織(zhi)內反復分支成網。毛細血(xue)管(guan)(guan)的管(guan)(guan)壁很薄，血(xue)液中的氧(yang)氣、營養物(wu)(wu)質和(he)組織(zhi)中的二氧(yang)化碳(tan)廢物(wu)(wu)，可透(tou)過毛細血(xue)管(guan)(guan)臂(bei)進行物(wu)(wu)質交換(huan)。
血漿(jiang)中的水(shui)分、電解(jie)質和(he)營養(yang)物質，透過(guo)毛細血管(guan)壁(bi)進入組(zu)(zu)織間隙(xi)，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)組(zu)(zu)織液(ye)(ye)。而組(zu)(zu)織液(ye)(ye)中的水(shui)分、電解(jie)質和(he)廢(fei)物，也可透過(guo)毛細血管(guan)壁(bi)回流到血管(guan)內。組(zu)(zu)織液(ye)(ye)不(bu)斷(duan)生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)又不(bu)斷(duan)回流到血管(guan)中去，構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)動態平衡(heng)。如果(guo)因為某種(zhong)原因使組(zu)(zu)織液(ye)(ye)生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)過(guo)多或組(zu)(zu)織液(ye)(ye)回流障礙，則動態平衡(heng)破壞，組(zu)(zu)織間隙(xi)中潴留(liu)過(guo)多液(ye)(ye)體，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)腫(zhong)。
靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)：是將血(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)從毛細血(xue)(xue)管運回心臟的(de)管道。據(ju)所在(zai)部(bu)位分為(wei)淺(qian)(qian)(qian)靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)和(he)深(shen)靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)。淺(qian)(qian)(qian)靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)在(zai)皮膚下(xia)(xia)(xia)面可以看到(dao)(dao)(dao)，就(jiu)是我(wo)們平(ping)常說的(de)“青筋(jin)”。上(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)肢(zhi)的(de)淺(qian)(qian)(qian)靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)常被(bei)用(yong)來抽血(xue)(xue)，進行靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)注射(she)、輸(shu)血(xue)(xue)和(he)補液(ye)(ye)。頭頸(jing)部(bu)和(he)上(shang)(shang)(shang)肢(zhi)靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)血(xue)(xue)最(zui)后匯合到(dao)(dao)(dao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)腔(qiang)靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)；軀干和(he)下(xia)(xia)(xia)肢(zhi)靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)血(xue)(xue)則匯合到(dao)(dao)(dao)下(xia)(xia)(xia)腔(qiang)靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)。腹腔(qiang)器官如胃(wei)、腸、胰、脾等靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)匯合成門靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)，經過(guo)(guo)肝(gan)臟，由(you)肝(gan)靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)入下(xia)(xia)(xia)腔(qiang)靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)。由(you)胃(wei)腸道吸(xi)收的(de)養料即通過(guo)(guo)門靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)到(dao)(dao)(dao)肝(gan)臟，經過(guo)(guo)肝(gan)臟加工后，或儲藏于肝(gan)臟，或由(you)肝(gan)靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)流入下(xia)(xia)(xia)腔(qiang)靜(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)，回到(dao)(dao)(dao)心臟，再通過(guo)(guo)動脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)分布到(dao)(dao)(dao)全身。
淋巴系統
淋(lin)巴系統(tong)是循(xun)環(huan)系統(tong)的(de)一個組(zu)成部(bu)分，包(bao)括淋(lin)巴管、淋(lin)巴結(jie)和脾臟等。其(qi)功能(neng)是將部(bu)分組(zu)織液運回(hui)血(xue)液，因(yin)此是血(xue)液循(xun)環(huan)的(de)輔(fu)助裝置，此外，還(huan)有制造淋(lin)巴細胞。吞噬侵(qin)入(ru)體內的(de)微生物、產(chan)生抗體等重要功能(neng)。
在身體各組織間隙(xi)中(zhong)，分布著(zhu)豐富的(de)以盲端開始的(de)毛(mao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan)(guan)和(he)毛(mao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan)(guan)網，其內壓比毛(mao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)血管(guan)(guan)更低(di)，通透性也(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)大，因而(er)部(bu)分組織液(ye)便(bian)透入(ru)毛(mao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan)(guan)內，組成(cheng)(cheng)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)液(ye)(簡稱淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba))。淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)液(ye)是無色(se)透明的(de)液(ye)體，成(cheng)(cheng)分與(yu)血漿相仿，含有大量淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞，某些分子較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)顆粒如脂肪滴也(ye)能透過毛(mao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan)(guan)壁而(er)進(jin)入(ru)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)液(ye)。淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)液(ye)經各級(ji)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)管(guan)(guan)匯集到較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)導(dao)管(guan)(guan)，最后注入(ru)頸根部(bu)的(de)大靜脈而(er)進(jin)入(ru)血循環。
淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)：自毛(mao)細淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)始，經過各級淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，最(zui)(zui)后匯(hui)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成兩條淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)：一條叫胸(xiong)導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，另一條叫右淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。胸(xiong)導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)全身最(zui)(zui)粗大(da)的淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，它收集(ji)(ji)(ji)兩側下肢、盆腔臟(zang)器及(ji)腹腔消化系統的淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)液(ye)，還收集(ji)(ji)(ji)左側頭頸、上(shang)肢及(ji)胸(xiong)部(bu)(bu)的淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)液(ye)，最(zui)(zui)后進入(ru)(ru)左側頸根(gen)部(bu)(bu)的大(da)靜脈，因而胸(xiong)導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)幾(ji)乎收集(ji)(ji)(ji)了(le)全身3/4以(yi)上(shang)的淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)回流(liu)。右淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)導(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)收集(ji)(ji)(ji)余(yu)下的1/4左右的淋(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)回流(liu)，最(zui)(zui)后進入(ru)(ru)右側頸根(gen)部(bu)(bu)的大(da)靜脈。
淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)結：鑲(xiang)嵌于淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)管間，它們有過(guo)濾淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)液，扣留和清除微生物、癌(ai)細胞(bao)等作用，并能制(zhi)造淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)細胞(bao)，產生抗(kang)體。淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)結大小不(bu)等，常群(qun)集于身體一定(ding)的(de)部(bu)位。常見在(zai)關節的(de)屈則凹窩內(nei)，臟器(qi)(qi)周圍和大血管附(fu)近。例(li)如(ru)：腋窩、腹股溝淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)結，肺門淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)結以及沿頸(jing)內(nei)靜脈排列(lie)的(de)頸(jing)深淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)結群(qun)等。各群(qun)淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)結都承接(jie)身體一定(ding)區域(yu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)一定(ding)器(qi)(qi)官(guan)(guan)的(de)淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)回流。當某(mou)處淋(lin)(lin)巴(ba)(ba)結腫大時，常提示其所屬區域(yu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)器(qi)(qi)官(guan)(guan)有一定(ding)病變(bian)發生(如(ru)炎癥或(huo)(huo)(huo)癌(ai)腫)。
脾(pi)臟：是(shi)人體最大的淋巴(ba)器官(guan)，位于左側(ce)第9～11肋(lei)之間。正(zheng)常(chang)時(shi)(shi)在肋(lei)緣下(xia)不能(neng)捫及。脾(pi)呈暗紅色(se)，質軟(ruan)而脆，受暴力打擊時(shi)(shi)易破(po)裂(lie)。脾(pi)有造血功(gong)能(neng)，胚胎期能(neng)生成各種血細(xi)胞(bao)，出生后只能(neng)制造淋巴(ba)細(xi)胞(bao)和單核細(xi)胞(bao)。此(ci)外，脾(pi)有吞噬異物及破(po)壞衰老(lao)的紅細(xi)胞(bao)、白(bai)細(xi)胞(bao)及血小(xiao)板的功(gong)能(neng)。當門靜(jing)脈高壓時(shi)(shi)脾(pi)臟腫大，脾(pi)功(gong)能(neng)亢進，其破(po)壞血細(xi)胞(bao)的作(zuo)用也(ye)加強。
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