《太平經》,又(you)名(ming)《太平青領書》。傳說東(dong)漢于吉(ji)所傳。早期太平道奉為主(zhu)要經典。從道教的出現來(lai)看,《太平經》是道教第一部經。
據范(fan)曄(ye) 《后(hou)漢書(shu)·襄楷傳》說(shuo),順帝(di)(di)(126-144)時瑯(lang)琊天花(hua)亂(luan)墜宮崇(chong)獻上(shang)《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)青領書(shu)》170卷,為期師于(yu)吉在典陽(yang)泉水上(shang)所得(de)神(shen)書(shu),其(qi)(qi)(qi)書(shu)以(yi)陰(yin)陽(yang)五(wu)行(xing)為宗,而多巫覡雜語,當時有(you)(you)司(si)奏告此(ci)書(shu)妖妄不(bu)經(jing),于(yu)是(shi)收藏起來,后(hou)來張角得(de)有(you)(you)此(ci)書(shu)。又(you)說(shuo),桓(huan)帝(di)(di)延熹九年(166),襄楷又(you)上(shang)書(shu)提(ti)到此(ci)書(shu),認為該書(shu)奉天地,順五(wu)行(xing),其(qi)(qi)(qi)中有(you)(you)興國(guo)廣嗣之術,漢順帝(di)(di)沒(mei)有(you)(you)實(shi)行(xing),所以(yi)國(guo)家不(bu)得(de)興量。唐章懷(huai)太(tai)(tai)(tai)子李(li)賢(xian)注說(shuo):“神(shen)書(shu)即今道家《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)經(jing)》也。其(qi)(qi)(qi)經(jing)以(yi)甲乙丙丁己庚辛壬癸(gui)為部,每(mei)部一十(shi)七卷也。
傳(chuan)說(shuo)于(yu)(yu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)北(bei)海(hai)人(ren),患有(you)癩(lai)病,十多(duo)年(nian)中使用(yong)百(bai)藥無(wu)效。于(yu)(yu)是他(ta)每天清晨和(he)夜(ye)間(jian)虔誠焚香(xiang),禱告上天,請求(qiu)神靈救護。太(tai)上老(lao)君(jun)被他(ta)的(de)精(jing)誠所感(gan)動,命(ming)令仙人(ren)帛(bo)和(he)化作(zuo)賣凍結翁出現在(zai)市場上。于(yu)(yu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)見到(dao)(dao)帛(bo)和(he)便求(qiu)他(ta)為(wei)(wei)自己(ji)治(zhi)病,帛(bo)和(he)約(yue)他(ta)第(di)二天雞鳴時相會。于(yu)(yu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按約(yue)定地(di)點到(dao)(dao)大橋北(bei)邊木蘭(lan)樹下相見,沒想(xiang)到(dao)(dao)帛(bo)和(he)已經(jing)(jing)(jing)先到(dao)(dao)。帛(bo)和(he)怒(nu)斥于(yu)(yu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)通,命(ming)令他(ta)第(di)二天半夜(ye)再(zai)來(lai)(lai)。于(yu)(yu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)接(jie)(jie)受了(le)(le)(le)教訓,不(bu)敢怠慢,太(tai)陽落山便到(dao)(dao)木蘭(lan)樹下去等。過了(le)(le)(le)不(bu)久帛(bo)和(he)也來(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)(le),見到(dao)(dao)他(ta)非常高興。授給他(ta)一(yi)部經(jing)(jing)(jing)書(shu),并且(qie)對(dui)他(ta)說(shuo)道:“你得到(dao)(dao)這(zhe)部書(shu),不(bu)單能(neng)治(zhi)好病,而且(qie)可(ke)以(yi)長生,變化自如,周行天下,望好自為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)。”于(yu)(yu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)叩拜接(jie)(jie)受經(jing)(jing)(jing)書(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)后,疾病頓(dun)然(ran)消除。接(jie)(jie)著(zhu)太(tai)上老(lao)君(jun)又(you)親自降(jiang)臨,傳(chuan)授給他(ta)讀經(jing)(jing)(jing)書(shu)的(de)旨要(yao)。于(yu)(yu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)就(jiu)將經(jing)(jing)(jing)書(shu)擴充為(wei)(wei)170卷,即《太(tai)平經(jing)(jing)(jing)》。由(you)于(yu)(yu)他(ta)領悟了(le)(le)(le)書(shu)中要(yao)旨,內以(yi)治(zhi)身,外以(yi)消災治(zhi)病,從此(ci)無(wu)不(bu)應驗。在(zai)民間(jian)三(san)百(bai)年(nian)后,道成仙去。還有(you)一(yi)種傳(chuan)說(shuo),三(san)國之(zhi)(zhi)時,于(yu)(yu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)往來(lai)(lai)江東吳地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian),立精(jing)舍,燒(shao)香(xiang)讀道書(shu),用(yong)符水(shui)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)治(zhi)病,當地(di)人(ren)很多(duo)都崇(chong)信他(ta)。孫(sun)策嫉妒他(ta)的(de)威望,命(ming)令手(shou)下人(ren)將下于(yu)(yu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)綁在(zai)烈日(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)下,并要(yao)他(ta)求(qiu)雨(yu),馬上大雨(yu)如澆。孫(sun)策更為(wei)(wei)氣憤,就(jiu)把他(ta)殺(sha)了(le)(le)(le)。殺(sha)了(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)后,于(yu)(yu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尸體忽(hu)然(ran)不(bu)見。孫(sun)策殺(sha)了(le)(le)(le)于(yu)(yu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)后,心中總覺有(you)些后怕。每當獨坐之(zhi)(zhi)時,就(jiu)感(gan)到(dao)(dao)于(yu)(yu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)他(ta)身邊,從此(ci)精(jing)神有(you)些失常。后來(lai)(lai)自己(ji)照鏡子(zi) ,看到(dao)(dao)于(yu)(yu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)鏡子(zi)時而再(zai)仔細(xi)看又(you)沒有(you)了(le)(le)(le),這(zhe)樣反復出現多(duo)次,孫(sun)策嚇得扔掉了(le)(le)(le)鏡子(zi),大叫起來(lai)(lai),導致舊瘡迸裂(lie),不(bu)一(yi)會就(jiu)斷了(le)(le)(le)氣。
關(guan)于(yu)《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平青(qing)領書(shu)(shu)》的作者,根(gen)據(ju)陳攖寧考證 ,認(ren)為(wei)(wei)此書(shu)(shu)脫胎于(yu)西書(shu)(shu)《天官歷(li)包元太(tai)(tai)(tai)平經(jing)(jing)》。《天官歷(li)包元太(tai)(tai)(tai)平經(jing)(jing)》為(wei)(wei)漢成帝時(shi)甘忠可造作,是(shi)根(gen)據(ju)秦(qin)漢之際燕齊一帶海上為(wei)(wei)秘密相傳,日久年深,傳經(jing)(jing)者各(ge)自運用手筆(bi),逐漸使其內(nei)容增加,篇幅(fu)擴大,遂成為(wei)(wei)后來170卷(juan)的巨著。此書(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)張(zhang)角利(li)用,成為(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)平道的主要經(jing)(jing)典。又據(ju)陳攖寧考證,五(wu)斗米道所信奉的《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平洞極(ji)經(jing)(jing)》與《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平經(jing)(jing)》有遞承關(guan)系,現存《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平經(jing)(jing)》中曾有20余處引(yin)用《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平洞極(ji)經(jing)(jing)》里面(mian)的話。
北宋賈善(shan)翔《猶龍傳》卷(juan)四將宮崇所(suo)上神(shen)書徑直稱為(wei)《太平(ping)經(jing)》,并引宮崇所(suo)上表(biao)文,指明(ming)于吉(ji)親受于太上。《太平(ping)經(jing)復(fu)文序》列《太平(ping)經(jing)》傳授(shou)淵源說:皇天金闕后圣(sheng)太平(ping)帝君(jun)(jun)作《太平(ping)復(fu)文》,先(xian)傳上相青童君(jun)(jun),又傳上宰(zai)西(xi)城王君(jun)(jun),王君(jun)(jun)傳弟(di)子帛(bo)和,帛(bo)和傳弟(di)子于吉(ji),領其擴為(wei)170卷(juan)宗(zong),編(bian)成360章。《混元圣(sheng)紀(ji)》卷(juan)一引《后漢(han)書》佚文,也(ye)說老君(jun)(jun)授(shou)于吉(ji)《太平(ping)經(jing)》。這些記(ji)(ji)載均認為(wei)于吉(ji)為(wei)《太平(ping)經(jing)》或(huo)《太平(ping)青領書》的作者,后人們(men)從《太平(ping)經(jing)》卷(juan)帙浩繁、內(nei)容豐(feng)實推斷,此書定(ding)非(fei)一人一時所(suo)作,而是(shi)經(jing)過眾手長(chang)期編(bian)制、增擴而成。各種記(ji)(ji)載表(biao)明(ming),于吉(ji)可能是(shi)《太平(ping)經(jing)》170卷(juan)的最(zui)后定(ding)型(xing)者。
《太(tai)平經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》的(de)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)數(shu)(shu),傳(chuan)說不(bu)一。此(ci)(ci)(ci)書(shu)最早見于(yu)著錄,是東晉葛洪《抱樸子·遐覽篇》所(suo)載道教(jiao)書(shu)目,其(qi)(qi)(qi)中有《太(tai)平經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》50卷(juan)(juan)(juan),又有《甲乙經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》170卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。《太(tai)平經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》是其(qi)(qi)(qi)本(ben)名(ming),《甲乙經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》則因此(ci)(ci)(ci)書(shu)分為(wei)甲乙丙丁(ding)等10部而得名(ming)。至(zhi)于(yu)50卷(juan)(juan)(juan)和170卷(juan)(juan)(juan)的(de)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)數(shu)(shu)所(suo)以(yi)不(bu)同,料想當時就(jiu)有兩種(zhong)傳(chuan)本(ben)。現在《道藏》中的(de)殘本(ben)《太(tai)平經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》共為(wei)67卷(juan)(juan)(juan)宗,其(qi)(qi)(qi)中還包括《太(tai)平經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)鈔》10卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。《太(tai)平經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》的(de)實際卷(juan)(juan)(juan)數(shu)(shu),較多的(de)說法(fa)為(wei)170卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。近(jin)人(ren)王明先生(sheng)根(gen)據《太(tai)平經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)鈔》及其(qi)(qi)(qi)他27種(zhong)引(yin)書(shu)加以(yi)校補,編為(wei)《太(tai)平經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)合校》,基本(ben)上恢(hui)復了170卷(juan)(juan)(juan)的(de)輪廓(kuo)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)書(shu)于(yu)1960年(nian)2月中華書(shu)局出版,成為(wei)通行本(ben)。
《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)經(jing)》的流傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),可(ke)以分(fen)為兩個階段:前一(yi)階段,是在(zai)(zai)張角領導(dao)黃(huang)(huang)巾起義的太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)道興起之(zhi)前,這(zhe)部(bu)書(shu)一(yi)向秘密流傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。在(zai)(zai)歷史(shi)上可(ke)考的傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)經(jing)人(ren)有甘忠(zhong)可(ke)、夏賀良(liang)、帛(bo)和、于(yu)(yu)吉、宮崇等人(ren),其中最(zui)重(zhong)要的當然還(huan)是于(yu)(yu)吉,前面已談(tan)到他是受經(jing)和演經(jing)的重(zhong)要人(ren)物(wu)。自(zi)從(cong)(cong)黃(huang)(huang)巾起義失敗之(zhi)后,此(ci)書(shu)應當在(zai)(zai)民間還(huan)有流傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),因為《抱樸子·覽篇》中曾有著(zhu)錄,后一(yi)階段,即《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)經(jing)》的再度出(chu)(chu)現,是在(zai)(zai)南北(bei)朝時期,《道學傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)達室》鄭十五說:梁初,昆侖(lun)山(shan)渚平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)沙中有三士漆笥,內有黃(huang)(huang)素寫干君(即于(yu)(yu)吉)所(suo)出(chu)(chu)《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)經(jing)》三部(bu)。……(桓) 因就(jiu)村人(ren)求(qiu)分(fen)一(yi)部(bu),還(huan)都供養先呈(cheng)陶(tao)(弘景)君。陶(tao)君云:“此(ci)真于(yu)(yu)君古本(ben)。”又(you)《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)經(jing)復文(wen)序》中也說:“南朝喪亂,《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)》不復行。暨梁,陶(tao)先生弟子桓法(fa) ……于(yu)(yu)溪谷(gu)間得《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)》本(ben)文(wen)。”從(cong)(cong)此(ci)《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)經(jing)》再傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)于(yu)(yu)世,而(er)且在(zai)(zai)道教中保存下來。
此(ci)后(hou)道士還在(zai)講習(xi)此(ci)書,比如南北朝陳宣帝時(shi)的名道周智響(xiang)(xiang)。《太(tai)平經(jing)復文序(xu)中說:“周智響(xiang)(xiang)善于《太(tai)平經(jing)》義,常自講習(xi),時(shi)號太(tai)平法(fa)師。”
這部書一(yi)直流傳到(dao)宋元(yuan)時代,還(huan)(huan)是(shi)完(wan)整不(bu)缺的,《宋史·藝文志(zhi)>和元(yuan)馬端臨《文南通考》中(zhong)都曾有著(zhu)錄(lu),而且還(huan)(huan)都是(shi)完(wan)整的170卷(juan)。《太(tai)平(ping)經(jing)》開始(shi)殘缺,大概是(shi)在“至元(yuan)毀藏之后,明代已(yi)(yi)然(ran)不(bu)全,雖然(ran)白云(yun)霽》道藏目(mu)錄(lu)詳注》著(zhu)錄(lu)仍為(wei)170卷(juan),但是(shi)《正1到(dao)第10卷(juan)已(yi)(yi)非(fei)太(tai)平(ping)經(jing)》原文,而為(wei)《太(tai)平(ping)經(jing)鈔》。清代賀龍驤(xiang)刊(kan)印《欽定(ding)道藏全書總目(mu)》時,《太(tai)平(ping)經(jing)》仍存119卷(juan)宗(zong),他在《國朝坊道書目(mu)錄(lu)》之中(zhong)還(huan)(huan)著(zhu)錄(lu)了(le)《道藏》以(yi)外的坊刻本,太(tai)平(ping)經(jing)》百余卷(juan)宗(zong),可異今已(yi)(yi)不(bu)見。
《太平經》誣蔑要采用的是問答體,即真人(弟子)問,神人(天(tian)(tian)(tian)師)答。《太平經》的基本內容,《后漢書·襄楷傳(chuan)》中(zhong)說是:“專(zhuan)以(yi)奉天(tian)(tian)(tian)地、順五行(xing)(xing)為本,亦不、有(you)興國(guo)文(wen)嗣災(zai)害術(shu)。“范曄說是:“以(yi)陰(yin)(yin)陽(yang)五行(xing)(xing)為宗,而多雜語。”《神仙(xian)傳(chuan)》說是:“專(zhuan)論陰(yin)(yin)陽(yang)、否(fou)泰、災(zai)眚之事,有(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)道,有(you)地道,有(you)人道,云治國(guo)者用之,可(ke)以(yi)長生,此其旨也。”以(yi)上分析,大(da)致(zhi)正確(que)。
《太平經》的經義,大致可分為四個方面:一是構筑了早期道教的神學思想及體系,提出了神仙不死、身中神、求長生等觀念,最高神名太平金闕帝晨后圣帝君號太平真正太一妙氣皇天上清金闕后圣九玄帝君,亦稱大太平君(實即老子),又有一師四輔,即太師彭君,上相方諸宮青童君,上保太丹宮南極元君,上傅白山宮太素真君和上宰西城宮總真王君。其余公卿有司仙真圣品大夫官等361人;從屬3萬6千人,部領36萬,人民則十百千萬億倍等等。二是為帝王治太平提出的一套統治術,占全書的主要部分,以陰陽五行學說為理論基礎,以“無為而無不為”的黃老學說為治國方針。認為天人一體,人的一切能夠影響天道,人治不得,天必降以災禍,小則損傷疾病,大則滅國亡家,均與治道有關。并且提倡儒家的倫理道德,表示對明君清官的擁護和向往。還以神的權威,勸誡和警告昏君和貪官污吏,譴責他們的貪婪,不勞而獲和殘暴。要求平等,反對過度剝削,提出一種以建立人人勞動、周濟貧窮的平等社會為目標的太平思想。在一些篇章晨,還提出保護山林和土地等利于農業生產的主張。三是關于教徒的修養方法,其中主要的就是守一之道,認為守一既久,可使形化為神。并提出了辟谷、食氣、服藥、養性、返神、房中、針灸、占卜、堪輿、禁忌等諸般方術。書中還有豐富的中醫中藥知識,可補《黃帝內經》之不(bu)足。同時,還重視符(fu)咒(zhou),宣說(shuo)(shuo)服符(fu)誦咒(zhou)能夠驅邪(xie)求福、治病長生(sheng),要求信徒進行齋戒、首(shou)過(guo)、祈禳、叩拜(bai)及育經等活動(dong)。四是書(shu)中(zhong)包括有(you)(you)濃重的(de)(de)勸善思(si)(si)想(xiang),提出了“承負(fu)(fu)”的(de)(de)善惡觀,認為(wei)(wei)先人(ren)(ren)犯有(you)(you)過(guo)失,積(ji)累日多,由后輩(bei)子孫負(fu)(fu)其過(guo),前(qian)人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)“承”,后人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)“負(fu)(fu)”。如(ru)果為(wei)(wei)善,則(ze)(ze)前(qian)人(ren)(ren)積(ji)福,后人(ren)(ren)受蔭。這是對“一家(jia)三(san)代(dai)”的(de)(de)禍福根源而(er)言,與fo教(jiao)的(de)(de)“三(san)世(shi)因(yin)果”并不(bu)相同。而(er)且(qie)推而(er)廣之,認為(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)地人(ren)(ren)三(san)統共生(sheng),如(ru)果人(ren)(ren)類(lei)作惡太(tai)多,則(ze)(ze)天(tian)(tian)地必(bi)降災(zai)異(yi),殃(yang)及后人(ren)(ren)。正是因(yin)為(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)這種天(tian)(tian)道(dao)所決定的(de)(de)承負(fu)(fu),因(yin)此勸人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)后巨子孫著想(xiang)而(er)行善積(ji)德,并方(fang)信修正道(dao),可以(yi)斷除(chu)承負(fu)(fu)而(er)度(du)成仙。總的(de)(de)來(lai)說(shuo)(shuo),《太(tai)平經》包容了古代(dai)道(dao)家(jia)、方(fang)仙道(dao)、黃老道(dao)思(si)(si)想(xiang),是這些學術(shu)思(si)(si)想(xiang)向宗教(jiao)信仰轉(zhuan)化的(de)(de)產物,也(ye)是道(dao)教(jiao)教(jiao)團最初醞釀和形成過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)一部(bu)宣言書(shu)。
《太平(ping)(ping)經(jing)》既托(tuo)名為老(lao)(lao)君(jun)所傳授,實際該書的(de)思(si)想受老(lao)(lao)子(zi)影(ying)響很深。如(ru)在《太平(ping)(ping)經(jing)鈔·乙部(bu)》中說(shuo):“夫(fu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)何等也(ye)?萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)之元(yuan)(yuan)首,不得名者(zhe)。”又(you)是(shi)說(shuo):“道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)無所不化。”《太平(ping)(ping)經(jing)鈔·乙部(bu)》又(you)有幾(ji)處說(shuo):“君(jun)宜守(shou)(shou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),臣宜守(shou)(shou)德(de),道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之與德(de),若衣(yi)之表(biao)里”、“夫(fu)君(jun)貴道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de),下(xia)(xia)刑罰。小(xiao)人反(fan),下(xia)(xia)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de),上刑罰”、“夫(fu)王者(zhe)靜思(si)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de),行(xing)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)安身,求長生(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)(zi)(zi)養(yang)。”這(zhe)些都(dou)是(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)家的(de)傳統觀(guan)念,為《太平(ping)(ping)經(jing)》直接(jie)繼承(cheng)下(xia)(xia)來。因(yin)此有些學者(zhe)認(ren)為,該書上承(cheng)老(lao)(lao)子(zi)遺教。除了“道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)”而外,《太平(ping)(ping)經(jing)》更著重于老(lao)(lao)子(zi)說(shuo)的(de)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)然”,并且提出“元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)”的(de)概念。如(ru)《太平(ping)(ping)經(jing)鈔·乙部(bu)》中說(shuo):“元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然,共為天(tian)地之性(xing)也(ye)。”又(you)說(shuo):“故(gu)元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)樂即生(sheng)(sheng)大昌,自(zi)(zi)(zi)然樂則(ze)物(wu)(wu)(wu)強(qiang)。”它認(ren)為“元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)”和“自(zi)(zi)(zi)然”是(shi)天(tian)地的(de)根(gen)本,所以又(you)說(shuo):“元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)行(xing)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)以生(sheng)(sheng)萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)”、“故(gu)元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)守(shou)(shou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),乃行(xing)其氣(qi)(qi),乃生(sheng)(sheng)天(tian)地。”此處所謂(wei)“元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)”、“自(zi)(zi)(zi)然”實際上都(dou)是(shi)老(lao)(lao)子(zi)“道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”的(de)另一種表(biao)述。
《太平經》中有許多言論,直接從老子《道德經》中(zhong)推演(yan)而(er)來。如《道(dao)得經》第四十(shi)二章說:“道(dao)生(sheng)一(yi),一(yi)生(sheng)二,二生(sheng)三。”《太(tai)(tai)平(ping)經鈔(chao)·戊部》則(ze)(ze)說:“元氣恍惚自然(ran),其(qi)凝成一(yi),名為(wei)天也。分(fen)而(er)生(sheng)陰成地,名為(wei)二也。因(yin)為(wei)上天下地,陰陽相合施生(sheng)人,名為(wei)三也。”又如《道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)經》第四十(shi)章說:“反者道(dao)之(zhi)動”。《太(tai)(tai)平(ping)經》第五十(shi)八篇則(ze)(ze)說:“以(yi)其(qi)華就實,反其(qi)偽就真,末窮(qiong)者宣反本(ben),行極者當(dang)還歸,天之(zhi)道(dao)也。”再如《道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)經》第七(qi)十(shi)七(qi)章說:“天之(zhi)道(dao),損有余而(er)補(bu)不足(zu),人之(zhi)道(dao)則(ze)(ze)不然(ran),損不足(zu)以(yi)奉(feng)有余。”《太(tai)(tai)平(ping)經》第一(yi)百(bai)零三篇則(ze)(ze)說:“財物乃天地中(zhong)和所有,以(yi)共(gong)養(yang)人也,此(ci)家但遇(yu)得其(qi)聚處,本(ben)非獨給一(yi)人,其(qi)有不足(zu)者,悉當(dang)從其(qi)取也。愚人無(wu)知,以(yi)為(wei)終古獨當(dang)有之(zhi),不肯周窮(qiong)救急,使萬家乏絕。”由(you)于《太(tai)(tai)平(ping)經》是對東漢時代一(yi)般(ban)老百(bai)姓布教,因(yin)此(ci)避免《道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)經》中(zhong)那些高深的哲理(li),專門揭露當(dang)時社會(hui)的病態,而(er)變得通俗化,容易為(wei)大(da)眾接受。
同時(shi),《太平經》又將“道”與“神(shen)”兩(liang)者聯系起來,如在“《太平經鈔·乙部》中說(shuo):“與道合同,錄身(shen)正神(shen)。”又說(shuo):“陽(yang)者為(wei)道,陰者為(wei)刑。陽(yang)者為(wei)善,陽(yang)神(shen)助之。陰者為(wei)惡,陰神(shen)助之。”這種(zhong)聯系也是道家(jia)哲學思想(xiang)轉(zhuan)為(wei)道教(jiao)宗教(jiao)信仰的必然趨勢。
前面說(shuo)過,《道(dao)藏》中(zhong)的(de)《太(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》共為(wei)67卷(juan)(juan),但其中(zhong)還包(bao)括了《太(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)經(jing)(jing)(jing)鈔(chao)》10卷(juan)(juan)所以(yi)(yi)實(shi)在的(de)《太(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》殘本只有57卷(juan)(juan)。《太(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)經(jing)(jing)(jing)鈔(chao)》為(wei)晚唐時期的(de)道(dao)士(shi)閭丘(qiu)方遠節錄(lu)《太(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》而(er)成。據宋鄧牧《洞霄圖志》卷(juan)(juan)五說(shuo):“先是《太(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)青領書(shu)》自(zi)漢(han)于真人傳授,卷(juan)(juan)帙浩(hao)繁,復文(wen)隱(yin)秘,先生(指閭丘(qiu)方遠)鈔(chao)為(wei)二十卷(juan)(juan),文(wen)約旨博,學者(zhe)便(bian)之。”但宋賈(jia)善翔《猶龍傳達室(shi)》卷(juan)(juan)四則(ze)方《太(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)經(jing)(jing)(jing)鈔(chao)》為(wei)10卷(juan)(juan),《道(dao)藏收入本亦(yi)為(wei)10卷(juan)(juan),疑后(hou)來(lai)卷(juan)(juan)數有缺。全(quan)書(shu)仍分為(wei)以(yi)(yi)天干編次的(de)十部,只是把原來(lai)每部17卷(juan)(juan)壓縮為(wei)1卷(juan)(juan)。因(yin)《太(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》甲部已佚,便(bian)以(yi)(yi)《靈素紫文(wen)》來(lai)補,與原書(shu)的(de)體例(li)和(he)內容都不合。
此(ci)外,在《道(dao)藏》中還有《太平經(jing)圣君(jun)秘(mi)旨》,它和《太平經(jing)鈔》一樣,也(ye)是(shi)《太平經(jing)》的節(jie)本,內容著重于(yu)《太平經(jing)》中修養法(fa)資料的搜集。據王明《太平經(jing)合校,前(qian)(qian)言(yan)》中說,疑還是(shi)閭丘方遠所(suo)選輯。其(qi)書主要是(shi)有關守一之法(fa),精、氣、神之間的關系及《真道(dao)九道(dao)》《真道(dao)九道(dao)》把道(dao)分(fen)為九類(lei),也(ye)是(shi)講存(cun)思、內視、祭祀之類(lei)。前(qian)(qian)三類(lei)為上,易得度世;中三類(lei)“可(ke)使真神吏”;后三類(lei)為下,“令人惚(hu)惚(hu)恍恍。”
此外,《道藏》之內,如《去笈七(qi)簽》、《要修科儀(yi)戒(jie)律鈔》、《道典論》,并(bing)且其他有關道書之中也有一些《太平(ping)經(jing)》的佚文。
稽首皈依三寶尊 求懺父母罪業門,有罪無罪慈尊消 亡靈鬼度離苦淪,香贊,玉爐香煖 恩及重泉 翩翩旌旗到虞淵,湯鑊燦金蓮 懺法弘宣揚 長樂五云旋,惟愿,虛皇降鑒 接引上升天 稽首同心,恭對,壇前禮拜九幽寶懺第八卷 如法,九幽拔罪天尊,爾時,元始天尊 為普救真人演說 北方洞陰 朔單,郁 絕五靈玄老 五?天君 真定境界 無極,之國 端化莊嚴 既竟 重為演說 東北方梵?,天君 長樂境界 其有真人 名曰妙音 無,極之國 周布莊嚴 若人臨終之日 愿生彼國,當潔己清齋 請師奉禮,東北方應號天尊 長跪懺悔 免恒沙罪障,獲無量善因 煉魄朱陵 游神紫府 眾等至心,皈命敬禮 人各恭敬,志心朝禮,東北方度仙上圣天尊 智惠無盡天尊,大智成就天尊歡喜清凈天尊,定生延壽天尊廣度沉淪天尊,積功成圣天尊凝神照境天尊,和神利物天尊總領眾靈天尊,幽照無極天尊善斷迷惑天尊,瓊瑤寶蓋天尊朱景洞明天尊,體悟萬德天尊大洞淵微天尊,萬行圓滿天尊無極玉皇天尊,太乘空惠天尊清凈遺慈天尊,還功報德天尊隱跡全道天尊,法體圓滿天尊高上玉皇天尊,紫霞浮蓋天尊玄智遠照天尊,法云流潤天尊闡揚妙化天尊,行圓空界天尊感降慈緣天尊,湛寂體玄天尊玉京垂惠天尊,保度應權天尊太微光范天尊,真相具足天尊法緣常濟天尊,勸化無礙天尊大光恒照天尊,道?含育天尊降伏強梁天尊,延光布像天尊永證道源天尊,志節微妙天尊常傳真戒天尊,道惠圓滿天尊光德具足天尊,無量慈惠天尊沖和靜樂天尊,玄隱無為天尊幽源不測天尊,大慈大悲救苦真人 大慈大悲大惠真人,大慈大悲拔難真人 大慈大悲定惠真人,大慈大悲濟苦真人 大慈大悲上生真人,皈命太上尊 能消一切罪 禮三寶已 復次懺悔,志心皈命,東北方無上三寶 臣等懺悔 受經破戒之罪,眾等自從無量劫來 至于今日 舍生受生 受,諸報應 或曾尊受經戒 三戒 五戒 九戒,十戒 十二可從戒 二十四戒 一百八十戒,三百大戒 或曾親受 或見人受 皆不信敬,恒起慢心 穢犯過多 誹謗非一 以同戲謔,曾不護持 言行有違 書寫不敬 讀誦訛謬,文字參差 或曾讀誦 上清經 靈寶經 正一,經道德經 西升經 黃庭經 內觀經 太平經,消災經 報恩經 九幽經 救苦經及諸經戒,或曾讀誦 或見人讀誦 以為輕戲 不起虔心,悔圣人言 笑大道義 或供養有缺 或保,護不專 或書寫紙墨 怯惡裝潢 卷軸欹斜,或脫落真文 或揩改義理 都緣愚昧 是有乖,儀 浮世不堅 懺陳未遇 今遇大道 懇愿消,除 天尊言 如上罪緣 其尤最甚 如不懺洗,永失輪回 苦未終年 即遇惡疾 形骸劣弱,肌骨尪殘 氣息微贏 言辭拙惡 禮貌乖差,去就生疏 或已壽終 難逢凈土 游魂北(bei)(bei)岱,量罪(zui)(zui)重輕 以其報對 苦(ku)惱(nao)無(wu)(wu)窮 輪回無(wu)(wu)計(ji),種(zhong)種(zhong)捶考(kao) 楚毒難言(yan)(yan) 啼叫難言(yan)(yan) *** 莫及,痛來(lai)傷骨 熱即(ji)連(lian)心(xin) 劍(jian)樹千尋(xun) 攀緣須(xu)上(shang),鑊(huo)湯百(bai)沸 積壓(ya)須(xu)沈(shen) 消(xiao)(xiao)爛形軀 晝夜不(bu)舍,何(he)緣托廕 無(wu)(wu)可受(shou)生(sheng) 如(ru)此罪(zui)(zui)源 總(zong)由前(qian)作,汝等(deng)男女(nv) 各自省心(xin) 勤(qin)(qin)奉至真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen) 當求后(hou)果,請(qing)禮(li)經懺 使入(ru)(ru)(ru)福(fu)田 已(yi)(yi)亡(wang)者 早得(de)生(sheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian) 未,終(zhong)者 皆希(xi)安樂(le) 諦聽諦受(shou) 依法修(xiu)行(xing) 懺悔,道(dao)前(qian) 志心(xin)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)禮(li) 人各恭敬(jing)(jing)(jing),志心(xin)朝禮(li),坤元保大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 后(hou)載(zai)博物(wu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),無(wu)(wu)邊(bian)善(shan)(shan)達天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 利育群生(sheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),遐宣(xuan)道(dao)廕天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 設(she)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)慈(ci)(ci)惠(hui)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),去住無(wu)(wu)相(xiang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 陶化(hua)四生(sheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),太虛(xu)常寂(ji)(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 紫(zi)極(ji)觀相(xiang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),澄(cheng)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)靜意天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 紫(zi)府凝神(shen)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),恒(heng)游寂(ji)(ji)處天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 信(xin)樂(le)正法天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),勝華(hua)(hua)潛耀天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 默念無(wu)(wu)為天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),高真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)定智(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 玄(xuan)(xuan)臺勤(qin)(qin)功天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),群靈(ling)(ling)普護天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 揮(hui)靈(ling)(ling)妙(miao)用天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),凝神(shen)生(sheng)惠(hui)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 慈(ci)(ci)教廣(guang)度(du)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),教度(du)八(ba)難天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 延(yan)壽無(wu)(wu)盡天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),寂(ji)(ji)住玄(xuan)(xuan)都(dou)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 和光(guang)(guang)隱妙(miao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),窈(yao)冥神(shen)光(guang)(guang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 清(qing)(qing)凈真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)惠(hui)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),東(dong)(dong)華(hua)(hua)廣(guang)德(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 至極(ji)安樂(le)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),端靖(jing)凝和天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 最勝妙(miao)果天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),善(shan)(shan)救世界天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 湛相(xiang)淳(chun)寂(ji)(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),應(ying)(ying)(ying)念救生(sheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 百(bai)寶(bao)勝嚴天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),廣(guang)啟神(shen)化(hua)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 高虛(xu)最妙(miao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),廣(guang)化(hua)玄(xuan)(xuan)宗(zong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 南丹輝惠(hui)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),朱靈(ling)(ling)寶(bao)德(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 妙(miao)力寶(bao)王(wang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),虛(xu)極(ji)垂(chui)感天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 具教方便(bian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),慈(ci)(ci)和忍愛天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)貴(gui)無(wu)(wu)邊(bian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),寧撫萬(wan)(wan)神(shen)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 晏豫景像天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),總(zong)朝上(shang)帝天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 玄(xuan)(xuan)理垂(chui)文(wen)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)慈(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)悲救苦(ku)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)人 大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)慈(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)悲大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)惠(hui)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)人,大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)慈(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)悲救難真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)人 大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)慈(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)悲定惠(hui)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)人,大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)慈(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)悲濟苦(ku)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)人 大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)慈(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)悲上(shang)生(sheng)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)人,皈命(ming)太上(shang)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 能消(xiao)(xiao)一切罪(zui)(zui) 禮(li)三寶(bao)已(yi)(yi) 復次(ci)懺悔,志心(xin)皈命(ming),東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)方無(wu)(wu)上(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun) 懺悔破齋(zhai)(zhai)毀(hui)道(dao)之(zhi)罪(zui)(zui) 眾等(deng)自,從無(wu)(wu)始劫(jie)來(lai) 至于(yu)今(jin)日 舍身(shen)(shen)受(shou)身(shen)(shen) 受(shou)諸報應(ying)(ying)(ying),或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)曾修(xiu)設(she)齋(zhai)(zhai)醮(jiao) 食(shi)(shi)啖齋(zhai)(zhai)食(shi)(shi) 不(bu)生(sheng)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)信(xin) 或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)修(xiu)上(shang),清(qing)(qing)齋(zhai)(zhai) 金箓(lu)齋(zhai)(zhai) 黃箓(lu)齋(zhai)(zhai) 靈(ling)(ling)寶(bao)齋(zhai)(zhai) 三元齋(zhai)(zhai),北(bei)(bei)帝齋(zhai)(zhai) 八(ba)節(jie)齋(zhai)(zhai) 十(shi)直齋(zhai)(zhai) 五臘齋(zhai)(zhai) 庚申齋(zhai)(zhai),本命(ming)齋(zhai)(zhai) 如(ru)是(shi)等(deng)齋(zhai)(zhai) 或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)曾親(qin)設(she) 或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)曾親(qin)受(shou),雖言(yan)(yan)名(ming)目 不(bu)起敬(jing)(jing)(jing)心(xin) 多有(you)觸犯(fan) 或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)將葷辛混,雜(za) 腥穢同(tong)廚(chu) 不(bu)潔己(ji)(ji)身(shen)(shen) 但多慢易 過中(zhong)更,食(shi)(shi) 宿心(xin)不(bu)精 誹謗至真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen) 將同(tong)邪偽 言(yan)(yan)猶虛(xu),誕 心(xin)豈(qi)虔恭 如(ru)上(shang)罪(zui)(zui)根 秤量最重 死入(ru)(ru)(ru)地(di)(di)(di),獄(yu)(yu) 無(wu)(wu)有(you)生(sheng)全 或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)入(ru)(ru)(ru)酆都(dou)山(shan)二(er)十(shi)四獄(yu)(yu) 或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)入(ru)(ru)(ru)監,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)獄(yu)(yu) 虛(xu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)獄(yu)(yu) 元正地(di)(di)(di)獄(yu)(yu) 玄(xuan)(xuan)沙地(di)(di)(di)獄(yu)(yu) 北(bei)(bei),緣地(di)(di)(di)獄(yu)(yu) 刑正地(di)(di)(di)獄(yu)(yu) 律令(ling)地(di)(di)(di)獄(yu)(yu) 九(jiu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)獄(yu)(yu) 青(qing),冥地(di)(di)(di)獄(yu)(yu) 天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)一地(di)(di)(di)獄(yu)(yu) 河(he)伯地(di)(di)(di)獄(yu)(yu) 累劫(jie)地(di)(di)(di)獄(yu)(yu) 女(nv),青(qing)地(di)(di)(di)獄(yu)(yu) 如(ru)是(shi)等(deng)二(er)十(shi)四地(di)(di)(di)獄(yu)(yu) 三寶(bao)五靈(ling)(ling) 三官,九(jiu)府 一百(bai)二(er)十(shi)曹(cao) 千二(er)百(bai)掾(yuan)吏 執(zhi)罰神(shen)兵(bing),五萬(wan)(wan)人 考(kao)掠罪(zui)(zui)魂 或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)足履刀山(shan) 或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)手攀劍(jian)樹,或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)抱銅柱 或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)臥鐵(tie)床 頭頂火(huo)山(shan) 身(shen)(shen)負鐵(tie)杖,饑(ji)則食(shi)(shi)炭(tan) 渴飲镕銅 或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)入(ru)(ru)(ru)鑊(huo)湯 或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)經爐炭(tan),碓擣硙磨(mo) 倒懸立鋸 或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)硤石逼(bi)身(shen)(shen) 針鋒貫(guan)體,足下煨燒 臂間杻(chou)鎖(suo) 天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)言(yan)(yan) 如(ru)斯罪(zui)(zui)類 報,應(ying)(ying)(ying)分明(ming) 若(ruo)有(you)善(shan)(shan)男子 善(shan)(shan)女(nv)人 得(de)悟(wu)此經 心(xin),生(sheng)信(xin)向 清(qing)(qing)靜供養(yang) 禮(li)拜燒香(xiang) 乞(qi)滅三涂冥司,罪(zui)(zui)累 億曾萬(wan)(wan)祖 過往亡(wang)靈(ling)(ling) 爰及己(ji)(ji)身(shen)(shen) 現存,眷(juan)屬 所纏(chan)殃(yang)過 請(qing)乞(qi)解(jie)紛 即(ji)遣飛天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)人,赍九(jiu)龍之(zhi)符(fu)命(ming) 歷諸地(di)(di)(di)獄(yu)(yu) 悉令(ling)蕩(dang)滌 咸使消(xiao)(xiao),除(chu)回向發心(xin) 增(zeng)修(xiu)上(shang)善(shan)(shan) 稽首皈依,十(shi)方常住三寶(bao),太上(shang)慈(ci)(ci)悲九(jiu)幽拔(ba)罪(zui)(zui)法懺第(di)八(ba)卷終(zhong),修(xiu)齋(zhai)(zhai)禮(li)懺誦(song)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)經 赦除(chu)前(qian)生(sheng)六欲(yu)情(qing),惟愿天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)垂(chui)拔(ba)度(du) 親(qin)魂時(shi)刻早升天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),又贊(zan),長樂(le)境界 大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)福(fu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)堂 鑊(huo)湯瀜潤化(hua)威(wei)光(guang)(guang),稱揚眾號渡慈(ci)(ci)航 周匝莊嚴煉質登神(shen),皈命(ming),度(du)仙(xian)上(shang)圣天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),度(du)仙(xian)上(shang)圣天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun),度(du)仙(xian)上(shang)圣大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)
五斗(dou)(dou)(dou)米道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)早(zao)期道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)的(de)一派。東漢(han)順帝(di)(公元(yuan)(yuan)125—144)時,張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)在(zai)四(si)(si)川鶴鳴(ming)山(shan)(今四(si)(si)川大(da)邑(yi)境(jing)內(nei))創立(li)(li),主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)在(zai)農民中(zhong)(zhong)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播。因入道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)者須出五斗(dou)(dou)(dou)米,故名(ming)。又因道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)徒(tu)尊張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi),故又稱(cheng)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”。初入道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)者名(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“鬼卒”,骨干稱(cheng)“祭酒”,以(yi)“治”為(wei)(wei)(wei)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)教(jiao)單位(wei)。傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說漢(han)安二(er)年(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)143)已(yi)發(fa)展為(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)十四(si)(si)治,絕大(da)多數分(fen)布于(yu)今四(si)(si)川境(jing)內(nei)。奉(feng)老(lao)子為(wei)(wei)(wei)教(jiao)祖。尊為(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)上老(lao)君(jun)。以(yi)《老(lao)子五千文》為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)經典,相傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)還信奉(feng)《太(tai)平(ping)經》、《正一經》和《五斗(dou)(dou)(dou)經》等。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)死后(hou),傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)子衡;張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)衡死后(hou),傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)子魯。東漢(han)末,張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)魯在(zai)漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)建立(li)(li)政(zheng)教(jiao)合(he)一的(de)政(zheng)權近30年(nian),建安二(er)十年(nian)(215)降于(yu)曹操。西(xi)晉(jin)后(hou),五斗(dou)(dou)(dou)米道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)開始分(fen)化,一部分(fen)在(zai)士大(da)夫中(zhong)(zhong)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播,一部分(fen)流傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)于(yu)農民中(zhong)(zhong)。南(nan)北朝(chao)時,在(zai)北方,嵩山(shan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)士寇謙之在(zai)魏太(tai)武帝(di)(423—451在(zai)位(wei))的(de)支持下,“革新”天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),創立(li)(li)了(le)以(yi)禮拜(bai)修煉為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)形式(shi)的(de)新天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),為(wei)(wei)(wei)北天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao);在(zai)南(nan)方,廬山(shan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)士陸(lu)修靜整理“三(san)洞”經書,吸收佛教(jiao)思想和儀式(shi),創立(li)(li)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)系統(tong)的(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)齋(zhai)戒(jie)儀范,為(wei)(wei)(wei)南(nan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。唐宋(song)兩代(dai),南(nan)北天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)同(tong)上清、凈明、靈寶各(ge)派并行(xing)于(yu)世,并逐漸合(he)流,到元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)都歸并于(yu)正一道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),又稱(cheng)正一派。
基本介紹中文名 :五斗米道 創始領袖 :張道陵 創始時間 :東漢順帝時期(公元125—144) 創始地點 :四川鶴鳴山(今四川大邑境內) 簡介,詳細介紹,溯源,歷史,內容,記載,流傳,發祥地,創始人,代表人物,主要經典,基本教義,簡介五斗米道又稱正一道、天師道、正一盟威之道,是道教最早的一個派別。據史書記載,在東漢順帝時期,由張道陵在四川鶴鳴山(今成都市大邑縣北)創立。據《后漢書》、《三國志》記載,凡入道者須出五斗米,故得此名,因又稱為“米巫”、“米賊”、“米道”。另外,也有人認為,這個名稱也可能和崇拜五方星斗(南斗、北斗等)和斗姆有關,五斗米就是“五斗姆”(另一說法是五斗崇拜和蜀地的彌教結合而成,即“五斗彌”教)。因教徒尊張道陵為天師,又稱“天師道”。詳細介紹奉老子為教主,以《老子五千文》 (即《道德經》)為主要經典。教人奉道悔過 ,用符水咒法治病。設定二十四個傳道教區,稱二十四治(除北邙山治以外,均在今四川境內),治內設祭酒以領道民。 張道陵張道陵死后,其子張衡、孫張魯相沿嗣教,在巴郡、漢中繼續傳播五斗米道。設奸令祭酒,講習《老子五千文》。除用符咒治病外,還“加施靜室,使病者處其中思過”,設“鬼吏”專為病者請禱。承襲古代關于天官(天帝)賜福,地官(地祇)赦罪,水官(水神)解厄的神話傳說,禱時書寫病人姓名及“服罪”文書三份,一份“上之天,著山上”,一份“埋之地”,一份“沉之水”,稱“三官手書”。病家常出五斗米以謝,俗稱“五斗米師”。據傳,時人“競共事之”。 張魯雄踞巴郡、漢中,建立政教合一的統治近30年。他自號師君,以“鬼道”(即五斗米道)教民,初學道者皆名鬼卒,入道較久并得信任者為祭酒。祭酒又以統領部眾之多寡而分為大、小頭目,大頭目稱治頭大祭酒。教民誠信,不欺詐。諸祭酒統轄區內,設義舍為過往行人免費提供食宿。有隱瞞小過者,須修補道路百步,將功抵過,略示懲戒。對犯法者,寬宥三次,而后再犯,才處以刑罰。史稱“民夷便樂之”,朝廷力不能征。東漢建安二十年(215),張魯投降曹操,拜鎮南將軍,封閬中侯。溯源在于吉等人布道的同時,巴蜀一帶興起了張道陵開創的五斗米道。考二者源流,太平道與五斗米道皆出自黃老道,且以神仙崇拜及方術為教義特征。不過五斗米道出現于巫覡盛行的區域,與巫道有所融合,因而巫術祭禮色彩更濃一些,即更偏重于宗教儀禮。而且由于太平道的領導的黃巾起義被鎮壓之后,不能在社會上公開傳播,張道陵創立的五斗米道不斷發展壯大,遂成為道教正統。后世論及道教的創立,一般都認為是從張道陵開始。 張道陵創立五斗米道,是在東漢順帝年間(126一144)。《三國志·張魯傳》和《后漢書·劉焉傳》中說:順帝時,張陵在四川鶴(鵠)鳴山中學道,“造作符書,以惑百姓,從受道者,出五斗米”,故世稱為“五斗米道”。一說張陵自稱“天師”,故后世道教徒又稱五斗米道為“天師道”。張陵死后,其子張衡及其孫張魯繼續傳教。 五斗米道的壯大和發展,是在張魯時期。《后漢書·劉焉傳》說,益州牧劉焉“任魯以為督義司馬”,張魯因此掌握了兵權,于是他殺了漢中太守,既得漢中,在劉焉死后又襲取了巴郡,遂雄居巴漢之地,一直到建安二十年(215)投降曹操為止,前后28年。這一時期他在統治區內,大行五斗米道,實行政教合一的統治制度。在他降曹之后,曹操對他“拜鎮南將軍,封閬中侯,邑萬戶,將還中國,待以客禮,封魯王子皆為列侯。”張魯的女兒還嫁給了曹操的兒子燕王曹宇(亦名彭祖)。所以五斗米道并不因張魯失勢而中掇,并且隨著張魯東遷,更廣泛流傳在江東一帶地方。 五斗米道五斗米道信奉的經典,在歷史上有一些記載,如《魏書·釋老志》:張陵受道于鵠鳴,因傳(天宮章本)千有二百,弟子相授,其事大行。“其書多有不秘,非其徒也,不得輒觀。至于化金銷玉,行符敕水,奇方妙術,萬等千條。上云羽化飛天,次稱消災滅禍。”歷史兩晉時期,入五斗米道者頗有其人。王羲之家族即“世事張氏五斗米道”。四川和江、浙地區農民領袖多有利用五斗米道起事者。孫恩、盧循領導的農民起義,有眾數十萬人。南北朝時,寇謙之自稱奉太上老君之命,清整道教,除去三張(張陵、張衡、張魯)偽法;創立“專以禮度為首,加之以服食閉煉”的新天師道,后稱北天師道。陸修靜重整道教經書,吸收佛教思想、儀節,創立較為系統的道教齋戒儀范,后稱南天師道。唐宋以后,南北天師道與上清派、凈明道、靈寶派等合流。 五斗米道初入道者稱為“鬼卒”,骨干稱為“祭酒”,并以“治”為傳道單位。張道陵死后,傳其子張衡,衡死后,傳子張魯。東漢末年,魯據漢中,建立持續達近三十年的政教合一的政權,后投降曹操。西晉后,五斗米道逐漸分化,一部分傳播于官僚中,另一部分仍秘密活動于農民中。東晉時五斗米道領袖孫恩、盧循領導了長達十余年的農民起義。北魏時,嵩山道士寇謙之“革新”五斗米道,自稱奉太上老君之命,清整道教,“除去三張偽法” ,創立新天師道。此后五斗米道改稱天師道。并得到太武帝的贊許。唐宋以后的道教正一派,上承三張世系,以江西龍虎山天師府為中心,是為江南各符箓道派之正宗。 “京產少恬靜,閉意榮宦,頗涉文義,專修黃老。” 《南史·隱逸上》稱其子杜棲亦續奉天師道,至于蕭梁之世。另一天師道世家會稽孔氏,至孔靈產時繼續奉道,他在 宋明帝泰始中罷晉安太守后,有隱遁之懷,“宋明帝于禹穴之側立懷仙館,詔使居焉。” 此外,南郡枝江人劉凝之,于宋文帝元嘉(424~453)年間,“居衡山之陽,采藥服 食,受天師化民之道”,而“王公贈遺,一無所受”。隋統一全國后,南北天師道合而為一。但直至唐代,史書缺乏記載,情況不明。唐代中后期,張陵子孫在江西龍虎山續傳天師道,逐漸形成傳播中心,世稱龍虎宗。從此 結束其早期發展歷史,而進入新的發展階段。內容五斗米道以老子為教主,基本經典是《道德經》和張陵編寫的‘老子想爾注’,是一種多神教,以長生成仙為其最高目標。其道術主要是通過章表,符咒招神驅鬼(例如用三官手書來治病),以及行氣、導引、房中術等。主要活動在成都周圍,也可能在少數民族中傳播。許多學者認為五斗米道與當地少數民族所盛行的巫術有很密切的關系。記載《法苑珠琳》六十九《妄傳邪教》條:后漢時張陵造(靈寶經)及章醮等道書二十四卷(《太平廣記》引《神仙傳》作“篇”)。 《云笈七簽》卷六:漢末,有天師張道陵精思西山,太上親降,漢安元年五月一日授以"三天正法",命為"天師",又授"正一科術要道法文",其年七月七日又授“正一盟威妙經”、“三業六通訣”,重為三天法師正一真人。 孟安排《道教義樞·七部義》及《云笈七簽》卷六均言:按《正一經》云,有《太平洞極之經》一百四十四卷。此經并盛明治道、證果、修因、禁忌、眾術也。漢安元年,太上親授天師(張陵),流傳茲日。 經學者考證,此處《太平洞極經》與今、《太平經》內容基本一致,說明《太平洞極經》與《太平青領書》有一定關系。同時張衡、張魯傳教的一些措施,如教人有病思過、置義舍、禁酒等等,都與《太平經》經義相符。《典略》也說“衡法略同張角”,因此五斗米道和太平道兩者當同出一源。《三國志·張魯傳》注引《典略》說烹平中《173一177》,張衡(據《三國志·張魯傳》裴松之注說,原文張衡誤作“張修”)在漢中傳道: 又使人為奸令祭酒,祭酒主以《老子五千文》 ,使都習,號為奸令。 可知五斗米道曾以《老子五千文》作為他們信奉的主要經典,所謂《老子五千文》,是經張魯(或謂為張陵)所定本為五千字。近代又在敦煌發現了六朝人所寫的《老子想爾注》殘卷,基本是《道經》部分的注本。系當時五斗米教祭酒宣講《老子五千文》的注解本。近人饒宗頤(敦煌六朝寫本張天師道陵(老子想爾注)校箋)認為,張氏(老子想爾注)多處演說“太平”、“守一”,實乃提倡其太平思想,以《太平經》之意旨解釋《老子》。可知《老子想爾注》與《太平洞極經》確為五斗米道的重要經典。上面引文有言,五斗米道“其書多有隱秘,非其徒也,不得輒觀。”《老子想爾注》《太平洞極經》應當屬于這樣的秘典之一。 另外,據《道藏·洞真黃書》稱:《黃書》于東漢漢穿元年老子授張道陵,本有8卷。北周甄鸞《笑道論》亦提及五斗米道之“黃書合氣”。其道為男女合煉之本,五斗米道不敢公開宣講,故《黃書》亦為五斗米秘典之一(其書符文以黃色書寫之,故名)。 五斗米道的主要經典應有《天宮章本》 、(靈寶經八《正一盟威妙經》 )、《太平洞極經》、《老子五千文》(或稱《老子想爾注》)、《黃書》及章醮等道書。 陳國符《道藏源流考》指出,《正一經》中,最主要者為《正一盟威錄》,所以勸召鬼神。又指出,此錄蓋出張陵,依托太上。《道藏》收《太上三五正一盟威錄》1卷和《太上正一盟威法錄》1卷,內容相類,皆為張陵的《正一盟威錄》。 《老子想爾注》2卷,本己亡佚,后在敦煌遺書中被發現。可惜殘闕過半,即《道經》部分缺開首部分(第一、二章), 《德經》部分全佚。 陳國符《道藏源流考》認為,《道藏》所收《赤松子章歷》卷三至卷六所錄章表,尚是三張古科。但其百分八、九十已經亡佚。已是殘卷,并經后人整理。根據此書內容,證明五斗米道已具初步的宗教科儀。流傳《黃書》8卷今已不傳,但是《道藏》之中有《洞真黃書》、《上清黃書過度儀》、《洞真太微黃書天帝君石景金陽素經》等卷。《洞真黃書》現僅存一卷,或為《黃書》之節本。《上清黃書過度儀》講說行道儀法,《太上洞淵神咒經》謂“人以《黃書》受來經久不得過度,日日有考,令人多病,田蠶虛耗,宅中不利,不終年壽,中道而天。”可見《上清黃書過度儀》是與《黃書》并行的過度儀法。《洞真太微黃書天帝君百景金陽素經》卷末按語說:“《太微黃書》本有8卷,真人昔于赤城山中,以大篆交帶真文授許遠游明君所有者是也。君所以未飛騰上清,摻駕云龍,正由不睹《石景八素》之篇第,今以《石景金陽文》相付行,令盡睹八卷之首也。”其書講說服符升仙之道,乃配合《黃書》而行之道法。發祥地魯訊先生說得好:中國的根底全在道教。而中國道教的發祥地就在龍虎山麓的正一觀原址。東漢中葉,第一代天師張道陵率弟子入云錦山肇基煉九天神丹,“丹成而龍虎見”,云錦山便由此而改名為“龍虎山”。第四代天師張盛回龍虎山,為祭祀祖天師而興建起“祖天師廟”,每逢三元節,登壇傳錄,各地學道者紛至沓來,形成了“晝夜長明羽人國”的繁華景象。桑海滄田,“天師廟”也幾經修葺,名稱也多次更改,明嘉靖時改為“正一觀”。現在的“正一觀”,是在原址按宋代建筑風格重建,并吸收了明、清時的一些合理建制和藝術特點,整個建筑灰瓦白墻,古樸典雅,氣勢雄偉,仙骨傲然。創始人 張陵(34-156年)。東漢順帝人,又名張道陵,字輔漢。原籍江蘇豐縣,客居四川。東漢順帝(126-144)年間,學道于鶴鳴山(或作“鵠鳴山”,相傳在四川大邑縣境內)中,自稱“天師”(后來道教徒稱他為“張天師”,“五斗米道”也稱作“天師道”),借托太上老君口授,造作“道書”。順帝漢安元年(142年)開始在巴蜀一帶行醫傳道。據載因為“從受道者,出五斗米”,所以人們稱其為“五斗米道”;又說,其道首為人治病,痊愈后病家要出五斗米,所以也稱為“五斗米師”。 張陵代表人(ren)物“三(san)張(zhang)”。即張(zhang)陵、張(zhang)陵之(zhi)子(zi)張(zhang)衡、之(zhi)孫(sun)張(zhang)魯,道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)內則稱(cheng)“三(san)師(shi)”,即“天師(shi)”張(zhang)陵,“嗣師(shi)”張(zhang)衡,“系師(shi)”張(zhang)魯。經過(guo)“三(san)張(zhang)”祖孫(sun)三(san)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)苦(ku)心經營,五(wu)(wu)(wu)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)米(mi)(mi)(mi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)逐漸形成了(le)一(yi)套完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)義、儀(yi)式與方(fang)術及(ji)其組織(zhi)制度。到張(zhang)魯時,據漢(han)中自立(li),將其統(tong)治區域設為(wei)(wei)24治,各治不(bu)(bu)置長吏,以祭酒管理行政(zheng)、軍事、宗教(jiao)等事項,建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)起(qi)政(zheng)教(jiao)合一(yi)政(zheng)權(quan),成為(wei)(wei)一(yi)方(fang)樂(le)土。漢(han)獻(xian)帝(di)建(jian)(jian)(jian)安二(er)十年(215年),張(zhang)魯率眾(zhong)降(jiang)曹。 在(zai)三(san)張(zhang)之(zhi)后(hou),主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)代表人(ren)物是李雄(xiong)(xiong)、盧(lu)循等。李雄(xiong)(xiong)還于(303年)在(zai)蜀中建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)起(qi)“成漢(han)”政(zheng)權(quan),其業績可與張(zhang)魯時代的(de)(de)(de)(de)漢(han)中五(wu)(wu)(wu)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)米(mi)(mi)(mi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)政(zheng)權(quan)媲(pi)美。 魏(wei)晉(jin)以后(hou),五(wu)(wu)(wu)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)米(mi)(mi)(mi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)僅擁(yong)有(you)廣大下(xia)層民(min)眾(zhong),而且得到了(le)上(shang)層豪門士族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)崇奉(feng),并將五(wu)(wu)(wu)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)米(mi)(mi)(mi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)改造為(wei)(wei)稱(cheng)天師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。后(hou)來經過(guo)晉(jin)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)葛洪、梁代的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶弘景、北魏(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)寇謙之(zhi)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)改造和發展(zhan),“天師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”(即五(wu)(wu)(wu)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)米(mi)(mi)(mi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao))成了(le)為(wei)(wei)封建(jian)(jian)(jian)統(tong)治服務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)正統(tong);五(wu)(wu)(wu)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)米(mi)(mi)(mi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)信(xin)仰(yang)并沒有(you)被消(xiao)除殆(dai)盡,仍在(zai)民(min)間流(liu)傳,直(zhi)到隋唐時代,乃至遼(liao)代末年,還有(you)利用五(wu)(wu)(wu)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)米(mi)(mi)(mi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)起(qi)義作亂(luan)事件發生(sheng)(sheng)。主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)經典《老子(zi)》。張(zhang)魯以《老子(zi)》為(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)米(mi)(mi)(mi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)經典,并為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)作注,名曰《老子(zi)想爾注》,以闡述五(wu)(wu)(wu)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)米(mi)(mi)(mi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)義思(si)想。基本教(jiao)義基本信(xin)仰(yang)是老子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”。他把老子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”人(ren)格化為(wei)(wei)有(you)意(yi)志、能創(chuang)生(sheng)(sheng)天地、主(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)一(yi)切的(de)(de)(de)(de)至高無(wu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)神,稱(cheng):“一(yi)者道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye),……一(yi)散形為(wei)(wei)氣,聚形為(wei)(wei)太上(shang)老君。”其基本教(jiao)義是通過(guo)守(shou)一(yi)、守(shou)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)誡,達到長生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)死。
經書的網絡解釋是:經書1.指儒經,即儒家經典著作。如《易經》《書經》《詩經》《周禮》《儀禮》《禮記》《春秋》《論語》《孝經》等儒家經傳,是研究我國古代歷史和儒家學術思想的重要資料。2、指道經,即道教經典著作。《道德經》、《天樂集》、《道德真經》、《南華真經》、《沖虛真經》、《周易參同契》、《抱樸子內篇》、《老子想爾注》、《老子中經》、《黃庭經》、《太平經》、《玉皇經》、《黃帝陰符經》、《清靜經》、《悟真篇》、《南華經》等3.指佛經。如《佛說阿彌陀經》《觀無量壽佛經》《佛說觀無量壽佛經》《佛說八吉祥神咒經》《金剛般若波羅蜜經》等。
經書的網絡解釋是:經書1.指儒經,即儒家經典著作。如《易經》《書經》《詩經》《周禮》《儀禮》《禮記》《春秋》《論語》《孝經》等儒家經傳,是研究我國古代歷史和儒家學術思想的重要資料。指道經,即道教經典著作。《道德經》、《天樂集》、《道德真經》、《南華真經》、《沖虛真經》、《周易參同契》、《抱樸子內篇》、《老子想爾注》、《老子中經》、《黃庭經》、《太平經》、《玉皇經》、《黃帝陰符經》、《清靜經》、《悟真篇》、《南華經》等3.指佛經。如《佛說阿彌陀經》《觀無量壽佛經》《佛說觀無量壽佛經》《佛說八吉祥神咒經》《金剛般若波羅蜜經》等。結構是:經(左右結構)書(獨體結構)。拼音是:jīngshū。注音是:ㄐ一ㄥㄕㄨ。
經書的具體解釋是什么呢,我們通過以下幾個方面為您介紹:
一、詞語解釋【點此查看計劃詳細內容】
經書jīngshū。(1)指儒家經典,如《易經》、《書經》、《詩經》、《春秋》等。
二、國語詞典
儒家經籍。
關于經書的近義詞
經籍
關于經書的詩詞
《得天經書問·久臥堪憂巷》《樗寮字阿彌陀經書偈送最明寺殿》《金剛經書大士像贊》
關于經書的詩句
經書富滿_要具孝經書經書括根本
關于經書的單詞
scripturesofmartialarts
關于經書的成語
掉書袋書生氣書呆子四書五經盡信書不如無書正正經經枕經籍書
關于經書的詞語
四書五經儒家經書書呆子蠹書蟲五經笥掉書袋中書君五經庫枕經籍書書生氣
關于經書的造句
1、經書由一位法號春熙禪師的少林高僧偶得,因躲藏于佛像后偷偷念誦,叫釋家弟子告發,給逐出了少林。
2、在中國古籍圖書的發展史上,儒家經書成為格外醒目的一類。
3、我生活在佛陀的覺悟里,行走在自己的夢里,我想用這些貝葉經書,做一只船,離開輪回苦海。
4、實在是因為經書味同嚼蠟,怎樣用心也看不進去!
5、賅括地默寫某一種經書的注解。
點此查看更多(duo)關(guan)于經書的詳(xiang)細信息
道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)藏(zang)綜合索引 書(shu)(shu)名:老(lao)子(zi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德經(jing)想(xiang)爾注(zhu)(zhu)(敦煌本(ben)) 編著: 卷數:二卷 正統道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)藏(zang): 字號 涵芬樓本(ben)第冊 新(xin)文豐本(ben)第冊 三家本(ben)第冊 道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)藏(zang)提要:編號 中(zhong)華道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)藏(zang):四輔真經(jing)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德真經(jing) 第9冊 ?老(lao)子(zi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德經(jing)想(xiang)爾注(zhu)(zhu)(敦煌本(ben)),相(xiang)傳為(wei)東(dong)漢天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師張(zhang)陵(ling)撰(zhuan),或以(yi)為(wei)是(shi)張(zhang)陵(ling)之(zhi)孫天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師張(zhang)魯(lu)撰(zhuan)。原書(shu)(shu)二卷。《正統道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)藏(zang)》未收。《道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)藏(zang)缺經(jing)目錄(lu)》著錄(lu)。現有(you)敦煌發(fa)現的南北朝殘抄(chao)本(ben)一件(S6025),保存原書(shu)(shu)上(shang)卷,亦即老(lao)子(zi)《道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)經(jing)》第三章(zhang)至第三十七章(zhang)之(zhi)注(zhu)(zhu)文。近人饒宗(zong)頤據敦煌抄(chao)本(ben)整理而成(cheng)《老(lao)子(zi)想(xiang)爾注(zhu)(zhu)校箋(jian)》一書(shu)(shu)。此書(shu)(shu)以(yi)早(zao)期(qi)五斗米道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)思(si)想(xiang)教義注(zhu)(zhu)解《老(lao)子(zi)》。認為(wei)「道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)」是(shi)有(you)意(yi)志的最(zui)高神(shen)靈。道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)即是(shi)一,「一散形為(wei)氣,聚形為(wei)太(tai)上(shang)老(lao)君」。教導(dao)信徒奉道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)守誡,認為(wei)按道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)意(yi)行(xing)事,可(ke)以(yi)致國太(tai)平(ping)(ping)、長生(sheng)成(cheng)仙,故注(zhu)(zhu)文宣稱:「道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)設生(sheng)以(yi)賞善(shan),設死(si)以(yi)威惡(e);」「奉道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)誡,積善(shan)成(cheng)功,積精成(cheng)神(shen),神(shen)成(cheng)仙壽(shou)」。書(shu)(shu)中(zhong)又批評世間邪(xie)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)偽伎,強調煉形長生(sheng)。總之(zhi),神(shen)化(hua)老(lao)子(zi)之(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),強調奉道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)守誡,追(zhui)求(qiu)長生(sheng)仙壽(shou),是(shi)此書(shu)(shu)主要特(te)點,其思(si)想(xiang)內容與《太(tai)平(ping)(ping)經(jing)》、《老(lao)子(zi)河(he)上(shang)公注(zhu)(zhu)》等早(zao)期(qi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)書(shu)(shu)相(xiang)符,據《傳授經(jing)戒儀注(zhu)(zhu)訣》稱:漢末保師張(zhang)魯(lu)曾(ceng)以(yi)此書(shu)(shu)教化(hua)蜀中(zhong)民眾,南北朝天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)規定此書(shu)(shu)為(wei)教徒必須傳授修習(xi)的太(tai)玄部(bu)經(jing)典之(zhi)一。
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