北宋官窯
官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)起自唐(tang)(tang)(tang)，有兩種涵義(yi)，一(yi)是指貢(gong)器(qi)，一(yi)是指官(guan)廠(chang)。自唐(tang)(tang)(tang)代(dai)(dai)至元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)（公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)八世(shi)紀~十四(si)世(shi)紀)，官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)多有貢(gong)器(qi)，少有官(guan)廠(chang)，采取的形式(shi)是“官(guan)監民燒(shao)(shao)(shao)”，燒(shao)(shao)(shao)出(chu)(chu)的瓷器(qi)，“千中選十，百中選一(yi)”，進貢(gong)給(gei)統(tong)治階(jie)級。這種瓷器(qi)就叫做(zuo)貢(gong)瓷和(he)官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)。那時，唐(tang)(tang)(tang)代(dai)(dai)在產瓷區設(she)有司務(wu)，如唐(tang)(tang)(tang)景(jing)隆初（公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)707~709年(nian)）褚綏為(wei)新平(ping)(景(jing)德鎮)司務(wu)，奉詔(zhao)監燒(shao)(shao)(shao)獻陵祭器(qi)。宋代(dai)(dai)設(she)監，如太平(ping)興(xing)國年(nian)間(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)976~983年(nian))，派殿前(qian)承(cheng)旨(zhi)趙(zhao)仁(ren)濟監理越州窯(yao)(yao)務(wu)。到了(le)元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)則設(she)局，以(yi)提領(ling)監陶，后改(gai)為(wei)本設(she)總管。他們(men)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)出(chu)(chu)的“景(jing)德年(nian)制”，“樞(shu)府’等(deng)款(kuan)式(shi)的瓷器(qi)，分(fen)別稱為(wei)“景(jing)德窯(yao)(yao)’，“樞(shu)府窯(yao)(yao)”等(deng)。
官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)之謂，在(zai)中國(guo)古代陶瓷史上(shang)有不(bu)同的內涵。就廣義而言，是有別民窯(yao)而專為官(guan)(guan)辦的瓷窯(yao)，其產品為宮(gong)廷(ting)所壟斷。在(zai)宋代瓷器中，官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)即(ji)是一種專稱，指北宋和南宋時在(zai)京(jing)(jing)城汴京(jing)(jing)（汴梁，今(jin)開(kai)封(feng)）和臨安(an)（今(jin)杭州）由宮(gong)廷(ting)設(she)窯(yao)燒造的青瓷，故又有“舊官(guan)(guan)”和“新(xin)官(guan)(guan)”之分，前者為北宋官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)，后(hou)者為南宋官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)。
官(guan)窯是(shi)在(zai)宋大觀及(ji)政和年(nian)間(jian)于汴(bian)涼所造，青(qing)瓷釉色晶瑩惕(ti)透(tou)，有開裂或呈冰片狀，粉青(qing)紫口鐵定是(shi)其特色。
宋(song)室南移在鳳凰山下設立官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)，又稱(cheng)修內司官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)或(huo)內窯(yao)(yao)，郊壇下設立的郊壇下官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)，器(qi)形較多(duo)，有直(zhi)徑大過一(yi)尺的大型產品。
從1128年元世(shi)祖忽必烈設置“浮梁磁局(ju)”，到1936年清朝(chao)覆亡，景德鎮是(shi)元、明(ming)、清三代皇家瓷(ci)廠所在地，中(zhong)國的(de)官窯(yao)制度在這里延續了632年，江(jiang)西景德鎮也由此(ci)(ci)擁有(you)燒造(zao)時間最(zui)長、規(gui)模最(zui)大(da)、工藝最(zui)精湛的(de)官辦瓷(ci)廠。景德鎮地下也因(yin)此(ci)(ci)存有(you)大(da)量因(yin)禁(jin)絕(jue)流入民間而(er)被就地掩埋的(de)古碎瓷(ci)，成為中(zhong)國目前品類最(zui)完整、年代最(zui)可靠、信息最(zui)豐富的(de)官窯(yao)遺址(zhi)和(he)“地下瓷(ci)都”。
北宋官窯
北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)也稱汴(bian)(bian)京(jing)(jing)(jing)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。相傳北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)大觀、政(zheng)和(he)年(nian)(nian)間(jian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)汴(bian)(bian)京(jing)(jing)(jing)附近設立(li)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)場，由官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)府直接經營，專燒宮廷(ting)用瓷器(qi)，即(ji)北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。南宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)顧文(wen)薦《負(fu)睻雜錄(lu)》記載(zai)(zai)：“宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)宣(xuan)政(zheng)間(jian)（宣(xuan)和(he)、政(zheng)和(he)即(ji)公元1111~1125年(nian)(nian)）京(jing)(jing)(jing)師(shi)自置(zhi)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)燒造，名(ming)曰‘官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)’”，南宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)葉(xie)寘在(zai)(zai)(zai)其《垣(yuan)齋筆衡》中對(dui)北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)亦有(you)記載(zai)(zai)：“政(zheng)和(he)京(jing)(jing)(jing)師(shi)自置(zhi)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)燒造，名(ming)曰‘官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)’”。明代(dai)《事物(wu)紺珠》、《留留青》因(yin)襲此說。當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)京(jing)(jing)(jing)師(shi)即(ji)汴(bian)(bian)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(今河南開封)，因(yin)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)代(dai)汴(bian)(bian)京(jing)(jing)(jing)遺(yi)址已(yi)沉入地(di)下，至今日為(wei)(wei)止，尚未發(fa)(fa)掘出北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)遺(yi)址。對(dui)于(yu)北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)遺(yi)址缺乏考(kao)古發(fa)(fa)掘地(di)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)和(he)充足的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)獻資(zi)(zi)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)支撐，因(yin)此，時至今日，關于(yu)北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)遺(yi)址在(zai)(zai)(zai)何處，仍有(you)不同說法，一般有(you)三(san)種(zhong)說法：一說北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)即(ji)為(wei)(wei)汝窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)；二說否(fou)認北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)；三(san)說為(wei)(wei)北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)即(ji)為(wei)(wei)汴(bian)(bian)京(jing)(jing)(jing)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，它與南宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)修內(nei)司官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)先后(hou)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)。支持第三(san)種(zhong)說法的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)較多。
北宋官(guan)窯(yao)傳世品很少，形質與工藝與汝(ru)窯(yao)有(you)共(gong)同(tong)處(chu)。器多仿古，主(zhu)要有(you)碗、瓶、洗等。胎(tai)體顯(xian)厚，胎(tai)骨深灰、紫色(se)或黑色(se)，釉色(se)有(you)淡(dan)青、粉(fen)青、月白等，釉質瑩(ying)潤溫雅，尤以(yi)釉面開大(da)裂紋(wen)片著(zhu)稱(cheng)，不同(tong)于南(nan)宋官(guan)窯(yao)和汝(ru)窯(yao)及龍泉窯(yao)瓷(ci)器。底有(you)文釘燒痕，有(you)“紫口鐵(tie)足”的(de)特(te)征。
南宋官窯
南(nan)宋時在今(jin)杭(hang)州市(shi)鳳凰山(shan)(shan)南(nan)麓烏龜山(shan)(shan)郊壇另設新窯，稱(cheng)(cheng)“郊壇下官(guan)窯”，又稱(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)宋官(guan)窯。此官(guan)窯瓷(ci)器胎(tai)為黑(hei)、深(shen)灰、淺灰、米黃色(se)(se)等(deng)，有厚薄(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)分，胎(tai)質細(xi)膩。釉面乳濁，多開片(pian)，稱(cheng)(cheng)為“蟹爪紋”，釉色(se)(se)有粉青(qing)(qing)、淡青(qing)(qing)、灰青(qing)(qing)、月白、米黃等(deng)。因器口中施釉稀薄(bo)，微露(lu)紫(zi)色(se)(se)，足(zu)上卻偏赤鐵色(se)(se)，故有“紫(zi)口鐵足(zu)”之(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)(cheng)。
器型除碗、盤、碟、洗等日(ri)用器皿(min)外，還有仿商周青銅(tong)器的尊、鼎、爐、觚等陳設瓷和祭祀用禮器。
至(zhi)今杭州鳳凰山麓尚留有：南宋官窯老虎洞窯址(zhi)、南宋官窯郊壇下窯址(zhi)等(deng)歷史遺跡，現均為國(guo)家級文物保護(hu)單位。
在南(nan)宋官窯(yao)郊(jiao)壇下窯(yao)址遺址上建有杭州(zhou)南(nan)宋官窯(yao)博(bo)物館。
宋瓷窯場首推五大名窯，即汝、官、鈞、哥、定。
汝窯是北宋后期的宋徽宗年間建立的官窯，前后不足20年。窯址在河南汝州神垕鎮（一說在河南省寶豐清涼寺），因此而得名。汝窯以青瓷為主，釉色有粉青、豆青、卵青、蝦青等，汝窯瓷胎體較薄，釉層較厚，有玉石般的質感，釉面有很細的開片。汝窯瓷采用支釘支燒法，瓷器底部留下細小的支釘痕跡。器形多仿造古代青銅器式樣，以洗、爐、尊、盤等為主。汝窯傳世作品不足百件，因此非常珍貴。
官窯是宋徽宗政和年間在京師汴梁建造的，窯址至今沒有發現。官窯主要燒制青瓷，大觀年間，釉色以月色、粉 青、大綠三種顏色最為流行。官瓷胎體較厚，天青色釉略帶粉紅顏色，釉面開大紋片。這是因胎、釉受熱后膨脹系數不同產生的效果。瓷器足部無釉，燒成后是鐵黑色，口部釉薄，微顯胎骨，即通常所說的"紫口鐵足"。這是北宋官窯瓷器的典型特征。 北宋官窯瓷器傳世很少，十分珍稀名貴。
定窯為宋代"五大名窯"之一，為民窯。始建于唐，興盛于北宋，終于元代，燒造時間近七百余年。窯址分布于河北曲陽縣磁澗、燕川以及靈山諸村鎮，這里唐代屬定州，故稱為定窯。 定窯以燒白瓷為主，瓷質細膩，質薄有光，釉色潤澤如玉。黑釉、醬釉稱為"黑定"、"紫定"，也別具特色，制作精湛，造型典雅。花紋千姿百態，有用刀刻成的劃花，用針剔成的繡花，特技制成的"竹絲刷紋"，"淚痕紋"等等。出土的定窯瓷片中，發有"官"、"尚食局"等字樣，這說明定窯的一部分產品是為官府和宮廷燒造的。
鈞窯分為官鈞窯、民鈞窯。官鈞窯是宋徽宗年間繼汝窯之后建立的第二座官窯。鈞窯廣泛分布于河南禹縣（時稱 鈞州），故名鈞窯，以縣城內的八卦洞窯和鈞臺窯最有名，燒制各種皇室用瓷。 鈞瓷兩次燒成，第一次素燒，出窯后 施釉彩，二次再燒。鈞瓷的釉色為一絕，千變萬化，紅、藍、青、白、紫交相融匯，燦若云霞，宋代詩人曾以"夕陽紫 翠忽成嵐"贊美之。這是因為在燒制過程中，配料摻入銅的氣化物造成的藝術效果，此為中國制瓷史上的一大發明，稱 為"窯變"。因鈞瓷釉層厚，在燒制過程中，釉料自然流淌以填補裂紋，出窯后形成有規則的流動線條，非常類似蚯蚓在泥土中爬行的痕跡，故稱之為"蚯蚓走泥紋"。 鈞窯瓷主要是供北宋末年"花石綱"之需，以花盆最為出色。
哥窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)宋(song)(song)代南方五(wu)大名窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)之一(yi)(yi)，確切窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)場至(zhi)今尚沒有(you)發現。據歷史傳(chuan)說為章生一(yi)(yi)、章生二兄弟(di)在兩浙路處州、龍(long)泉縣各建一(yi)(yi)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，哥哥建的(de)(de)(de)(de)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)稱(cheng)為"哥窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)"，弟(di)弟(di)建的(de)(de)(de)(de)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)稱(cheng)為"弟(di)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)"，也(ye)稱(cheng)章窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、龍(long)泉窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)專家認為傳(chuan)世的(de)(de)(de)(de)宮藏哥窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao) 瓷(ci)(ci)，實際上是(shi)南宋(song)(song)時修內(nei)司官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)燒制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。哥窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要特征是(shi)釉面(mian)有(you)大大小(xiao)小(xiao)不規則的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)裂紋(wen)片(pian)，俗稱(cheng)"開(kai)片(pian)"或"文(wen)武(wu)片(pian)"。細(xi)小(xiao)如魚子的(de)(de)(de)(de)叫"魚子紋(wen)"，開(kai)片(pian)呈弧形的(de)(de)(de)(de)叫"蟹爪紋(wen)"，開(kai)片(pian)大小(xiao)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)叫"百(bai)圾碎"。小(xiao)紋(wen)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)理(li)呈金黃色(se)，大紋(wen)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)理(li)呈鐵黑色(se)，故有(you)"金絲鐵線(xian)"之說。其中仿(fang)北宋(song)(song)官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)為黑胎，也(ye)具有(you)"紫(zi)口鐵足"。 哥窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)瓷(ci)(ci)胎體(ti)有(you)厚有(you)薄(bo)，釉色(se)主要有(you)粉青(qing)、 月白、米黃數種(zhong)，釉面(mian)光澤如膚之微汗，是(shi)為上品。器(qi)形以(yi)洗、爐、盤、碗為多。
官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)聞名于世，北宋(song)(song)(song)汴京官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)繼汝窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)燒(shao)造(zao)，其形(xing)制、釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)、工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)與(yu)汝窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)共同之(zhi)處(chu)(chu)。《格古(gu)要(yao)論(lun)》說(shuo)(shuo)汴京官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)器(qi)(qi)"色(se)(se)好(hao)者(zhe)與(yu)汝窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)相(xiang)(xiang)類(lei)"器(qi)(qi)多(duo)仿(fang)古(gu),釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)有(you)(you)(you)淡青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)、粉青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)、灰(hui)(hui)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)等多(duo)種色(se)(se)調(diao)，釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)勻潤瑩亮，大紋(wen)(wen)(wen)片(pian)，胎(tai)(tai)(tai)骨(gu)深灰(hui)(hui)或紫(zi)(zi)色(se)(se)，滿釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)裹(guo)足(zu)支(zhi)(zhi)燒(shao)，器(qi)(qi)底(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)(you)支(zhi)(zhi)釘(ding)(ding)痕(hen)。故宮博物院收藏(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)圓洗(xi)(xi)中，有(you)(you)(you)洗(xi)(xi)身近直(zhi)微外撇，平底(di)(di)(di)，里外滿釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)裹(guo)足(zu)支(zhi)(zhi)燒(shao)， 底(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)(you)支(zhi)(zhi)釘(ding)(ding)痕(hen)，造(zao)型、 釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)與(yu)汝窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)器(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)近，裝(zhuang)燒(shao)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)亦與(yu)汝窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)支(zhi)(zhi)燒(shao)法相(xiang)(xiang)同者(zhe)，應是(shi)北宋(song)(song)(song)汴京官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制品(pin)(pin)。南(nan)宋(song)(song)(song)官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)北宋(song)(song)(song)汴京官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)繼續，郊壇官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)考古(gu)發(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)資料表明(ming)，南(nan)宋(song)(song)(song)早期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)，為(wei)薄胎(tai)(tai)(tai)薄釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)，胎(tai)(tai)(tai)薄質(zhi)細，色(se)(se)黑(hei)褐或深灰(hui)(hui)，釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)以(yi)粉青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)為(wei)主，兼有(you)(you)(you)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)灰(hui)(hui)、青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)黃和炒米(mi)黃等色(se)(se)調(diao)，釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)層薄而潤澤，有(you)(you)(you)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)片(pian)，滿釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)支(zhi)(zhi)釘(ding)(ding)裝(zhuang)燒(shao)， 器(qi)(qi)底(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)(you)圓形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)釘(ding)(ding)痕(hen)，工(gong)精質(zhi)高。 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)制、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)、釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)和支(zhi)(zhi)燒(shao)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)都與(yu)北宋(song)(song)(song)汝、官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)特點相(xiang)(xiang)類(lei)，確為(wei)"襲故宮遺(yi)制"。南(nan)宋(song)(song)(song)后(hou)期(qi)(qi)官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燒(shao)造(zao)追求玉石(shi)質(zhi)感，改變(bian)制瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)，創用素(su)燒(shao)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)多(duo)次上釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)二(er)次燒(shao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)(hou)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)，制出薄胎(tai)(tai)(tai)厚(hou)(hou)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)，釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)如玉石(shi)般的(de)(de)(de)(de)光亮瑩潤，釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)面上顯露(lu)橫豎交(jiao)織的(de)(de)(de)(de)蟹爪紋(wen)(wen)(wen)片(pian)或層層疊錯的(de)(de)(de)(de)冰(bing)裂紋(wen)(wen)(wen)片(pian)，有(you)(you)(you)說(shuo)(shuo)不盡的(de)(de)(de)(de)奧妙。厚(hou)(hou)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體做法是(shi)先(xian)低溫素(su)燒(shao)坯，后(hou)施三至四(si)道釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)厚(hou)(hou)如堆脂，再經高溫成(cheng)器(qi)(qi)，一(yi)(yi)般釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)層厚(hou)(hou)在 2毫米(mi)以(yi)上。厚(hou)(hou)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)易粘(zhan)接支(zhi)(zhi)燒(shao)工(gong)具(ju)，造(zao)成(cheng)廢(fei)品(pin)(pin)，厚(hou)(hou)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用導致裝(zhuang)燒(shao)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改良(liang)，變(bian)滿釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)支(zhi)(zhi)釘(ding)(ding)裝(zhuang)燒(shao)為(wei)刮釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)墊(dian)餅裝(zhuang)燒(shao)，即將碗(wan)、盤、洗(xi)(xi)、瓶(ping)等圈(quan)足(zu)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)底(di)(di)(di)端釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)刮掉露(lu)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)，以(yi)墊(dian)餅墊(dian)燒(shao)。由于青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)料中含鐵(tie)量(liang)高達3.5~5%，致使制品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)口(kou)(kou)緣釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)薄處(chu)(chu)露(lu)灰(hui)(hui)或灰(hui)(hui)紫(zi)(zi)色(se)(se)與(yu)圈(quan)足(zu)底(di)(di)(di)端刮釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)露(lu)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)處(chu)(chu)呈黑(hei)褐或深灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se)，形(xing)成(cheng)"紫(zi)(zi)口(kou)(kou)鐵(tie)足(zu)"的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。故宮博物院藏(zang)品(pin)(pin)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)件官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)圓洗(xi)(xi)，口(kou)(kou)沿部(bu)位青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)微泛紫(zi)(zi)色(se)(se)，通體粉青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)純正瑩澈，滿布冰(bing)裂紋(wen)(wen)(wen)片(pian),寬圈(quan)足(zu)墊(dian)燒(shao),是(shi)南(nan)宋(song)(song)(song)郊壇官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)晚期(qi)(qi)"紫(zi)(zi)口(kou)(kou)鐵(tie)足(zu)"作品(pin)(pin)。此(ci)洗(xi)(xi)備受清代皇(huang)室賞識，器(qi)(qi)底(di)(di)(di)刻有(you)(you)(you)乾隆御題詩。郊壇官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)燒(shao)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)物除碗(wan)、盤、洗(xi)(xi)外，又多(duo)仿(fang)周、漢時期(qi)(qi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)式樣(yang)，如故宮博物院收藏(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)弦紋(wen)(wen)(wen)瓶(ping)，洗(xi)(xi)口(kou)(kou),長頸,碩圓腹，圈(quan)足(zu)，頸至腹部(bu)凸起弦紋(wen)(wen)(wen)數周，圈(quan)足(zu)兩側有(you)(you)(you)對(dui)稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫孔，古(gu)樸(pu)端莊，為(wei)仿(fang)漢銅(tong)壺的(de)(de)(de)(de)式樣(yang)。明(ming)清兩代，仿(fang)制宋(song)(song)(song)官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)成(cheng)風(feng)，以(yi)清代雍(yong)正朝景(jing)德鎮(zhen)御窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)仿(fang)官(guan)品(pin)(pin)為(wei)最。
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