第三十六章 將(jiang)欲(yu)(yu)歙之(zhi)(zhi),必(bi)固(gu)張(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi);將(jiang)欲(yu)(yu)弱之(zhi)(zhi),必(bi)固(gu)強之(zhi)(zhi);將(jiang)欲(yu)(yu)廢之(zhi)(zhi),必(bi)固(gu)舉(ju)之(zhi)(zhi);將(jiang)欲(yu)(yu)取之(zhi)(zhi),必(bi)固(gu)予之(zhi)(zhi)。是謂微明。柔弱勝剛(gang)強。
想(xiang)(xiang)要收斂它(ta)(ta),必先(xian)(xian)擴張它(ta)(ta),想(xiang)(xiang)要削(xue)弱它(ta)(ta),必先(xian)(xian)加強它(ta)(ta),想(xiang)(xiang)要廢去(qu)它(ta)(ta),必先(xian)(xian)抬舉它(ta)(ta),想(xiang)(xiang)要奪取它(ta)(ta),必先(xian)(xian)給予它(ta)(ta)。這就叫做(zuo)雖(sui)然微(wei)妙而又顯(xian)明,柔弱戰(zhan)勝剛強。魚(yu)的生存不可(ke)(ke)以脫離池(chi)淵,國家(jia)的刑法(fa)政教(jiao)不可(ke)(ke)以向(xiang)人炫耀,不能輕易(yi)用(yong)來嚇唬人。
公元73年,東漢(han)(han)明帝之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi),豐車都(dou)(dou)尉(wei)竇(dou)(dou)固(gu)(gu)奉命(ming)(ming)征伐匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu),四(si)十一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)歲的(de)(de)(de)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)被任命(ming)(ming)為假司(si)馬(即(ji)代理司(si)馬之(zhi)(zhi)職(zhi))。在這(zhe)(zhe)次征伐中(zhong),班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)立(li)(li)了(le)(le)(le)戰(zhan)功(gong),深受竇(dou)(dou)固(gu)(gu)賞識,因此(ci)竇(dou)(dou)固(gu)(gu)派他(ta)(ta)(ta)和(he)從(cong)(cong)事(shi)(shi)(參(can)謀)郭(guo)(guo)(guo)恂一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)(qi)出(chu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)西域(yu)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)帶了(le)(le)(le)三(san)(san)十六(liu)名勇(yong)(yong)士,首(shou)先來到(dao)鄯(shan)(shan)(shàn)善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)。鄯(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)王(wang)開始時(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)非常(chang)尊敬(jing),禮節也(ye)很(hen)周到(dao),但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)沒過(guo)幾(ji)天(tian),就(jiu)(jiu)變得(de)冷淡起(qi)(qi)來。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)對(dui)手下(xia)說(shuo):“這(zhe)(zhe)必定是(shi)(shi)(shi)北(bei)方匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)來了(le)(le)(le),鄯(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)王(wang)態(tai)度搖(yao)擺不定,還在狐(hu)疑之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)。”于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)把(ba)接待他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)叫來,故意(yi)騙(pian)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)說(shuo):“匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)已經來了(le)(le)(le)幾(ji)天(tian),此(ci)時(shi)(shi)(shi)住在哪里(li)?”那(nei)個人(ren)(ren)非常(chang)惶恐,不得(de)不說(shuo)出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)實(shi)際情況,班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)判斷果然準確無(wu)誤。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)把(ba)這(zhe)(zhe)個人(ren)(ren)禁閉起(qi)(qi)來,然后(hou)(hou)把(ba)三(san)(san)十六(liu)名勇(yong)(yong)士全(quan)部(bu)召集在一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)(qi),跟他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)同喝(he)酒(jiu),喝(he)得(de)暢(chang)快(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)候,班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)故意(yi)激怒他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men),說(shuo)道(dao):“你們(men)(men)(men)(men)和(he)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)都(dou)(dou)在這(zhe)(zhe)極(ji)遠的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方,只(zhi)有建立(li)(li)大(da)(da)功(gong),才能求得(de)富貴。現(xian)在匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)來到(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)不過(guo)幾(ji)天(tian),鄯(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)王(wang)對(dui)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)禮節和(he)敬(jing)意(yi)就(jiu)(jiu)中(zhong)止了(le)(le)(le)。如果鄯(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)王(wang)逮捕我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men),并(bing)把(ba)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)送給(gei)(gei)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu),那(nei)么我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)連尸骨都(dou)(dou)會被豺狼吃(chi)掉(diao)。你們(men)(men)(men)(men)看(kan),我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)應當(dang)如何是(shi)(shi)(shi)好(hao)?”那(nei)三(san)(san)十六(liu)名勇(yong)(yong)士都(dou)(dou)說(shuo):“現(xian)在處于(yu)(yu)(yu)危(wei)急關頭(tou),我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)(shi)生是(shi)(shi)(shi)死,都(dou)(dou)聽(ting)從(cong)(cong)司(si)馬您的(de)(de)(de)命(ming)(ming)令。”于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)下(xia)定決心,說(shuo)道(dao):“若不進入(ru)老虎(hu)(hu)洞,就(jiu)(jiu)不能捉(zhuo)到(dao)小(xiao)老虎(hu)(hu)。事(shi)(shi)到(dao)如今,只(zhi)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)計(ji)(ji)可行,我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)趁著(zhu)黑夜,用火攻擊匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)團,讓(rang)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)不知道(dao)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)有多少人(ren)(ren),這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)必會非常(chang)震驚(jing)(jing)(jing),我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)把(ba)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)全(quan)部(bu)消滅(mie)。消滅(mie)了(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)些敵(di)人(ren)(ren),鄯(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)王(wang)就(jiu)(jiu)會嚇(xia)破了(le)(le)(le)膽,我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)大(da)(da)功(gong)告成,功(gong)業也(ye)得(de)以(yi)建立(li)(li)了(le)(le)(le)。”三(san)(san)十六(liu)位勇(yong)(yong)士說(shuo)道(dao):“這(zhe)(zhe)件事(shi)(shi)應與從(cong)(cong)事(shi)(shi)郭(guo)(guo)(guo)恂商量一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)。”班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)憤怒地(di)說(shuo):“是(shi)(shi)(shi)兇是(shi)(shi)(shi)吉就(jiu)(jiu)決定于(yu)(yu)(yu)今天(tian)。郭(guo)(guo)(guo)恂不過(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)個文弱而又庸俗的(de)(de)(de)官(guan)員,聽(ting)到(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)個計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)必然害怕(pa),從(cong)(cong)而泄露我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)謀,這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)就(jiu)(jiu)會白(bai)白(bai)送命(ming)(ming),這(zhe)(zhe)豈(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)丈夫所(suo)為!”于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)人(ren)(ren)同意(yi)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)看(kan)法。當(dang)天(tian)夜里(li),班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)率(lv)領眾(zhong)人(ren)(ren)前往匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)團所(suo)在地(di)。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)恰好(hao)刮起(qi)(qi)大(da)(da)風,班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)命(ming)(ming)令十個勇(yong)(yong)士拿著(zhu)戰(zhan)鼓,藏在匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)房舍后(hou)(hou)面,并(bing)和(he)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)約定,只(zhi)要看(kan)見火燒(shao)(shao)起(qi)(qi)來,就(jiu)(jiu)擂起(qi)(qi)戰(zhan)鼓大(da)(da)聲呼喝(he)。其余的(de)(de)(de)勇(yong)(yong)士則都(dou)(dou)拿著(zhu)武器,埋伏在大(da)(da)門兩(liang)側。接著(zhu)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)順著(zhu)風勢把(ba)火燒(shao)(shao)起(qi)(qi)來,頃(qing)刻之(zhi)(zhi)間戰(zhan)鼓齊鳴,殺(sha)聲四(si)起(qi)(qi)。匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)人(ren)(ren)驚(jing)(jing)(jing)慌失措,亂成一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)團。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)親手殺(sha)死三(san)(san)個敵(di)人(ren)(ren),勇(yong)(yong)士們(men)(men)(men)(men)殺(sha)了(le)(le)(le)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)和(he)隨從(cong)(cong)三(san)(san)十多人(ren)(ren),其余一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百多人(ren)(ren)都(dou)(dou)被燒(shao)(shao)死。第二天(tian),班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)把(ba)這(zhe)(zhe)件事(shi)(shi)告訴郭(guo)(guo)(guo)恂。郭(guo)(guo)(guo)恂聽(ting)后(hou)(hou)大(da)(da)驚(jing)(jing)(jing)失色,隨后(hou)(hou)又有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些心動,不由(you)得(de)在臉上流(liu)露出(chu)來。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)察言觀色,馬上對(dui)他(ta)(ta)(ta)說(shuo):“從(cong)(cong)事(shi)(shi)雖然沒有參(can)加行動,但(dan)(dan)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)怎會獨占功(gong)勞呢?”郭(guo)(guo)(guo)恂聽(ting)了(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)話非常(chang)高(gao)興。接著(zhu),班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)召見鄯(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)王(wang),并(bing)把(ba)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)顱給(gei)(gei)他(ta)(ta)(ta)看(kan),鄯(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)王(wang)及其臣民(min)為之(zhi)(zhi)震驚(jing)(jing)(jing)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)曉諭并(bing)且撫慰(wei)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men),于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)王(wang)終于(yu)(yu)(yu)決定靠向(xiang)漢(han)(han)朝一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)邊,并(bing)把(ba)自己的(de)(de)(de)兒子送到(dao)漢(han)(han)朝去當(dang)人(ren)(ren)質(zhi)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)返回之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),將這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切告知竇(dou)(dou)固(gu)(gu),竇(dou)(dou)固(gu)(gu)大(da)(da)為驚(jing)(jing)(jing)喜,如實(shi)匯報給(gei)(gei)明帝。明帝(di)非(fei)常欣(xin)賞班(ban)超的膽色氣節,詔告竇固(gu):“既然有班(ban)超這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)的官吏,為何不派遣他(ta)(ta)(ta)而(er)還要尋(xun)找其他(ta)(ta)(ta)人呢?現在以班(ban)超為軍司(si)馬,讓他(ta)(ta)(ta)再(zai)接(jie)再(zai)厲,繼(ji)續未竟的功業。”于是班(ban)超再(zai)次(ci)接(jie)受出使西域的命令,竇固(gu)想要增加他(ta)(ta)(ta)的隨從(cong)兵士,班(ban)超卻說:“我只愿意(yi)率領本部三十余人,就(jiu)足夠了(le)。如果發(fa)生了(le)什么事(shi),隨從(cong)太多,反而(er)會成為負累。”就(jiu)這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang),班(ban)超再(zai)次(ci)踏上征途,走(zou)向西域。
《左傳(chuan)》中(zhong)記載了(le)(le)一(yi)個“鄭(zheng)伯克段于(yu)鄢”的故(gu)事(shi),故(gu)事(shi)中(zhong)的鄭(zheng)伯是(shi)鄭(zheng)武(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的大兒子(zi)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),他出生(sheng)的時候(hou)腳先出來(lai)(lai)(lai),差(cha)點讓母親武(wu)姜(jiang)(jiang)難產(chan),所以武(wu)姜(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)直覺(jue)得(de)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不吉祥,非常討厭他,偏愛(ai)小兒子(zi)共(gong)(gong)叔段。她(ta)甚至極力勸說鄭(zheng)武(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),希望鄭(zheng)武(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立共(gong)(gong)叔段為(wei)太子(zi),因(yin)(yin)為(wei)長(chang)子(zi)繼承制,鄭(zheng)武(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)沒有(you)答應妻子(zi)的請(qing)求,還(huan)是(shi)把(ba)皇位傳(chuan)給了(le)(le)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)即位之(zhi)后,武(wu)姜(jiang)(jiang)要(yao)求莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)把(ba)封邑(yi)賜給共(gong)(gong)叔段,莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)覺(jue)得(de)封邑(yi)太險惡,沒有(you)答應,把(ba)京邑(yi)賜給了(le)(le)他。后來(lai)(lai)(lai),有(you)一(yi)個大臣(chen)建議(yi)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)防著他的弟(di)弟(di),因(yin)(yin)為(wei)京邑(yi)的城墻不合(he)規格,恐怕他弟(di)弟(di)有(you)圖謀不軌之(zhi)心。莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卻說不要(yao)緊(jin)。后來(lai)(lai)(lai)他弟(di)弟(di)又(you)提出了(le)(le)很多要(yao)求,他全都答應了(le)(le),于(yu)是(shi)他弟(di)弟(di)共(gong)(gong)叔段越來(lai)(lai)(lai)越膨脹(zhang),最(zui)后甚至準備好(hao)兵(bing)馬,準備取而(er)代(dai)之(zhi),武(wu)姜(jiang)(jiang)也(ye)準備跟小兒子(zi)里應外合(he)。此時莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)派出百輛戰車,把(ba)弟(di)弟(di)共(gong)(gong)叔段的軍隊消滅了(le)(le)。自我膨脹(zhang),其(qi)實帶(dai)來(lai)(lai)(lai)的是(shi)欲望的膨脹(zhang),以及態度的傲慢,膨脹(zhang)到(dao)最(zui)后,眼里看到(dao)的就(jiu)是(shi)我想要(yao)的,而(er)對于(yu)潛在的危(wei)險熟(shu)視無(wu)睹。
本章老子講述以守為攻、以退為進,事物相反相成的道理。物(wu)極必反(fan),盛極而衰,事物(wu)發(fa)展(zhan)到一(yi)定(ding)程度,必然(ran)向(xiang)自(zi)己相反(fan)的方向(xiang)轉化,“歙張”、“弱強”、“廢興”、“取與”也(ye)都一(yi)樣,這是事物(wu)運(yun)動發(fa)展(zhan)的普遍規律(lv)。天(tian)下(xia)最柔弱的莫過于(yu)水,石頭雖然強硬,水卻可以滴穿(chuan)成洞。男(nan)(nan)(nan)女之間(jian),女人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)經過懷(huai)孕生產,柔韌(ren)(ren)性(xing)耐性(xing)以及抗壓性(xing)比男(nan)(nan)(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)強,所以女人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的壽(shou)命一(yi)(yi)般比男(nan)(nan)(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)長,遇到(dao)挫折韌(ren)(ren)性(xing)也(ye)強。家庭當中(zhong),遇到(dao)大事,女人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)當寬解男(nan)(nan)(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),同甘共(gong)苦(ku),不(bu)要(yao)變成壓倒駱(luo)駝的最后一(yi)(yi)根稻(dao)草。男(nan)(nan)(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)要(yao)向女人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)學習,學會減輕釋放(fang)壓力。
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