由(you)陳(chen)系古(gu)教(jiao)授(shou)領導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“人(ren)類轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)動(dong)物(wu)模(mo)(mo)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)作”課(ke)題組歷時5年,研(yan)(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)成功(gong)了(le)四種轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。其(qi)中,熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)為胚(pei)胎干(gan)細胞(bao)、人(ren)類基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)、人(ren)體組織工程(cheng)和(he)(he)克(ke)隆器官等研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)了(le)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎;患(huan)白化病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)導(dao)了(le)酪(lao)氨(an)酸(suan)酶(mei)(mei)(mei)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)后長出(chu)(chu)了(le)黑(hei)(hei)毛(mao);四環素調控(kong)系統和(he)(he)丙肝(gan)(gan)核心抗原的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)分(fen)別(bie)傳到(dao)(dao)(dao)第(di)四、第(di)三代(dai)(dai),為制(zhi)(zhi)備人(ren)類丙肝(gan)(gan)病(bing)毒感染的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙(shuang)(shuang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)動(dong)物(wu)模(mo)(mo)型提(ti)供(gong)(gong)了(le)父代(dai)(dai)、母代(dai)(dai)。陳(chen)系古(gu)教(jiao)授(shou)介紹說,科(ke)研(yan)(yan)人(ren)員取(qu)白色小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)3.5天胎齡(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)囊胚(pei),體外注射(she)8-12個轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)染了(le)綠色熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)蛋白基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黑(hei)(hei)色小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)胚(pei)胎干(gan)細胞(bao),共(gong)獲得(de)363枚嵌(qian)(qian)合了(le)黑(hei)(hei)、白兩種小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)細胞(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)胎,其(qi)中237枚分(fen)別(bie)移植到(dao)(dao)(dao)18只(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)假(jia)母的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)子宮里,最后產下(xia)(xia)16只(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),其(qi)中四只(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)藍光(guang)(guang)(guang)照射(she)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)綠色熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang),只(zhi)(zhi)有1只(zhi)(zhi)存活。在(zai)(zai)特制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯微鏡下(xia)(xia),能(neng)(neng)看到(dao)(dao)(dao)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皮(pi)膚、腦(nao)部、肺部發(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)綠色熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)。研(yan)(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義在(zai)(zai)于(yu)摸清嵌(qian)(qian)合體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規律,為很多基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)幫(bang)助(zhu)。例如,將神經(jing)干(gan)細胞(bao)打入小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)體內(nei)治療帕金森(sen),如果采用了(le)熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)來做實(shi)驗(yan),就可(ke)在(zai)(zai)特制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)體視顯微鏡下(xia)(xia)看到(dao)(dao)(dao),小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皮(pi)膚、腦(nao)部、肺部發(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)綠色熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang),由(you)此(ci)可(ke)觀察胚(pei)胎干(gan)細胞(bao)發(fa)(fa)育走向、綠色熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)蛋白基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表達嵌(qian)(qian)合過(guo)程(cheng),并提(ti)供(gong)(gong)綠色熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)蛋白作為動(dong)物(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)示蹤劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效性(xing)(xing)、安(an)全性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)證據。建立酪(lao)氨(an)酸(suan)酶(mei)(mei)(mei)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)模(mo)(mo)型為人(ren)類攻(gong)克(ke)白化病(bing)這(zhe)種遺傳病(bing)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)了(le)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎。科(ke)研(yan)(yan)人(ren)員展示了(le)一(yi)張混(hun)合了(le)黑(hei)(hei)、白雙(shuang)(shuang)色毛(mao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)照片,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)只(zhi)(zhi)酪(lao)氨(an)酸(suan)酶(mei)(mei)(mei)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)突變(bian)、患(huan)了(le)白化病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。在(zai)(zai)酪(lao)氨(an)酸(suan)酶(mei)(mei)(mei)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)異常的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)精(jing)卵里注射(she)了(le)正(zheng)常的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin),將這(zhe)個轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)受(shou)(shou)精(jing)卵和(he)(he)普(pu)通(tong)(tong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)受(shou)(shou)精(jing)卵一(yi)起,再種植到(dao)(dao)(dao)假(jia)母的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)子宮里。三周后,假(jia)母生(sheng)下(xia)(xia)6只(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),其(qi)中5個是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)普(pu)通(tong)(tong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),眼睛紅色,1只(zhi)(zhi)為轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),身上長出(chu)(chu)了(le)黑(hei)(hei)、白色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雜毛(mao),眼睛也(ye)變(bian)成黑(hei)(hei)色。雜毛(mao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)再和(he)(he)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)交配,生(sheng)下(xia)(xia)11只(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),其(qi)中6個也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)黑(hei)(hei)白雜毛(mao)和(he)(he)黑(hei)(hei)眼睛,另外5個為普(pu)通(tong)(tong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。實(shi)驗(yan)證明,轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)成功(gong),并可(ke)以遺傳給下(xia)(xia)一(yi)代(dai)(dai),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)酪(lao)氨(an)酸(suan)酶(mei)(mei)(mei)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)能(neng)(neng)導(dao)致黑(hei)(hei)色素生(sheng)成。陳(chen)系古(gu)教(jiao)授(shou)說,他們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)近期目標是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)出(chu)(chu)人(ren)類丙肝(gan)(gan)病(bing)毒感染的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙(shuang)(shuang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),現在(zai)(zai)雙(shuang)(shuang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)父代(dai)(dai)、母代(dai)(dai)都制(zhi)(zhi)作成功(gong)了(le),它(ta)們(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四環素調控(kong)系統和(he)(he)丙肝(gan)(gan)核心抗原轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。
轉基因動物研究進展
人(ren)類(lei)改(gai)造自然界(jie)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種群,開始于(yu)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)篩選育(yu)(yu)種,繼(ji)而人(ren)工(gong)(gong)雜交(jiao)、人(ren)工(gong)(gong)誘(you)變。80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代,我(wo)國(guo)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)(jia)朱作言(yan)國(guo)際上首先研制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)魚。90年(nian)(nian)(nian)代,國(guo)內(nei)(nei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)研制(zhi)了(le)(le)(le)(le)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)羊。 轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)禽(qin)(qin)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi),包括肝臟和(he)輸(shu)卵管(guan)表達(da)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。1993年(nian)(nian)(nian)Ruslin 研究(jiu)(jiu)所的(de)Sang博士成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)在禽(qin)(qin)蛋(dan)卵黃表達(da)外源蛋(dan)白。1994-1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)我(wo)國(guo)曾(ceng)邦哲提出系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(結構)遺(yi)(yi)傳學(xue)(xue)(system genetics)方(fang)法和(he)首創(chuang)了(le)(le)(le)(le)輸(shu)卵管(guan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(oviduct bioreactor)的(de)概念與(yu)(yu)術(shu)(shu)語、詞(ci)匯等(deng) – 轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)禽(qin)(qin)類(lei)金蛋(dan)計劃(hua)(Goldegg Plan)。1996年(nian)(nian)(nian)在北京召開了(le)(le)(le)(le)第(di)1屆國(guo)際轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)研討(tao)會(秘(mi)書長曾(ceng)邦哲)并闡(chan)述(Zeng BJ)了(le)(le)(le)(le)輸(shu)卵管(guan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)論與(yu)(yu)遺(yi)(yi)傳學(xue)(xue)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)工(gong)(gong)程等(deng),并得(de)到了(le)(le)(le)(le)朱作言(yan)、旭日干(gan)、劉(liu)德(de)培等(deng)我(wo)國(guo)著名科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)(jia)的(de)參與(yu)(yu)和(he)支持,哺乳動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)乳腺生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)和(he)禽(qin)(qin)類(lei)輸(shu)卵管(guan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)重要方(fang)向。動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)克(ke)隆 –無性生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)技術(shu)(shu),開始于(yu)1938年(nian)(nian)(nian)德(de)國(guo)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)(jia)施佩曼的(de)蠑螈受精(jing)卵結扎實驗。1961年(nian)(nian)(nian)我(wo)國(guo)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)(jia)朱洗采用(yong)(yong)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)刺激蟾(chan)蜍成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟卵,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)研究(jiu)(jiu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)兩棲(qi)類(lei)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)單性生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)。1962年(nian)(nian)(nian),英(ying)國(guo)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)(jia)J. B. Gurdon,采用(yong)(yong)核移植(zhi)法成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)培育(yu)(yu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)非洲爪(zhua)蟾(chan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)。1980年(nian)(nian)(nian),美國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)(jia)P. C. Hoppe和(he)日內(nei)(nei)瓦超微型外科(ke)(ke)專家(jia)(jia)K. I. Illmense,用(yong)(yong)胚泡細胞核移植(zhi)方(fang)法成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)繁育(yu)(yu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)小鼠。 1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)英(ying)國(guo)I. Wilmut等(deng),用(yong)(yong)綿(mian)羊乳腺細胞的(de)細胞核移植(zhi)到去細胞核的(de)卵細胞中,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)得(de)到了(le)(le)(le)(le)克(ke)隆羊“多(duo)莉”,克(ke)隆動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)主要目的(de)是解(jie)決用(yong)(yong)作生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)品(pin)系(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)純種繁殖(zhi)問(wen)題。21世紀,基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)于(yu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)(xue)的(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)工(gong)(gong)程 - 合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)(xue),也就是系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)工(gong)(gong)程技術(shu)(shu)的(de)進展,轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)技術(shu)(shu)包括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)與(yu)(yu)開發(fa),進入了(le)(le)(le)(le)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)設(she)計、合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)與(yu)(yu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)調控鏈(lian)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)技術(shu)(shu)新的(de)時期,改(gai)變了(le)(le)(le)(le)以往的(de)單基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)克(ke)隆、載(zai)體(ti)構建與(yu)(yu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)移方(fang)法,開啟了(le)(le)(le)(le)全基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)調控網絡(luo)設(she)計乃至(zhi)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)組轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)移的(de)多(duo)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)技術(shu)(shu)時代。
轉基因動物(transgenicanimal)在目前生物及醫學研究方面的應用極為廣泛,轉基因小鼠一直是研究外源基因構筑型態、染色體嵌插、轉基因表現及調節的最佳模式,也是建立轉基因技術最好的工具,尤其是在轉基因家畜之前,先以小鼠進行預備試驗是求事半功倍不可或缺的過程。
轉基因動物應用的領域可以包括研究基因的活動對致癌病毒與癌細胞的生長的影響、基因的活動與免疫細胞間的交互作用與調控的機制、研究基因對于生長的調控機制,以及生物學與遺傳學的機制,也被應用于以人類細胞作為組織及器官移植的發展方面,如基因參與體細胞、胚胎干細胞及存在各個組織的干細胞的體外誘導分化研究等等。轉基因動物除用于一般基礎研究外,對于制造具有治療效果的蛋白質、器官移植、疫苗、毒理實驗、動物品種改良及水產養殖等均有很大的貢獻。雖然截至目前為止,轉基因的研發已有若干良好的成果,但尚有若干問題待克服,所以轉基因技術的應用與發展將是不可限量的。為了使科研人員能夠順利進行上述的實驗并得到有意義的結果,這些實驗中所使用的設備不僅應當有特殊的功能,還應當同時有很高的、過硬的質量,能夠提供確保結果正確所需的可靠性、精確性以及可重復性。
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