第三十六章 將(jiang)欲(yu)(yu)歙之(zhi)(zhi)，必(bi)固(gu)張(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)；將(jiang)欲(yu)(yu)弱之(zhi)(zhi)，必(bi)固(gu)強之(zhi)(zhi)；將(jiang)欲(yu)(yu)廢之(zhi)(zhi)，必(bi)固(gu)舉(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)；將(jiang)欲(yu)(yu)取之(zhi)(zhi)，必(bi)固(gu)予之(zhi)(zhi)。是謂微明。柔弱勝剛(gang)強。
想(xiang)(xiang)要收斂它(ta)(ta)，必先(xian)(xian)擴張它(ta)(ta)，想(xiang)(xiang)要削(xue)弱它(ta)(ta)，必先(xian)(xian)加強它(ta)(ta)，想(xiang)(xiang)要廢去(qu)它(ta)(ta)，必先(xian)(xian)抬舉它(ta)(ta)，想(xiang)(xiang)要奪取它(ta)(ta)，必先(xian)(xian)給予它(ta)(ta)。這就叫做(zuo)雖(sui)然微(wei)妙而又顯(xian)明，柔弱戰(zhan)勝剛強。魚(yu)的生存不可(ke)(ke)以脫離池(chi)淵，國家(jia)的刑法(fa)政教(jiao)不可(ke)(ke)以向(xiang)人炫耀，不能輕易(yi)用(yong)來嚇唬人。
公元73年，東漢(han)(han)明帝之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，豐車都(dou)(dou)尉(wei)竇(dou)(dou)固(gu)(gu)奉命(ming)(ming)征伐匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)，四(si)十一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)歲的(de)(de)(de)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)被任命(ming)(ming)為假司(si)馬（即(ji)代理司(si)馬之(zhi)(zhi)職(zhi)）。在這(zhe)(zhe)次征伐中(zhong)，班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)立(li)(li)了(le)(le)(le)戰(zhan)功(gong)，深受竇(dou)(dou)固(gu)(gu)賞識，因此(ci)竇(dou)(dou)固(gu)(gu)派他(ta)(ta)(ta)和(he)從(cong)(cong)事(shi)(shi)（參(can)謀）郭(guo)(guo)(guo)恂一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)(qi)出(chu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)西域(yu)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)帶了(le)(le)(le)三(san)(san)十六(liu)名勇(yong)(yong)士，首(shou)先來到(dao)鄯(shan)(shan)（shàn）善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)。鄯(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)王(wang)開始時(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)非常(chang)尊敬(jing)，禮節也(ye)很(hen)周到(dao)，但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)沒過(guo)幾(ji)天(tian)，就(jiu)(jiu)變得(de)冷淡起(qi)(qi)來。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)對(dui)手下(xia)說(shuo)：“這(zhe)(zhe)必定是(shi)(shi)(shi)北(bei)方匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)來了(le)(le)(le)，鄯(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)王(wang)態(tai)度搖(yao)擺不定，還在狐(hu)疑之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)。”于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)把(ba)接待他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)叫來，故意(yi)騙(pian)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)說(shuo)：“匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)已經來了(le)(le)(le)幾(ji)天(tian)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)(shi)住在哪里(li)？”那(nei)個人(ren)(ren)非常(chang)惶恐，不得(de)不說(shuo)出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)實(shi)際情況，班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)判斷果然準確無(wu)誤。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)把(ba)這(zhe)(zhe)個人(ren)(ren)禁閉起(qi)(qi)來，然后(hou)(hou)把(ba)三(san)(san)十六(liu)名勇(yong)(yong)士全(quan)部(bu)召集在一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)(qi)，跟他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)同喝(he)酒(jiu)，喝(he)得(de)暢(chang)快(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)候，班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)故意(yi)激怒他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)，說(shuo)道(dao)：“你們(men)(men)(men)(men)和(he)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)都(dou)(dou)在這(zhe)(zhe)極(ji)遠的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方，只(zhi)有建立(li)(li)大(da)(da)功(gong)，才能求得(de)富貴。現(xian)在匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)來到(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)不過(guo)幾(ji)天(tian)，鄯(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)王(wang)對(dui)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)禮節和(he)敬(jing)意(yi)就(jiu)(jiu)中(zhong)止了(le)(le)(le)。如果鄯(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)王(wang)逮捕我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)，并(bing)把(ba)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)送給(gei)(gei)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)，那(nei)么我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)連尸骨都(dou)(dou)會被豺狼吃(chi)掉(diao)。你們(men)(men)(men)(men)看(kan)，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)應當(dang)如何是(shi)(shi)(shi)好(hao)？”那(nei)三(san)(san)十六(liu)名勇(yong)(yong)士都(dou)(dou)說(shuo)：“現(xian)在處于(yu)(yu)(yu)危(wei)急關頭(tou)，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)(shi)生是(shi)(shi)(shi)死，都(dou)(dou)聽(ting)從(cong)(cong)司(si)馬您的(de)(de)(de)命(ming)(ming)令。”于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)下(xia)定決心，說(shuo)道(dao)：“若不進入(ru)老虎(hu)(hu)洞，就(jiu)(jiu)不能捉(zhuo)到(dao)小(xiao)老虎(hu)(hu)。事(shi)(shi)到(dao)如今，只(zhi)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)計(ji)(ji)可行，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)趁著(zhu)黑夜，用火攻擊匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)團，讓(rang)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)不知道(dao)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)有多少人(ren)(ren)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)必會非常(chang)震驚(jing)(jing)(jing)，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)把(ba)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)全(quan)部(bu)消滅(mie)。消滅(mie)了(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)些敵(di)人(ren)(ren)，鄯(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)王(wang)就(jiu)(jiu)會嚇(xia)破了(le)(le)(le)膽，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)大(da)(da)功(gong)告成，功(gong)業也(ye)得(de)以(yi)建立(li)(li)了(le)(le)(le)。”三(san)(san)十六(liu)位勇(yong)(yong)士說(shuo)道(dao)：“這(zhe)(zhe)件事(shi)(shi)應與從(cong)(cong)事(shi)(shi)郭(guo)(guo)(guo)恂商量一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)。”班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)憤怒地(di)說(shuo)：“是(shi)(shi)(shi)兇是(shi)(shi)(shi)吉就(jiu)(jiu)決定于(yu)(yu)(yu)今天(tian)。郭(guo)(guo)(guo)恂不過(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)個文弱而又庸俗的(de)(de)(de)官(guan)員，聽(ting)到(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)個計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)必然害怕(pa)，從(cong)(cong)而泄露我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)謀，這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)就(jiu)(jiu)會白(bai)白(bai)送命(ming)(ming)，這(zhe)(zhe)豈(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)丈夫所(suo)為！”于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)人(ren)(ren)同意(yi)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)看(kan)法。當(dang)天(tian)夜里(li)，班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)率(lv)領眾(zhong)人(ren)(ren)前往匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)團所(suo)在地(di)。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)恰好(hao)刮起(qi)(qi)大(da)(da)風，班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)命(ming)(ming)令十個勇(yong)(yong)士拿著(zhu)戰(zhan)鼓，藏在匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)房舍后(hou)(hou)面，并(bing)和(he)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)約定，只(zhi)要看(kan)見火燒(shao)(shao)起(qi)(qi)來，就(jiu)(jiu)擂起(qi)(qi)戰(zhan)鼓大(da)(da)聲呼喝(he)。其余的(de)(de)(de)勇(yong)(yong)士則都(dou)(dou)拿著(zhu)武器，埋伏在大(da)(da)門兩(liang)側。接著(zhu)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)順著(zhu)風勢把(ba)火燒(shao)(shao)起(qi)(qi)來，頃(qing)刻之(zhi)(zhi)間戰(zhan)鼓齊鳴，殺(sha)聲四(si)起(qi)(qi)。匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)人(ren)(ren)驚(jing)(jing)(jing)慌失措，亂成一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)團。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)親手殺(sha)死三(san)(san)個敵(di)人(ren)(ren)，勇(yong)(yong)士們(men)(men)(men)(men)殺(sha)了(le)(le)(le)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)和(he)隨從(cong)(cong)三(san)(san)十多人(ren)(ren)，其余一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百多人(ren)(ren)都(dou)(dou)被燒(shao)(shao)死。第二天(tian)，班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)把(ba)這(zhe)(zhe)件事(shi)(shi)告訴郭(guo)(guo)(guo)恂。郭(guo)(guo)(guo)恂聽(ting)后(hou)(hou)大(da)(da)驚(jing)(jing)(jing)失色，隨后(hou)(hou)又有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些心動，不由(you)得(de)在臉上流(liu)露出(chu)來。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)察言觀色，馬上對(dui)他(ta)(ta)(ta)說(shuo)：“從(cong)(cong)事(shi)(shi)雖然沒有參(can)加行動，但(dan)(dan)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)怎會獨占功(gong)勞呢？”郭(guo)(guo)(guo)恂聽(ting)了(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)話非常(chang)高(gao)興。接著(zhu)，班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)召見鄯(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)王(wang)，并(bing)把(ba)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)顱給(gei)(gei)他(ta)(ta)(ta)看(kan)，鄯(shan)(shan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)王(wang)及其臣民(min)為之(zhi)(zhi)震驚(jing)(jing)(jing)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)曉諭并(bing)且撫慰(wei)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)，于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)王(wang)終于(yu)(yu)(yu)決定靠向(xiang)漢(han)(han)朝一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)邊，并(bing)把(ba)自己的(de)(de)(de)兒子送到(dao)漢(han)(han)朝去當(dang)人(ren)(ren)質(zhi)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)返回之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，將這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切告知竇(dou)(dou)固(gu)(gu)，竇(dou)(dou)固(gu)(gu)大(da)(da)為驚(jing)(jing)(jing)喜，如實(shi)匯報給(gei)(gei)明帝。明帝(di)非(fei)常欣(xin)賞班(ban)超的膽色氣節，詔告竇固(gu)：“既然有班(ban)超這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)的官吏，為何不派遣他(ta)(ta)(ta)而(er)還要尋(xun)找其他(ta)(ta)(ta)人呢？現在以班(ban)超為軍司(si)馬，讓他(ta)(ta)(ta)再(zai)接(jie)再(zai)厲，繼(ji)續未竟的功業。”于是班(ban)超再(zai)次(ci)接(jie)受出使西域的命令，竇固(gu)想要增加他(ta)(ta)(ta)的隨從(cong)兵士，班(ban)超卻說：“我只愿意(yi)率領本部三十余人，就(jiu)足夠了(le)。如果發(fa)生了(le)什么事(shi)，隨從(cong)太多，反而(er)會成為負累。”就(jiu)這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)，班(ban)超再(zai)次(ci)踏上征途，走(zou)向西域。
《左傳(chuan)》中(zhong)記載了(le)(le)一(yi)個“鄭(zheng)伯克段于(yu)鄢”的故(gu)事(shi)，故(gu)事(shi)中(zhong)的鄭(zheng)伯是(shi)鄭(zheng)武(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的大兒子(zi)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，他出生(sheng)的時候(hou)腳先出來(lai)(lai)(lai)，差(cha)點讓母親武(wu)姜(jiang)(jiang)難產(chan)，所以武(wu)姜(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)直覺(jue)得(de)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不吉祥，非常討厭他，偏愛(ai)小兒子(zi)共(gong)(gong)叔段。她(ta)甚至極力勸說鄭(zheng)武(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，希望鄭(zheng)武(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立共(gong)(gong)叔段為(wei)太子(zi)，因(yin)(yin)為(wei)長(chang)子(zi)繼承制，鄭(zheng)武(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)沒有(you)答應妻子(zi)的請(qing)求，還(huan)是(shi)把(ba)皇位傳(chuan)給了(le)(le)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)即位之(zhi)后，武(wu)姜(jiang)(jiang)要(yao)求莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)把(ba)封邑(yi)賜給共(gong)(gong)叔段，莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)覺(jue)得(de)封邑(yi)太險惡，沒有(you)答應，把(ba)京邑(yi)賜給了(le)(le)他。后來(lai)(lai)(lai)，有(you)一(yi)個大臣(chen)建議(yi)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)防著他的弟(di)弟(di)，因(yin)(yin)為(wei)京邑(yi)的城墻不合(he)規格，恐怕他弟(di)弟(di)有(you)圖謀不軌之(zhi)心。莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卻說不要(yao)緊(jin)。后來(lai)(lai)(lai)他弟(di)弟(di)又(you)提出了(le)(le)很多要(yao)求，他全都答應了(le)(le)，于(yu)是(shi)他弟(di)弟(di)共(gong)(gong)叔段越來(lai)(lai)(lai)越膨脹(zhang)，最(zui)后甚至準備好(hao)兵(bing)馬，準備取而(er)代(dai)之(zhi)，武(wu)姜(jiang)(jiang)也(ye)準備跟小兒子(zi)里應外合(he)。此時莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)派出百輛戰車，把(ba)弟(di)弟(di)共(gong)(gong)叔段的軍隊消滅了(le)(le)。自我膨脹(zhang)，其(qi)實帶(dai)來(lai)(lai)(lai)的是(shi)欲望的膨脹(zhang)，以及態度的傲慢，膨脹(zhang)到(dao)最(zui)后，眼里看到(dao)的就(jiu)是(shi)我想要(yao)的，而(er)對于(yu)潛在的危(wei)險熟(shu)視無(wu)睹。
本章老子講述以守為攻、以退為進，事物相反相成的道理。物(wu)極必反(fan)，盛極而衰，事物(wu)發(fa)展(zhan)到一(yi)定(ding)程度，必然(ran)向(xiang)自(zi)己相反(fan)的方向(xiang)轉化，“歙張”、“弱強”、“廢興”、“取與”也(ye)都一(yi)樣，這是事物(wu)運(yun)動發(fa)展(zhan)的普遍規律(lv)。天(tian)下(xia)最柔弱的莫過于(yu)水，石頭雖然強硬，水卻可以滴穿(chuan)成洞。男(nan)(nan)(nan)女之間(jian)，女人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)經過懷(huai)孕生產，柔韌(ren)(ren)性(xing)耐性(xing)以及抗壓性(xing)比男(nan)(nan)(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)強，所以女人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的壽(shou)命一(yi)(yi)般比男(nan)(nan)(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)長，遇到(dao)挫折韌(ren)(ren)性(xing)也(ye)強。家庭當中(zhong)，遇到(dao)大事，女人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)當寬解男(nan)(nan)(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，同甘共(gong)苦(ku)，不(bu)要(yao)變成壓倒駱(luo)駝的最后一(yi)(yi)根稻(dao)草。男(nan)(nan)(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)要(yao)向女人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)學習，學會減輕釋放(fang)壓力。
本(ben)文地址(zhi)://n85e38t.cn/dahuadaodejing/5520.html.
聲明： 我(wo)們(men)致(zhi)力于(yu)保護作者(zhe)版權，注重(zhong)分享(xiang)，被刊用(yong)文章因(yin)無法核實(shi)(shi)(shi)真實(shi)(shi)(shi)出處(chu)，未能及時(shi)(shi)與作者(zhe)取得聯系，或有版權異議的，請(qing)聯系管理(li)員(yuan)，我(wo)們(men)會立即(ji)處(chu)理(li)，本站(zhan)部分文字與圖片(pian)資源來(lai)自于(yu)網絡，轉載是出于(yu)傳遞(di)更(geng)多(duo)信息之目的,若有來(lai)源標注錯誤(wu)或侵犯了您的合(he)法權益，請(qing)立即(ji)通知我(wo)們(men)(管理(li)員(yuan)郵箱：)，情況屬實(shi)(shi)(shi)，我(wo)們(men)會第一時(shi)(shi)間(jian)予(yu)以刪(shan)除，并(bing)同時(shi)(shi)向(xiang)您表示歉(qian)意,謝謝!
上一(yi)篇: 道德經中“平安(an)之道，無欲則剛”的感悟(wu)
