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通玄真經第五卷,道德注解

網絡 2023-09-21 23:54:12

《通玄真經》第五卷 道德


文子問道。老子曰(yue):學(xue)問不(bu)精,聽(ting)(ting)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)不(bu)深。凡聽(ting)(ting)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),將以(yi)(yi)(yi)達智也,將以(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)行(xing)(xing)也,將以(yi)(yi)(yi)致功(gong)名(ming)也,不(bu)精不(bu)明,不(bu)深不(bu)達。故上學(xue)以(yi)(yi)(yi)神(shen)聽(ting)(ting),中學(xue)以(yi)(yi)(yi)心聽(ting)(ting),下(xia)(xia)學(xue)以(yi)(yi)(yi)耳(er)聽(ting)(ting),以(yi)(yi)(yi)耳(er)聽(ting)(ting)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),學(xue)在(zai)皮膚,以(yi)(yi)(yi)心聽(ting)(ting)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),學(xue)在(zai)肌肉,以(yi)(yi)(yi)神(shen)聽(ting)(ting)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),學(xue)在(zai)骨髓。故聽(ting)(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)深,即知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)明,知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)明,即不(bu)能(neng)盡(jin)其(qi)(qi)精,不(bu)能(neng)盡(jin)其(qi)(qi)精,即行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)。凡聽(ting)(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,虛心清靜,損(sun)氣無(wu)(wu)盛,無(wu)(wu)思無(wu)(wu)慮(lv),目無(wu)(wu)妄視,耳(er)無(wu)(wu)茍聽(ting)(ting),尊(zun)精積稽,內意盈并,既以(yi)(yi)(yi)得(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),必(bi)固守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),必(bi)長久之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。夫(fu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),原產有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)始,始于柔(rou)弱(ruo),成(cheng)(cheng)于剛強,始于短寡,成(cheng)(cheng)于眾長,十圍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)木始于把(ba),百仞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臺始于下(xia)(xia),此天(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)也。圣人法之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),卑(bei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)下(xia)(xia),退者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)后,儉者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)小(xiao)(xiao),損(sun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)少,卑(bei)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)尊(zun),退則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)先,儉則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)廣,損(sun)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)大(da),此天(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)所(suo)成(cheng)(cheng)也。夫(fu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元,大(da)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)根,福之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)門,萬(wan)物待之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)生,待之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng),待之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)寧。夫(fu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),無(wu)(wu)為(wei)無(wu)(wu)形,內以(yi)(yi)(yi)修身,外以(yi)(yi)(yi)治人,功(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)事立(li),與(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)為(wei)鄰(lin),無(wu)(wu)為(wei)而(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)不(bu)為(wei),莫(mo)知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)情,莫(mo)知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)真,其(qi)(qi)中有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)信。天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)服,長有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)社稷,公侯(hou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)人民(min)和睦,不(bu)失其(qi)(qi)國(guo),士庶(shu)(shu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)全其(qi)(qi)身,保其(qi)(qi)親(qin),強大(da)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),不(bu)戰而(er)(er)克,小(xiao)(xiao)弱(ruo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),不(bu)爭而(er)(er)得(de)(de)(de),舉事有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),功(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)得(de)(de)(de)福,君臣有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)忠惠,父子(zi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)慈孝,士庶(shu)(shu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)相愛,故有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)知(zhi),無(wu)(wu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)苛。由是觀(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于人,無(wu)(wu)所(suo)不(bu)宜也。夫(fu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),小(xiao)(xiao)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)得(de)(de)(de)福,大(da)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)得(de)(de)(de)福,盡(jin)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)服,服則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)懷(huai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故帝者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)適也,王者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)往(wang)也,天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)不(bu)適不(bu)往(wang),不(bu)可謂帝王。故帝王不(bu)得(de)(de)(de)人不(bu)能(neng)成(cheng)(cheng),得(de)(de)(de)人失道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)亦不(bu)能(neng)守。夫(fu)失道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),奢泰(tai)驕佚,慢倨矜傲,見(jian)余自(zi)顯自(zi)明,執雄(xiong)堅強,作難結(jie)怨(yuan),為(wei)兵主,為(wei)亂首,小(xiao)(xiao)人行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),身受大(da)殃,大(da)人行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),國(guo)家滅亡,淺及(ji)其(qi)(qi)身,深及(ji)子(zi)孫(sun),夫(fu)罪莫(mo)大(da)于無(wu)(wu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),怨(yuan)莫(mo)深于無(wu)(wu)德,天(tian)(tian)(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)然也。

老子(zi)曰:天行道者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),使(shi)人(ren)雖(sui)勇,刺(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)入,雖(sui)巧,擊(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)中,夫(fu)刺(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)入,擊(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)中,而(er)猶辱也(ye)(ye),未若(ruo)使(shi)人(ren)雖(sui)勇不(bu)能刺(ci),雖(sui)巧不(bu)能擊(ji)。夫(fu)不(bu)敢(gan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),非(fei)無其意(yi)也(ye)(ye),未若(ruo)本(ben)無其意(yi),夫(fu)無其意(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),未有受利(li)害(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)心也(ye)(ye),不(bu)若(ruo)使(shi)天下丈夫(fu)女子(zi)莫不(bu)歡然皆欲愛利(li)之(zhi)(zhi),若(ruo)然者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),無地而(er)為(wei)君,無官而(er)為(wei)是,天下莫不(bu)愿安(an)利(li)之(zhi)(zhi)。故勇于(yu)敢(gan)則殺(sha),勇于(yu)不(bu)敢(gan)則活。

文子問德。老子曰(yue):畜(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)養之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),遂(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),兼利無(wu)(wu)(wu)懌(yi),與天地合(he),此之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂德。何謂仁(ren)(ren)?曰(yue):為上不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)矜(jin)其(qi)(qi)功,為下(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)羞其(qi)(qi)病,大(da)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)矜(jin),小不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)偷,兼愛(ai)無(wu)(wu)(wu)私,久(jiu)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)衰,此之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂仁(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。何謂義(yi)?曰(yue):為上則(ze)(ze)(ze)輔(fu)弱,為下(xia)則(ze)(ze)(ze)守節,達(da)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肆(si)意,窮不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易操(cao),一度順理(li),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)私枉橈,此之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂義(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。何謂禮(li)?曰(yue):為上則(ze)(ze)(ze)恭嚴,為下(xia)則(ze)(ze)(ze)卑敬(jing)(jing),退讓(rang)守柔,為天下(xia)雌,立(li)于(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢,設于(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能,此之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂禮(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。故修(xiu)其(qi)(qi)德則(ze)(ze)(ze)下(xia)從令,修(xiu)其(qi)(qi)仁(ren)(ren)則(ze)(ze)(ze)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)爭(zheng),修(xiu)其(qi)(qi)義(yi)則(ze)(ze)(ze)下(xia)平正(zheng)(zheng),修(xiu)其(qi)(qi)禮(li)則(ze)(ze)(ze)下(xia)尊敬(jing)(jing),四(si)者既(ji)修(xiu),國家安寧。故物生(sheng)者道也(ye)(ye)(ye),長(chang)者德也(ye)(ye)(ye),愛(ai)者仁(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye),正(zheng)(zheng)者義(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),敬(jing)(jing)者禮(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)畜(chu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)養,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能遂(sui)長(chang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)慈不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)愛(ai),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能成遂(sui),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)匡,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能久(jiu)長(chang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敬(jing)(jing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)寵,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能貴重。故德者民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)貴也(ye)(ye)(ye),仁(ren)(ren)者民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)懷也(ye)(ye)(ye),義(yi)者民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)畏也(ye)(ye)(ye),禮(li)者民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)敬(jing)(jing)也(ye)(ye)(ye),此四(si)者,文之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)順也(ye)(ye)(ye),圣人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)御萬(wan)物也(ye)(ye)(ye)。君子無(wu)(wu)(wu)德則(ze)(ze)(ze)下(xia)怨(yuan),無(wu)(wu)(wu)仁(ren)(ren)則(ze)(ze)(ze)下(xia)爭(zheng),無(wu)(wu)(wu)義(yi)則(ze)(ze)(ze)下(xia)暴,無(wu)(wu)(wu)禮(li)則(ze)(ze)(ze)下(xia)亂(luan),四(si)經不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)立(li),謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)道,無(wu)(wu)(wu)道不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)亡(wang)者,未之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有也(ye)(ye)(ye)。

老子(zi)曰:至德之世(shi)(shi),賈便其市,農樂(le)其野,大夫安其職(zhi),處士(shi)修其道,人民樂(le)其業,是以風雨不(bu)毀折,草(cao)木(mu)不(bu)夭無,河出圖,洛出書。及(ji)世(shi)(shi)之衰也(ye),賦(fu)斂(lian)無度,殺(sha)戮無止,刑諫者,殺(sha)賢士(shi),是以山崩川涸,蠕動不(bu)息(xi),野無百蔬。故世(shi)(shi)治則愚者不(bu)得獨亂,世(shi)(shi)亂則賢者不(bu)能(neng)獨治,圣人和愉寧靜,生也(ye),至德道行(xing),命也(ye),故生遭命而后能(neng)行(xing),命得時而后能(neng)明(ming),必有(you)(you)其世(shi)(shi)而后有(you)(you)其人。

文子(zi)問圣(sheng)智(zhi)(zhi)。老子(zi)曰:聞(wen)而知(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi),圣(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye),見(jian)而知(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi),智(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。圣(sheng)人嘗(chang)聞(wen)禍(huo)福(fu)所生(sheng)而擇(ze)(ze)其(qi)道,智(zhi)(zhi)者嘗(chang)見(jian)禍(huo)福(fu)成形(xing)而擇(ze)(ze)其(qi)行,圣(sheng)人知(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)道吉(ji)兇,故知(zhi)(zhi)禍(huo)福(fu)所生(sheng),智(zhi)(zhi)者先見(jian)成形(xing),故知(zhi)(zhi)禍(huo)福(fu)之(zhi)門。聞(wen)未(wei)生(sheng)圣(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye),先見(jian)成形(xing)智(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),無聞(wen)見(jian)者,愚(yu)迷。

老子曰:君好(hao)(hao)義則(ze)信(xin)時(shi)而任己,秉(bing)智(zhi)而用惠,物(wu)博(bo)智(zhi)淺(qian),以淺(qian)贍博(bo),未之有(you)(you)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。獨(du)任其智(zhi),失必多矣,好(hao)(hao)智(zhi),窮術也(ye)(ye)(ye),好(hao)(hao)勇(yong),危(wei)亡之道也(ye)(ye)(ye),好(hao)(hao)與(yu)則(ze)無(wu)定(ding)分(fen),上(shang)之分(fen)不定(ding),則(ze)下之望無(wu)息,若多斂則(ze)與(yu)民(min)為仇,少取而多與(yu),其數無(wu)有(you)(you),故好(hao)(hao)與(yu),來怨之道也(ye)(ye)(ye)。由是觀之,財不足任,道術可因明(ming)矣。

文子(zi)(zi)問曰(yue):古之王(wang)者(zhe),以(yi)道邪天(tian)(tian)下(xia),為(wei)之奈何?老子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一無(wu)(wu)為(wei),因天(tian)(tian)地與之變化,“天(tian)(tian)下(xia)大器也(ye),不(bu)可執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye),不(bu)可為(wei)也(ye),為(wei)者(zhe)敗(bai)之,執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)失之。”執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一者(zhe),見小也(ye),小故能(neng)成其大也(ye),無(wu)(wu)為(wei)者(zhe),守靜(jing)也(ye),守靜(jing)能(neng)為(wei)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)正,處大,滿而(er)(er)不(bu)溢(yi),居(ju)高,貴(gui)(gui)而(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)驕,處大不(bu)溢(yi),盈(ying)而(er)(er)不(bu)虧,居(ju)上不(bu)驕,高而(er)(er)不(bu)危,盈(ying)而(er)(er)不(bu)虧,所以(yi)長守富也(ye),高而(er)(er)不(bu)危,所以(yi)長守貴(gui)(gui)也(ye),富貴(gui)(gui)不(bu)離其身,祿及子(zi)(zi)孫,古之王(wang)道其于此(ci)矣。

老子曰:民有(you)道(dao)所同行,有(you)法(fa)所同守(shou),義不(bu)能相固,威不(bu)能相必,故立君(jun)(jun)以(yi)一之。君(jun)(jun)執一即治,無(wu)常(chang)即亂,君(jun)(jun)道(dao)者,非(fei)所以(yi)有(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye),所以(yi)無(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye),智者不(bu)以(yi)德(de)為(wei)(wei)(wei)事,勇者不(bu)以(yi)力為(wei)(wei)(wei)暴,仁(ren)者不(bu)以(yi)位(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)惠,可謂一矣。一也(ye)(ye)者,無(wu)適(shi)之道(dao)也(ye)(ye),萬物之本也(ye)(ye)。君(jun)(jun)數易法(fa),國數易君(jun)(jun),人以(yi)其(qi)位(wei)達其(qi)好憎,下之任懼不(bu)可勝(sheng)理,故君(jun)(jun)失一,其(qi)亂甚(shen)于無(wu)君(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye),君(jun)(jun)必執一而后(hou)能群矣。

文子(zi)問曰:王道有幾?老子(zi)曰:一而已(yi)矣。

文子曰(yue):古(gu)有(you)以(yi)道王(wang)者,有(you)以(yi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)王(wang)者,何其(qi)(qi)(qi)一也(ye)?曰(yue):以(yi)道王(wang)者德也(ye),以(yi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)王(wang)者亦德也(ye)。用(yong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)有(you)五(wu):有(you)義兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),有(you)應兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),有(you)忿兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),有(you)貪兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),有(you)驕兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。誅暴救弱(ruo)謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)義,敵(di)來加己(ji)不得已而用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)應,爭小故不勝(sheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)心謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)忿,利人(ren)土(tu)地,欲(yu)(yu)人(ren)財貨謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)貪,恃(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)家之(zhi)(zhi)大,矜(jin)其(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)民之(zhi)(zhi)眾,欲(yu)(yu)見賢于敵(di)國(guo)者謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)驕。義兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)王(wang),應兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)勝(sheng),恣兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)敗,貪兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)死,驕兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)滅,此天道也(ye)。

老子曰:釋道而(er)(er)(er)任(ren)智者(zhe)危(wei),棄數而(er)(er)(er)用才者(zhe)困(kun),故(gu)(gu)守(shou)分循理,失之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)憂,得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)喜。成(cheng)者(zhe)非所為(wei)(wei),得(de)者(zhe)非所求,入者(zhe)有受而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)取,出(chu)者(zhe)有授而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)與,因(yin)春而(er)(er)(er)生,因(yin)秋(qiu)而(er)(er)(er)殺,所生不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)德,所殺不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)怨,則幾(ji)于道矣。文子問曰:王者(zhe)得(de)其(qi)歡心,為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)奈何?老子曰:若(ruo)江海即(ji)是也,“淡兮無(wu)(wu)味,用之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)既”,先小而(er)(er)(er)后大。“夫欲(yu)上人者(zhe),必以其(qi)言下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi),欲(yu)先人者(zhe),必以其(qi)身后之(zhi)(zhi)”,天下(xia)(xia)必效其(qi)歡愛,進其(qi)仁義,而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)苛(ke)氣,“居上而(er)(er)(er)民不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)重,居前(qian)而(er)(er)(er)眾不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)害,天下(xia)(xia)樂推而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)厭,”雖絕(jue)國殊俗,蜎飛蠕動,莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)親,無(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)通,無(wu)(wu)往而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)遂,“故(gu)(gu)為(wei)(wei)天下(xia)(xia)貴。”

老(lao)子(zi)曰:執一世(shi)之法(fa)籍,以(yi)非傳代之俗(su),譬猶膠柱調瑟。圣人(ren)者(zhe),應(ying)時權變,見(jian)形施宜,世(shi)異則(ze)事變,時移(yi)則(ze)俗(su)易(yi),論世(shi)立法(fa),隨時舉事。上古(gu)之王,法(fa)度不(bu)(bu)同,非古(gu)相返也(ye),時務異也(ye),是故不(bu)(bu)法(fa)其(qi)已成之法(fa),而法(fa)其(qi)所以(yi)為法(fa)者(zhe),與化推移(yi)。圣人(ren)法(fa)之可(ke)觀(guan)也(ye),其(qi)所以(yi)作法(fa)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)原也(ye),其(qi)言可(ke)聽也(ye),其(qi)所以(yi)言不(bu)(bu)可(ke)形也(ye)。三皇五帝輕天下(xia),細萬(wan)物,齊死生,同變化,抱道(dao)(dao)推誠,以(yi)鏡萬(wan)物之情,上與道(dao)(dao)為友,下(xia)與化為人(ren)。今欲學(xue)其(qi)道(dao)(dao),不(bu)(bu)得清(qing)明,玄(xuan)圣守(shou)其(qi)法(fa)籍,行(xing)其(qi)憲令(ling),必不(bu)(bu)能以(yi)為治矣。

文子(zi)(zi)問政。老子(zi)(zi)曰:御之(zhi)以(yi)道,養(yang)之(zhi)以(yi)德,無示(shi)以(yi)賢(xian)(xian),無加(jia)以(yi)力,損而執(zhi)一,無處可(ke)利,無見可(ke)欲,方(fang)而不(bu)割,廉而不(bu)劌,無矜無伐,御之(zhi)以(yi)道則(ze)民附,養(yang)之(zhi)以(yi)德則(ze)民服,無示(shi)以(yi)賢(xian)(xian)則(ze)民足,無加(jia)以(yi)力則(ze)民樸。無示(shi)以(yi)賢(xian)(xian)者(zhe),儉(jian)也,無加(jia)以(yi)力,不(bu)敢也,下以(yi)聚之(zhi),賂(lu)以(yi)取之(zhi),儉(jian)以(yi)自全,不(bu)敢自安(an)。不(bu)下則(ze)離散,弗養(yang)則(ze)背叛,示(shi)以(yi)賢(xian)(xian)則(ze)民爭(zheng),加(jia)以(yi)力則(ze)民怨。離散則(ze)國勢貨,民背叛則(ze)上(shang)無威,人爭(zheng)則(ze)輕為(wei)非,下怨其上(shang)則(ze)位危,四者(zhe)誠修,正道幾矣。

老子曰(yue):上言(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)下(xia)用(yong)也,下(xia)言(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)上用(yong)也,上言(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)常用(yong)也,下(xia)言(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)權(quan)(quan)用(yong)也,唯(wei)圣(sheng)(sheng)人為能知(zhi)權(quan)(quan)。言(yan)而(er)必信,期而(er)必當,天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)高行(xing),直(zhi)而(er)證(zheng)父,信而(er)死女(nv),孰能貴之(zhi)(zhi)。故圣(sheng)(sheng)人論事之(zhi)(zhi)曲直(zhi),與之(zhi)(zhi)屈伸(shen),無(wu)常儀(yi)表,祝則(ze)名君,溺(ni)則(ze)捽父,勢使然也。夫權(quan)(quan)者(zhe)(zhe),圣(sheng)(sheng)人所以(yi)獨(du)見,夫先(xian)迕而(er)后(hou)合者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)謂權(quan)(quan),先(xian)合而(er)后(hou)迕者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)權(quan)(quan),不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)權(quan)(quan)者(zhe)(zhe),善反丑矣。

文子(zi)問(wen)曰(yue):夫(fu)子(zi)之言,非道(dao)(dao)德(de)無(wu)以(yi)治(zhi)天(tian)下(xia),上(shang)世(shi)之王(wang),繼嗣(si)因業,亦有無(wu)道(dao)(dao),各沒其(qi)世(shi)而(er)無(wu)禍(huo)敗者,何(he)道(dao)(dao)以(yi)然(ran)(ran)?老(lao)子(zi)曰(yue):自天(tian)子(zi)以(yi)下(xia)至(zhi)于庶人,各自生活,然(ran)(ran)活有厚薄,天(tian)下(xia)時有亡國破家,無(wu)道(dao)(dao)德(de)之故也。夙夜(ye)不(bu)(bu)懈,戰戰兢(jing)兢(jing),常恐(kong)危亡;縱欲(yu)怠惰,其(qi)亡無(wu)時。使(shi)桀紂循道(dao)(dao)行德(de),湯武雖賢,無(wu)所建其(qi)功也。夫(fu)道(dao)(dao)德(de)者,所以(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)生養也,所以(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)畜(chu)長也,所以(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)親(qin)愛(ai)也,所以(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)敬貴也。夫(fu)聾蟲雖愚,不(bu)(bu)害其(qi)所愛(ai),誠使(shi)天(tian)下(xia)之民皆(jie)懷仁(ren)愛(ai)之心,禍(huo)災(zai)何(he)由生乎!夫(fu)無(wu)道(dao)(dao)而(er)無(wu)禍(huo)害者,仁(ren)未絕,義未滅(mie)也,仁(ren)雖未絕,義雖未滅(mie),諸(zhu)侯(hou)以(yi)輕其(qi)上(shang)矣,諸(zhu)侯(hou)輕上(shang),則朝廷不(bu)(bu)恭,縱令不(bu)(bu)順(shun),仁(ren)絕義滅(mie),諸(zhu)侯(hou)背叛,眾人力(li)政,強(qiang)者陵弱(ruo),大者侵小,民人以(yi)攻(gong)擊(ji)為業,災(zai)害生,禍(huo)亂作,其(qi)亡無(wu)日(ri),何(he)期(qi)無(wu)禍(huo)也。

老(lao)子曰:法煩刑峻(jun)即民生詐(zha),上多(duo)(duo)事(shi)下多(duo)(duo)態,求多(duo)(duo)即得寡,禁多(duo)(duo)即勝(sheng)少(shao),以(yi)事(shi)生事(shi),又(you)以(yi)事(shi)止事(shi),譬(pi)猶(you)揚火而(er)使無焚也,以(yi)智(zhi)生患,以(yi)智(zhi)備(bei)之,譬(pi)猶(you)撓水而(er)欲(yu)求清也。

老(lao)子曰:人主好仁(ren),即無功(gong)者(zhe)(zhe)賞,有罪者(zhe)(zhe)釋,好刑,即有功(gong)者(zhe)(zhe)廢,無罪者(zhe)(zhe)。及(ji)無好憎者(zhe)(zhe),誅而(er)無怨,施而(er)不德,放準循(xun)繩,身無與(yu)事,若天若地,何不覆載。合而(er)和之(zhi),君也(ye),別而(er)誅之(zhi),法也(ye),民以受誅無所怨憾,謂之(zhi)道德。

老子曰:天(tian)下是(shi)非(fei)(fei)無(wu)(wu)所(suo)定,世(shi)各是(shi)其所(suo)善(shan),而(er)(er)非(fei)(fei)其所(suo)惡。夫(fu)求是(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),非(fei)(fei)求道(dao)理也(ye)(ye),合于(yu)(yu)己;非(fei)(fei)去(qu)邪也(ye)(ye),去(qu)迕于(yu)(yu)心(xin)者(zhe)(zhe)。今吾(wu)欲(yu)擇(ze)是(shi)而(er)(er)居之(zhi)(zhi),擇(ze)非(fei)(fei)而(er)(er)去(qu)之(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)知世(shi)所(suo)謂是(shi)非(fei)(fei)也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)“治大國若烹小鮮(xian)”,勿撓而(er)(er)已。夫(fu)趣合者(zhe)(zhe),即(ji)言中而(er)(er)益親,身疏而(er)(er)謀當,即(ji)見疑(yi)。今吾(wu)欲(yu)正身而(er)(er)待物,何知世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)從規(gui)我者(zhe)(zhe)乎(hu),若與(yu)俗遽(ju)走,猶逃雨,無(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)不(bu)濡。欲(yu)在于(yu)(yu)虛,則(ze)不(bu)能虛,若夫(fu)不(bu)為虛,而(er)(er)自虛者(zhe)(zhe),此所(suo)欲(yu)而(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)不(bu)致。故(gu)通于(yu)(yu)道(dao)者(zhe)(zhe)如車(che)軸,不(bu)運于(yu)(yu)己,而(er)(er)與(yu)轂致于(yu)(yu)千里,轉于(yu)(yu)無(wu)(wu)窮之(zhi)(zhi)原(yuan)。故(gu)圣人體(ti)道(dao)反至(zhi),不(bu)化以待化,動而(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)為。

老(lao)子(zi)曰:夫亟戰(zhan)而數勝者(zhe),即(ji)(ji)(ji)國(guo)亡,亟戰(zhan)即(ji)(ji)(ji)民(min)罷,數勝即(ji)(ji)(ji)主驕,以驕主使罷民(min),而國(guo)不亡者(zhe)即(ji)(ji)(ji)寡(gua)矣。主驕即(ji)(ji)(ji)恣,恣即(ji)(ji)(ji)極物,民(min)罷即(ji)(ji)(ji)怨,怨即(ji)(ji)(ji)極慮,上下俱極而不亡者(zhe),未之有也。故“功遂身退,天(tian)之道也。”

平王(wang)問文子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):吾聞子(zi)得(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)于老(lao)聃,今賢人(ren)雖有道(dao)(dao)(dao),而(er)(er)遭淫(yin)(yin)(yin)亂之世(shi),以一(yi)人(ren)之權,而(er)(er)欲化(hua)久亂之民(min),其(qi)庸能(neng)(neng)乎?文子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):夫道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)者(zhe),匡衰以為(wei)正,振亂以為(wei)治(zhi)(zhi),化(hua)淫(yin)(yin)(yin)敗以為(wei)樸,淳德(de)復生,天下(xia)(xia)安寧,要(yao)在一(yi)人(ren)。人(ren)主(zhu)者(zhe),民(min)之師也,上者(zhe),下(xia)(xia)之儀(yi)也,上美之則下(xia)(xia)食(shi)之,上有道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)則下(xia)(xia)有仁義,下(xia)(xia)有仁義則無淫(yin)(yin)(yin)亂之世(shi)矣(yi)。積(ji)(ji)德(de)成王(wang),積(ji)(ji)怨成亡(wang),積(ji)(ji)石(shi)成山(shan),積(ji)(ji)水(shui)成海,不積(ji)(ji)而(er)(er)能(neng)(neng)成者(zhe),未之有也。積(ji)(ji)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)者(zhe),天與(yu)之,地助之,鬼神輔(fu)之,鳳皇藉(jie)其(qi)庭,麒(qi)麟游其(qi)郊,蛟龍宿其(qi)沼。故以道(dao)(dao)(dao)邪(xie)天下(xia)(xia),天下(xia)(xia)之德(de)也,無道(dao)(dao)(dao)治(zhi)(zhi)天下(xia)(xia),天下(xia)(xia)之賊也。以一(yi)人(ren)與(yu)天下(xia)(xia)為(wei)仇(chou),雖欲長久,不可得(de)也,堯舜以是(shi)昌,桀紂(zhou)以是(shi)亡(wang)。平王(wang)曰(yue)(yue):寡人(ren)聞命(ming)矣(yi)。


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