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魏晉南北朝時期:道教科儀的整理者——陸修靜

網絡 2023-09-20 18:56:59
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陸修靜(jing)(406~477)為(wei)南(nan)朝宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)著名道(dao)士,早期(qi)道(dao)教(jiao)的(de)重(zhong)要建設者。字元(yuan)德,吳(wu)興(xing)東遷(qian)(今(jin)浙江吳(wu)興(xing)東)人。三國吳(wu)丞相陸凱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后裔。少宗(zong)儒學,博通墳(fen)籍,旁究象緯。又性喜道(dao)術(shu),精研(yan)玉書。及(ji)長,好方外(wai)游,遺棄妻子(zi)(zi),入山修道(dao)。初隱云夢,繼棲仙都。為(wei)搜求道(dao)書,尋(xun)訪(fang)仙蹤,乃遍游名山,聲名遠播(bo)。宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)元(yuan)嘉(424~453)末,陸修靜(jing)市(shi)藥至(zhi)京師,宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)文帝(di)劉(liu)義隆欽(qin)其(qi)(qi)道(dao)風,召入內宮,講理說法(fa)。時太后王氏雅信黃老,降母后之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊,執門(men)徒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禮(li)。后因避太初之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan)南(nan)游。于大明五年(nian)(461),至(zhi)廬山,在(zai)東南(nan)瀑布巖(yan)下營造(zao)精廬,隱居修道(dao)。宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)明帝(di)劉(liu)彧(yu)即位,思弘道(dao)教(jiao),泰始三年(nian)(467)召見于華(hua)林園延賢館,“先(xian)生(sheng)鹿巾謁帝(di)而升,天(tian)子(zi)(zi)肅然增敬(jing),躬(gong)自問道(dao),咨(zi)求宗(zong)極(ji)。先(xian)生(sheng)標闡玄門(men),敷釋流統(tong),莫(mo)非妙(miao)范(fan),帝(di)心(xin)(xin)悅焉”。明帝(di)乃于北郊天(tian)印山筑(zhu)崇(chong)虛(xu)館以居之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)此(ci)期(qi)間,他“大敞(chang)法(fa)門(men),深弘典奧,朝野注(zhu)意(yi),道(dao)俗歸心(xin)(xin)。道(dao)教(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)興(xing),于斯(si)為(wei)盛”。元(yuan)徽五年(nian)(477)卒,時年(nian)七十(shi)二歲。弟子(zi)(zi)奉其(qi)(qi)靈柩還廬山。詔謚(shi)簡寂先(xian)生(sheng),以廬山舊居為(wei)簡寂館。宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)徽宗(zong)宣和(he)(1119~1125)間,封為(wei)丹元(yuan)真人。其(qi)(qi)弟子(zi)(zi)最著者為(wei)孫游岳、李果(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等。

整頓和改革

東晉(jin)南朝時(shi)期,道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)在組織(zhi)形式上發生了重(zhong)大變化(hua),其(qi)主要表現是祭(ji)酒制(zhi)(zhi)的衰(shuai)落和(he)道(dao)(dao)官(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)度的興(xing)起(qi)。祭(ji)酒制(zhi)(zhi)度為早期五斗米(mi)道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)舊制(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)基(ji)本特(te)征是“立治置(zhi)職(zhi)”,道(dao)(dao)官(guan)祭(ji)酒“領(ling)戶(hu)化(hua)民(min)(min)”,實(shi)行(xing)政教(jiao)(jiao)合一(yi)之(zhi)統治。為實(shi)現道(dao)(dao)官(guan)祭(ji)酒與道(dao)(dao)民(min)(min)的統屬關系,天師(shi)道(dao)(dao)制(zhi)(zhi)定了三會(hui)日、宅錄和(he)繳納命信(xin)等制(zhi)(zhi)度。規定在三會(hui)之(zhi)日,道(dao)(dao)民(min)(min)必(bi)須到本師(shi)治所(suo)參(can)加宗教(jiao)(jiao)活動(dong),登記檢(jian)查“宅錄命籍(ji)”(近似封建(jian)國家編戶(hu)齊民(min)(min)的戶(hu)籍(ji)簿),聽道(dao)(dao)官(guan)宣布科(ke)禁,考(kao)校功(gong)過。道(dao)(dao)官(guan)憑此向(xiang)天曹(cao)啟(qi)告,請天神(shen)守宅之(zhi)官(guan)保護道(dao)(dao)民(min)(min)家口安全(quan),禳(rang)災卻禍(huo)。自魏(wei)初(chu)天師(shi)道(dao)(dao)北遷至晉(jin)宋之(zhi)際,出(chu)現了組織(zhi)混亂(luan),科(ke)律廢弛的嚴重(zhong)局面。當時(shi)許多(duo)道(dao)(dao)民(min)(min)在三會(hui)之(zhi)日不(bu)(bu)赴師(shi)治參(can)加集會(hui),不(bu)(bu)報(bao)戶(hu)籍(ji),不(bu)(bu)交租米(mi)命信(xin)。一(yi)些道(dao)(dao)官(guan)更“妄相置(zhi)署(shu),不(bu)(bu)擇其(qi)人,佩箓惟多(duo),受(shou)治惟多(duo),受(shou)治惟大,爭先競(jing)勝,更相高下”,“縱橫顛倒,亂(luan)雜互起(qi),以(yi)積釁之(zhi)身,佩虛(xu)偽之(zhi)治箓。身無戒律,不(bu)(bu)順教(jiao)(jiao)令,越科(ke)破禁,輕(qing)道(dao)(dao)賤法。恣貪欲(yu)之(zhi)性,而耽酒食,背盟威清(qing)約之(zhi)正教(jiao)(jiao),向(xiang)邪僻襖巫之(zhi)倒法”。祭(ji)酒制(zhi)(zhi)度的腐朽敗落,就失(shi)去了“清(qing)約治民(min)(min)”,使“道(dao)(dao)化(hua)宣流,家國太平”的作用。在這種情況下,陸修靜乃提出(chu)一(yi)套整頓和(he)改革的措施。

首(shou)先(xian),陸修靜(jing)禁(jin)(jin)止(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)自行(xing)(xing)署職,實(shi)行(xing)(xing)按級(ji)晉升的制(zhi)度(du)(du)。他(ta)認為,普通民(min)眾須有(you)功(gong)德,才能(neng)(neng)受(shou)箓(lu)(lu)為道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)民(min);道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)民(min)受(shou)箓(lu)(lu)之后,有(you)功(gong)者才能(neng)(neng)升遷。從(cong)受(shou)十將軍箓(lu)(lu)依次(ci)升至(zhi)受(shou)五(wu)十將軍箓(lu)(lu),再(zai)從(cong)箓(lu)(lu)吏依次(ci)晉升散氣道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)士、別治道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、下治道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、配(pei)治道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),以(yi)(yi)(yi)及下、中、上(shang)八治道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。其(qi)(qi)最高者,即“能(neng)(neng)明(ming)煉道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)氣,救濟一切,消滅鬼氣,使萬(wan)姓(xing)歸伏”的道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)師(shi),才能(neng)(neng)拜署上(shang)八治中的陽平、鹿堂、鶴鳴三(san)(san)治道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)職。強調“采求道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),勿以(yi)(yi)(yi)人負官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),勿以(yi)(yi)(yi)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)負人”的組織措(cuo)施。為健全三(san)(san)會(hui)日(ri)制(zhi)度(du)(du),他(ta)重申(shen),三(san)(san)會(hui)日(ri)“民(min)各投集本(ben)治師(shi),當(dang)改治錄(lu)籍(ji),落死上(shang)生,隱實(shi)口數,正定(ding)(ding)名簿(bu)。三(san)(san)宣(xuan)五(wu)令(ling)(ling),令(ling)(ling)民(min)知法。其(qi)(qi)日(ri),天官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)地神咸(xian)會(hui)師(shi)治,對校(xiao)文(wen)書(shu)。師(shi)民(min)皆當(dang)清靜(jing)肅然,不得飲酒食肉,嘩言笑(xiao)。會(hui)竟,民(min)還(huan)家,當(dang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)聞科禁(jin)(jin)威儀教敕(chi)大(da)小,務共奉行(xing)(xing)”。同時,他(ta)還(huan)針(zhen)對“宅錄(lu)”制(zhi)度(du)(du)嚴重混亂的狀況,規定(ding)(ding)每年三(san)(san)會(hui)日(ri)之最后一日(ri),作為登記、審核宅錄(lu)的最后期限,其(qi)(qi)日(ri),每個(ge)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)民(min)都須赍信(xin)至(zhi)本(ben)師(shi)治所,由本(ben)師(shi)給以(yi)(yi)(yi)注籍(ji),以(yi)(yi)(yi)便道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)“領戶化民(min)”。

第二,陸修靜十分(fen)重視道(dao)教(jiao)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)儀的(de)(de)作用,認為“齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)直(zhi)是求道(dao)之本”,主張(zhang)“身(shen)為殺盜(dao)淫動,故(gu)役之以libai;口有惡言,綺妄兩舌,故(gu)課之以誦經(jing);心有貪欲嗔恚之念,故(gu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)之以思(si)神。用此三法(fa)(fa)(fa),洗心凈(jing)行,心行精至,齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)之義也。”他在總(zong)結前代齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)儀的(de)(de)基礎上,制定了“九(jiu)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)十二法(fa)(fa)(fa)”的(de)(de)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)醮(jiao)體系(xi)(xi)。并撰述一系(xi)(xi)列齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)儀范之書。他汲(ji)取儒家的(de)(de)封建禮(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、道(dao)德規范以及fo教(jiao)的(de)(de)“三業清凈(jing)”的(de)(de)思(si)想,從(cong)而使(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)教(jiao)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)不僅有了系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)儀式(shi)戒(jie)科,而且使(shi)(shi)(shi)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)儀范的(de)(de)理論更加(jia)完備。

第三(san),陸修(xiu)(xiu)靜(jing)不(bu)僅整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)頓組(zu)織、完善齋醮儀式而且還對道(dao)教經(jing)典進行整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)理和分類(lei)。他早年(nian)(nian)便注意采訪搜集道(dao)教經(jing)典,曾“南詣衡湘(xiang)、九嶷,訪南真(魏(wei)夫(fu)人(ren))之(zhi)遺跡(ji);西至峨眉、西城(cheng),尋清虛(王褒)之(zhi)高躅(zhu)”。元嘉十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(437),即著(zhu)手(shou)刊正(zheng)《靈(ling)寶(bao)經(jing)》,編(bian)撰《靈(ling)寶(bao)經(jing)目(mu)》。泰始(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(467)從廬(lu)山入京(jing),居崇虛館,又得(de)當(dang)(dang)時(shi)朝廷(ting)收藏的楊羲、許(xu)謐(mi)手(shou)書(shu)上清經(jing)真訣。相傳由(you)鮑(bao)靚所造(zao)之(zhi)《大有三(san)皇經(jing)》亦為其所得(de)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)他“總括三(san)洞(dong)(dong)”,校(xiao)理卷(juan)數目(mu)錄(lu),于(yu)(yu)(yu)泰始(shi)七年(nian)(nian)奉(feng)敕撰《三(san)洞(dong)(dong)經(jing)書(shu)目(mu)錄(lu)》獻上。據云,陸修(xiu)(xiu)靜(jing)共著(zhu)錄(lu)道(dao)家經(jing)書(shu)并(bing)藥方、符圖一(yi)(yi)(yi)千二百(bai)(bai)二十(shi)八(ba)卷(juan),內一(yi)(yi)(yi)千九十(shi)卷(juan)已行于(yu)(yu)(yu)世,一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)三(san)十(shi)八(ba)卷(juan)“猶在天宮”。針對當(dang)(dang)時(shi)《靈(ling)寶(bao)經(jing)》錯(cuo)亂糅(rou)雜,使后來學者難(nan)辨真偽(wei),“視聽者疑惑,修(xiu)(xiu)味(wei)者悶煩”的情況,于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)對之(zhi)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)理考(kao)證,編(bian)成(cheng)了(le)《靈(ling)寶(bao)經(jing)目(mu)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)書(shu),從而大大地推動了(le)靈(ling)寶(bao)派的發展。陸修(xiu)(xiu)靜(jing)在整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)理道(dao)教經(jing)典的同時(shi),又創造(zao)了(le)三(san)洞(dong)(dong)四(si)輔十(shi)二類(lei)的道(dao)教典籍分類(lei)體系,為隋唐(tang)以后歷(li)代整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)理道(dao)書(shu),編(bian)修(xiu)(xiu)“道(dao)藏”所沿用。

陸修(xiu)靜一生(sheng)(sheng)著(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)甚豐,有(you)關齋(zhai)戒(jie)儀(yi)范(fan)者尤多(duo)。劉(liu)大(da)彬(bin)《茅山志》謂其“著(zhu)(zhu)齋(zhai)戒(jie)儀(yi)范(fan)百余卷”,今《正統道(dao)(dao)藏》存有(you)《太(tai)上洞(dong)(dong)玄靈寶(bao)(bao)(bao)眾簡文》《洞(dong)(dong)玄靈寶(bao)(bao)(bao)五(wu)(wu)感(gan)文》《陸先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)道(dao)(dao)門(men)科略》《太(tai)上洞(dong)(dong)玄靈寶(bao)(bao)(bao)授度儀(yi)》《洞(dong)(dong)玄靈寶(bao)(bao)(bao)齋(zhai)說(shuo)光燭(zhu)戒(jie)罰燈(deng)祝(zhu)愿儀(yi)》各一卷。另有(you)《靈寶(bao)(bao)(bao)經(jing)目序(xu)》《古法(fa)(fa)宿(su)啟(qi)建齋(zhai)儀(yi)》《道(dao)(dao)德經(jing)雜說(shuo)》《三(san)洞(dong)(dong)經(jing)書目錄》《陸先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)答問道(dao)(dao)義》《陸先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)黃順之問答》,均佚(yi)。《靈寶(bao)(bao)(bao)道(dao)(dao)士自(zi)(zi)修(xiu)盟真齋(zhai)立成儀(yi)》《三(san)元齋(zhai)儀(yi)》、《然(ran)燈(deng)禮祝(zhu)威(wei)儀(yi)》《金(jin)箓(lu)(lu)齋(zhai)儀(yi)》《玉箓(lu)(lu)齋(zhai)儀(yi)》《九幽齋(zhai)儀(yi)》《解考齋(zhai)儀(yi)》《涂炭齋(zhai)儀(yi)》等也已亡(wang)佚(yi),某些內(nei)容散(san)見(jian)于(yu)《無上黃箓(lu)(lu)大(da)齋(zhai)成立儀(yi)》中(zhong)(zhong)。《通志·諸子類·道(dao)(dao)家略》中(zhong)(zhong)著(zhu)(zhu)錄有(you)《服御五(wu)(wu)芽道(dao)(dao)引元精經(jing)》《升(sheng)元步(bu)(bu)虛章》《靈寶(bao)(bao)(bao)步(bu)(bu)虛詞》《步(bu)(bu)虛洞(dong)(dong)章》等。在唐法(fa)(fa)琳《辯正論》中(zhong)(zhong),尚(shang)見(jian)其著(zhu)(zhu)有(you)《必(bi)然(ran)論》《榮隱論》《遂(sui)通論》《歸根論》《明法(fa)(fa)論》《自(zi)(zi)然(ran)因緣論》《五(wu)(wu)符(fu)論》《三(san)門(men)論》等,《破邪論》中(zhong)(zhong)又見(jian)其著(zhu)(zhu)有(you)《對(dui)沙(sha)門(men)記》。

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