日前召開的(de)(de)第三屆兒(er)童(tong)多動癥專題學(xue)術會議(yi)上，福(fu)建醫科(ke)大(da)學(xue)附屬二院主任醫師洪峻峰教授(shou)公布了(le)對泉(quan)州市(shi)實驗(yan)小學(xue)1～6年級1675名小學(xue)生及其父母(mu)情況的(de)(de)調查結果(guo)：男女患(huan)(huan)多動癥的(de)(de)比例為6.02％和2.54％，且男孩患(huan)(huan)病率隨年齡增(zeng)長有(you)升高(gao)的(de)(de)趨勢。結果(guo)還顯示，兒(er)童(tong)多動癥的(de)(de)發(fa)病率與父母(mu)文化程度和職業有(you)關(guan)，母(mu)親文化低是發(fa)病的(de)(de)危險(xian)因素。
之(zhi)所以男(nan)孩(hai)(hai)比女(nv)(nv)孩(hai)(hai)容易得多(duo)(duo)動癥(zheng)，洪峻峰教授的(de)(de)(de)解釋是，社(she)會和(he)文化背景(jing)決定了男(nan)孩(hai)(hai)和(he)女(nv)(nv)孩(hai)(hai)在教養(yang)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異(yi)，社(she)會性別角(jiao)色決定了男(nan)性多(duo)(duo)按(an)(an)照(zhao)獨(du)立的(de)(de)(de)、競(jing)爭的(de)(de)(de)、自(zi)信的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點來(lai)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)和(he)發展其行為，而女(nv)(nv)性則多(duo)(duo)按(an)(an)照(zhao)被(bei)動的(de)(de)(de)、依賴(lai)的(de)(de)(de)、非攻擊性的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點來(lai)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)和(he)發展其行為，這種差(cha)異(yi)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)是導致男(nan)孩(hai)(hai)多(duo)(duo)動癥(zheng)發病率高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)。另外，男(nan)孩(hai)(hai)生長發育較晚，心理成熟(shu)程度不如同齡女(nv)(nv)孩(hai)(hai)，可(ke)(ke)能(neng)也是男(nan)孩(hai)(hai)發病率高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)。
家庭(ting)(ting)環境在(zai)(zai)眾(zhong)多(duo)影響兒童多(duo)動(dong)癥(zheng)因素中(zhong)(zhong)是較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)重要的(de)。父母為技術(shu)干(gan)部(bu)和行政干(gan)部(bu)，大(da)多(duo)學歷較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高，家庭(ting)(ting)條件相對優越，在(zai)(zai)主觀(guan)和客觀(guan)上有條件重視子(zi)女的(de)心理問題，而(er)其他職(zhi)業者或(huo)(huo)經濟條件較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)差或(huo)(huo)文化程度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低，他們自身(shen)可(ke)(ke)能較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)缺乏關注子(zi)女心理問題的(de)素質和客觀(guan)條件，在(zai)(zai)此類家庭(ting)(ting)中(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)(ke)能較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)民主協商而(er)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)訓(xun)斥打罵，不利(li)于(yu)兒童心理緊張宣泄，可(ke)(ke)增(zeng)加心理抑郁和焦慮，并可(ke)(ke)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)或(huo)(huo)加劇兒童的(de)多(duo)動(dong)、沖動(dong)和注意缺陷。母親在(zai)(zai)家庭(ting)(ting)中(zhong)(zhong)有更多(duo)時間(jian)接觸兒童，所以在(zai)(zai)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)多(duo)動(dong)癥(zheng)因素中(zhong)(zhong)負有更主要的(de)責任(ren)。
華西醫(yi)科(ke)大學兒少衛生(sheng)教(jiao)(jiao)研室的(de)(de)(de)專家認為(wei)，父母教(jiao)(jiao)育方(fang)(fang)法不(bu)(bu)當(dang)，如(ru)溺愛(ai)、粗暴、關(guan)心(xin)不(bu)(bu)夠或父母教(jiao)(jiao)育孩子時態度不(bu)(bu)一致，對兒童學習(xi)成(cheng)績態度不(bu)(bu)正(zheng)確(que)，對不(bu)(bu)良習(xi)慣(guan)缺(que)乏教(jiao)(jiao)育等，一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)使(shi)兒童生(sheng)活在緊張(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)環境中，產(chan)生(sheng)極大的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)理壓(ya)力，另(ling)一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)使(shi)兒童容易養成(cheng)不(bu)(bu)良習(xi)慣(guan)和不(bu)(bu)適應學習(xi)生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)，這些(xie)都可能(neng)(neng)促(cu)成(cheng)兒童注意缺(que)陷伴多(duo)動癥(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)。另(ling)外(wai)，產(chan)前、產(chan)時的(de)(de)(de)一些(xie)異常(chang)情況，如(ru)孕(yun)期接觸毒(du)物(wu)、嚴(yan)重感染、精神(shen)高(gao)度緊張(zhang)以(yi)及分娩異常(chang)等，均能(neng)(neng)影響胎(tai)兒大腦結構和功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，為(wei)多(duo)動癥(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)發病提供了可能(neng)(neng)性。
兒(er)(er)童(tong)多(duo)動癥又叫小兒(er)(er)多(duo)動癥，是一種常(chang)見的兒(er)(er)童(tong)行為異常(chang)問題，主要表現為注意(yi)力不易(yi)集(ji)中、注意(yi)短(duan)暫、活(huo)動過(guo)多(duo)、情緒易(yi)沖動等(deng)，以(yi)致影(ying)響學習(xi)成績。在家(jia)(jia)庭及學校難與人(ren)相(xiang)處，日常(chang)生活(huo)中使家(jia)(jia)長(chang)和老師感到困難。
多動癥的表現：
1.注(zhu)意(yi)缺陷：主動注(zhu)意(yi)保持(chi)時(shi)間達不(bu)到患兒年齡和智商相應的(de)水平，是多動障礙的(de)核心癥狀之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。這種(zhong)小(xiao)兒的(de)注(zhu)意(yi)很易受(shou)環(huan)境(jing)的(de)影響而分散，注(zhu)意(yi)力集中的(de)時(shi)間短暫。因(yin)而，他們(men)在玩積(ji)木或上課時(shi)往往也顯得不(bu)專心，易受(shou)環(huan)境(jing)的(de)干擾而分心，注(zhu)意(yi)對象(xiang)頻繁地從一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)活動轉(zhuan)移到另一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)活動，好像是因(yin)為注(zhu)意(yi)到新(xin)的(de)事物(wu)而對原來的(de)事物(wu)失去興(xing)趣。
2.活動(dong)過多：多數患兒從幼年起就(jiu)格外好動(dong)。在需(xu)(xu)要(yao)相對安靜(jing)的環境(jing)中，活動(dong)量(liang)和(he)活動(dong)內容(rong)明(ming)顯增多，在需(xu)(xu)要(yao)自我約束或(huo)秩序井然的場合顯得尤為(wei)突出(chu)，是多動(dong)障礙又一核(he)心癥狀。
3.沖動性：多(duo)動兒童由(you)于(yu)缺乏克制(zhi)(zhi)能力，常對一(yi)些不(bu)愉快刺(ci)激，作出過分反應，常做出不(bu)假思考的舉動，易(yi)激惹，不(bu)顧(gu)后果(guo)，破壞東(dong)西。表現為幼稚、任性、自我(wo)克制(zhi)(zhi)力差、容易(yi)激惹沖動，易(yi)受外界刺(ci)激而興奮，挫折感強。
4.學習困(kun)難：多動癥兒童的智力水(shui)平大都正常(chang)或接近(jin)正常(chang)。然而由于注意(yi)有缺陷和活動過(guo)度(du)(du)，仍給學習帶來一(yi)定困(kun)難，影響了患兒的課(ke)堂學習效果(guo)及完成作(zuo)業的速(su)度(du)(du)與質量(liang)，造成學業不良，學習成績與智力水(shui)平不相符。
?5.神經系(xi)統異常(chang)：半數患兒存在精細動作、協(xie)調運(yun)動、空(kong)間位置覺功(gong)能(neng)缺(que)陷。動作技巧方面笨拙，如翻手、對指運(yun)動、系(xi)鞋帶(dai)和扣紐扣等都不(bu)靈便，左右分辨困難(nan)。
什么(me)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)？MBD是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什么(me)意(yi)思？兩(liang)者(zhe)(zhe)又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什么(me)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)呢(ni)？早在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)1845年(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)(guo)(guo)醫生霍夫(fu)曼第一次將(jiang)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)度(du)(du)視(shi)作(zuo)病(bing)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。此后，許多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)精神(shen)(shen)病(bing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)家(jia)、兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)科專家(jia)、心理學(xue)(xue)(xue)家(jia)及(ji)(ji)教育家(jia)從不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)(du)，對(dui)(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)類兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)問題進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)更深入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)。1947年(nian)(nian)，斯特(te)(te)勞斯等認為(wei)(wei)(wei)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由腦(nao)損(sun)(sun)傷(shang)引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，故將(jiang)該癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)命(ming)名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“腦(nao)損(sun)(sun)傷(shang)綜合(he)(he)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”。格塞(sai)爾和(he)阿姆特(te)(te)魯德在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)1949年(nian)(nian)對(dui)(dui)此提出(chu)了(le)(le)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看法(fa)，認為(wei)(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“腦(nao)輕(qing)微(wei)(wei)(wei)損(sun)(sun)傷(shang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)之后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)近(jin)二十年(nian)(nian)間(jian)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少學(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)對(dui)(dui)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)這(zhe)(zhe)一病(bing)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)患(huan)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)實施(shi)神(shen)(shen)經系(xi)(xi)(xi)統檢查(cha)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)現，約有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)半(ban)數出(chu)現輕(qing)微(wei)(wei)(wei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)協(xie)調(diao)，以(yi)及(ji)(ji)平衡動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)、共濟運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)輪替(ti)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)等障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)礙，但沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)發(fa)現癱(tan)瘓(huan)等腦(nao)損(sun)(sun)傷(shang)引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)體癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，故認為(wei)(wei)(wei)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)腦(nao)輕(qing)微(wei)(wei)(wei)損(sun)(sun)傷(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由腦(nao)功(gong)能輕(qing)微(wei)(wei)(wei)失調(diao)所引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，（1962年(nian)(nian)各國(guo)(guo)(guo)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)神(shen)(shen)經科學(xue)(xue)(xue)工作(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)聚會(hui)牛(niu)津(jin)大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)，決定(ding)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)本病(bing)病(bing)因(yin)(yin)尚未(wei)搞清之前(qian)，暫時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)定(ding)名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“輕(qing)微(wei)(wei)(wei)腦(nao)功(gong)能失調(diao)”（Minimal Brain Dysfunction），MBD就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)病(bing)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)英文縮(suo)寫。1980年(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)公布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《精神(shen)(shen)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)礙診斷(duan)和(he)統計手冊》（DSM---Ⅱ）中(zhong)，將(jiang)此命(ming)名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“注意(yi)缺失障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)礙”（Attentional Deficit Disorder），簡稱ADD。 由于(yu)(yu)診斷(duan)標準(zhun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一，各國(guo)(guo)(guo)對(dui)(dui)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)發(fa)病(bing)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統計結(jie)果也(ye)(ye)差(cha)異較大(da)。美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)報道(dao)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)病(bing)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)20%，而我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統計結(jie)果是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)患(huan)病(bing)率(lv)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)超出(chu)10％，其(qi)中(zhong)男孩大(da)大(da)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)于(yu)(yu)女(nv)孩，兩(liang)者(zhe)(zhe)比例約為(wei)(wei)(wei)9：1。 多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臨(lin)床表現 1.注意(yi)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)礙 患(huan)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)注意(yi)力難(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)以(yi)集中(zhong)，干什么(me)事情總是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)半(ban)途而廢，即(ji)(ji)使(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)做游戲(xi)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)例外(wai)。環境中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)何視(shi)聽(ting)(ting)刺(ci)激都可分散他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注意(yi)。患(huan)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)進(jin)小(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)后，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)課堂上癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)表現更為(wei)(wei)(wei)明顯，坐(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)教室里(li)總是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)東張西望，心不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)焉，集中(zhong)注意(yi)聽(ting)(ting)講的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)很(hen)短，他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)無論是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)看連環畫或(huo)看電視(shi)，都只(zhi)能安坐(zuo)片刻，便要(yao)站(zhan)起(qi)來走(zou)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。 2.活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)度(du)(du) 患(huan)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)往(wang)往(wang)從小(xiao)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)量就(jiu)(jiu)大(da)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甚至在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)胎兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)期就(jiu)(jiu)特(te)(te)別好(hao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。隨著出(chu)生后身體機能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展更顯得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)安分。學(xue)(xue)(xue)會(hui)了(le)(le)走(zou)就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)喜歡再(zai)坐(zuo)，學(xue)(xue)(xue)會(hui)了(le)(le)爬樓梯后就(jiu)(jiu)上下爬個不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)停。進(jin)幼兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)園(yuan)后，這(zhe)(zhe)些兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能按正常(chang)(chang)(chang)要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)坐(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)小(xiao)凳上。到了(le)(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)校，大(da)部分孩子因(yin)(yin)受制約而增加(jia)了(le)(le)對(dui)(dui)自己(ji)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制，多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)患(huan)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)過(guo)度(du)(du)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)則(ze)更為(wei)(wei)(wei)明顯。上課時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)小(xiao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)，甚至全站(zhan)起(qi)來在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)教室里(li)擅自走(zou)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。一放學(xue)(xue)(xue)便像利(li)箭(jian)一般沖(chong)出(chu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)校。這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)走(zou)路蹦蹦跳跳，到了(le)(le)家(jia)里(li)翻箱(xiang)倒柜，忙個不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)停，即(ji)(ji)使(shi)晚上睡(shui)覺也(ye)(ye)經常(chang)(chang)(chang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)停翻動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)身子，磨牙，說夢話。多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)約有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一半(ban)會(hui)出(chu)現動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)協(xie)調(diao)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能做系(xi)(xi)(xi)紐扣、系(xi)(xi)(xi)鞋帶等精細動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)用(yong)剪刀。另(ling)外(wai)還(huan)可能出(chu)現斜視(shi)；發(fa)音不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)清、常(chang)(chang)(chang)3.感(gan)知(zhi)覺障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)礙 表現為(wei)(wei)(wei)視(shi)一運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)礙、空間(jian)位(wei)置(zhi)知(zhi)覺障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)礙、左右辨(bian)(bian)別不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能，經常(chang)(chang)(chang)反穿鞋子，聽(ting)(ting)覺綜合(he)(he)困(kun)(kun)難(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)及(ji)(ji)視(shi)一聽(ting)(ting)轉換困(kun)(kun)難(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)等。 流口(kou)水等行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)特(te)(te)征(zheng)。 4.情緒(xu)和(he)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)礙 多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)患(huan)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)情緒(xu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)穩，極易(yi)沖(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，對(dui)(dui)自己(ji)欲望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)克制力很(hen)薄弱，一興(xing)奮(fen)就(jiu)(jiu)手舞足蹈，忘(wang)乎所以(yi)，稍(shao)受挫折就(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)脾氣、哭(ku)鬧。他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)校會(hui)經常(chang)(chang)(chang)主動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)與同(tong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)爭吵或(huo)打架(jia)，行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)沖(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顧及(ji)(ji)后果。如(ru)(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顧危險從高處(chu)跳下；想喝(he)水時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顧杯子里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)涼是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)燙，抓起(qi)就(jiu)(jiu)喝(he)。這(zhe)(zhe)些沖(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)導(dao)致一些災難(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)結(jie)果。 5.社會(hui)適(shi)應不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)良 患(huan)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)常(chang)(chang)(chang)表現為(wei)(wei)(wei)個性倔強(qiang)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)愿(yuan)受別人制約或(huo)排(pai)斥小(xiao)伙(huo)伴(ban)，所以(yi)很(hen)難(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)與其(qi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)同(tong)齡(ling)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)相處(chu)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)找(zhao)比自己(ji)年(nian)(nian)齡(ling)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)游戲(xi)。 6.學(xue)(xue)(xue)習困(kun)(kun)難(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan) 雖然多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智力大(da)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)正常(chang)(chang)(chang)或(huo)接近(jin)正常(chang)(chang)(chang)，但學(xue)(xue)(xue)習成績卻普遍很(hen)差(cha)。由于(yu)(yu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)上課、做作(zuo)業都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能集中(zhong)注意(yi)，情緒(xu)容易(yi)波動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)嚴(yan)重(zhong)影響了(le)(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習效果。感(gan)知(zhi)覺方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)礙也(ye)(ye)會(hui)導(dao)致一些學(xue)(xue)(xue)習困(kun)(kun)難(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)，如(ru)(ru)視(shi)-聽(ting)(ting)轉換障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)礙會(hui)使(shi)患(huan)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)閱(yue)讀困(kun)(kun)難(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)，而空間(jian)位(wei)置(zhi)知(zhi)覺障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)礙和(he)左右辨(bian)(bian)別不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能會(hui)使(shi)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習算式和(he)一些算術符號時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)生困(kun)(kun)難(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)。寫字、畫畫、手工等學(xue)(xue)(xue)習活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)也(ye)(ye)會(hui)受到這(zhe)(zhe)些感(gan)知(zhi)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)礙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)重(zhong)影響，留(liu)級生中(zhong)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)患(huan)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)占了(le)(le)相當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比例。目前(qian)對(dui)(dui)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治療(liao)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)治療(liao)。所選用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)大(da)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一些精神(shen)(shen)興(xing)奮(fen)劑，如(ru)(ru)哌醋甲酷(Ritalin)、右旋苯丙胺（Dexedrine）；苯異妥因(yin)(yin)（Pemoline）等，這(zhe)(zhe)類藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)副作(zuo)用(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)很(hen)嚴(yan)重(zhong)，服(fu)用(yong)后可使(shi)患(huan)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)注意(yi)渙(huan)散狀(zhuang)況有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所改進(jin)，攻(gong)擊性行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)減少。但僅靠藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)病(bing)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)原本就(jiu)(jiu)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)著生理及(ji)(ji)心理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)重(zhong)病(bing)因(yin)(yin)，所以(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)使(shi)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)療(liao)法(fa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還(huan)需要(yao)結(jie)合(he)(he)一系(xi)(xi)(xi)列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理治療(liao)。
本文地址://n85e38t.cn/zhongyizatan/75516.html.
聲明： 我(wo)(wo)們(men)致力于(yu)保護作(zuo)者版權(quan)，注重分享，被刊用文章(zhang)因無法(fa)核實真實出處，未能及時(shi)與作(zuo)者取得(de)聯系(xi)，或有版權(quan)異議的(de)，請聯系(xi)管理員，我(wo)(wo)們(men)會立即處理，本(ben)站部分文字與圖(tu)片資源(yuan)來(lai)自于(yu)網絡，轉載是出于(yu)傳遞更多(duo)信息之目的(de),若有來(lai)源(yuan)標注錯誤或侵犯了您的(de)合法(fa)權(quan)益，請立即通知我(wo)(wo)們(men)(管理員郵箱：)，情況屬(shu)實，我(wo)(wo)們(men)會第一(yi)時(shi)間予以刪除，并(bing)同時(shi)向您表示(shi)歉意,謝(xie)謝(xie)!
上一篇: 小(xiao)兒拉果醬(jiang)
下一(yi)篇(pian): 治近視(shi)別盲(mang)目(mu)
