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常用藥在張錫純先生這里似乎被開啟了“全能模式”

荊(jing)十三 2024-03-02 16:47:15

張(zhang)錫純為近代(dai)著名臨床家,在學術上也有(you)不(bu)少獨創見解,堪稱學驗兩豐(feng),其對(dui)常用藥如石膏、熟地等(deng)品,每有(you)特殊用法,值得引起(qi)我們的重視。

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石膏通便

石(shi)(shi)膏(gao)為清熱(re)要(yao)藥,張(zhang)(zhang)氏不(bu)(bu)但(dan)屢申其(qi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)發汗(han),并說“其(qi)涼而(er)重墜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性善通(tong)大(da)便(bian)”。據其(qi)經驗:治大(da)便(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)因熱(re)燥(zao)結而(er)不(bu)(bu)通(tong)者,“或單用(yong)石(shi)(shi)膏(gao)細末,或少佐以(yi)(yi)赭石(shi)(shi)細末,莫不(bu)(bu)隨手奏效(xiao)。”張(zhang)(zhang)氏鑒時醫宗又可(ke)(ke)(吳又可(ke)(ke))法,用(yong)承(cheng)氣(qi)失當,每(mei)致僨事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊,主(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)采用(yong)變通(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)法,即白(bai)(bai)虎加人參湯,將(jiang)(jiang)石(shi)(shi)膏(gao)不(bu)(bu)入湯中,而(er)以(yi)(yi)所煎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)湯將(jiang)(jiang)石(shi)(shi)膏(gao)送服。吳又可(ke)(ke)等醫家(jia)大(da)都認為諸(zhu)承(cheng)氣(qi)湯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)便(bian)作(zuo)用(yong)主(zhu)要(yao)在大(da)黃(huang),唯(wei)獨(du)張(zhang)(zhang)氏所創之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)白(bai)(bai)虎承(cheng)氣(qi)、鎮逆承(cheng)氣(qi)諸(zhu)方都不(bu)(bu)用(yong)大(da)黃(huang)而(er)用(yong)石(shi)(shi)膏(gao)來通(tong)便(bian),這(zhe)一經驗,允推獨(du)步(bu)。張(zhang)(zhang)氏深有體會地(di)說:“愚治寒溫三(san)十余年,得一避難就易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法。凡遇陽明應下(xia)證(zheng),亦先投以(yi)(yi)白(bai)(bai)虎湯一兩劑。大(da)便(bian)往往得通(tong),病亦即先愈。”張(zhang)(zhang)氏曾治一人大(da)便(bian)不(bu)(bu)通(tong),先后“共(gong)服生石(shi)(shi)膏(gao)細末斤許(xu),下(xia)燥(zao)糞近(jin)百余枚,病始霍然痊愈”。 

熟地止瀉

地(di)(di)(di)黃為(wei)養陰補(bu)腎藥,老人精血(xue)虛(xu)虧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便(bian)秘以(yi)(yi)及溫病(bing)津液耗傷(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便(bian)秘,均常取其(qi)(qi)(qi)澤枯養陰作(zuo)用(yong)來(lai)通大(da)便(bian),而熟(shu)地(di)(di)(di)用(yong)于(yu)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瀉(xie)(xie),則(ze)鮮為(wei)人知。張氏受張景岳、趙養葵、馮(feng)楚瞻諸家學(xue)說影響較深(shen),不(bu)(bu)但治溫病(bing)屢(lv)用(yong)熟(shu)地(di)(di)(di),并“用(yong)熟(shu)地(di)(di)(di)四兩(liang),茯苓一兩(liang),以(yi)(yi)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下焦不(bu)(bu)固之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)滑瀉(xie)(xie)”。張氏經驗(yan):“凡下焦虛(xu)損,大(da)便(bian)滑瀉(xie)(xie),服它藥不(bu)(bu)效(xiao)者(zhe),單服熟(shu)地(di)(di)(di)即可止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瀉(xie)(xie)。然須日用(yong)四五兩(liang),煎(jian)濃湯(tang)服之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亦不(bu)(bu)作(zuo)悶(men)(men)(熟(shu)地(di)(di)(di)少用(yong)則(ze)作(zuo)悶(men)(men),多(duo)用(yong)轉不(bu)(bu)悶(men)(men)),少用(yong)則(ze)無(wu)效(xiao)。”張氏以(yi)(yi)大(da)量(liang)(liang)熟(shu)地(di)(di)(di)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瀉(xie)(xie),這(zhe)一經驗(yan)是來(lai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)實踐,如他(ta)在癸巳秋治一女性(xing)溫病(bing)患(huan)者(zhe),“勢至危(wei),將舁于(yu)外”、“其(qi)(qi)(qi)證(zheng)晝夜(ye)泄瀉(xie)(xie),昏(hun)不(bu)(bu)知人,呼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)應,其(qi)(qi)(qi)脈數之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)七至,按之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)即無(wu)。”經予大(da)量(liang)(liang)熟(shu)地(di)(di)(di),配合(he)山藥、白(bai)芍、甘草(cao),煎(jian)后乘溫灌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),“盡劑而愈”。類此(ci)例案,足證(zheng)熟(shu)地(di)(di)(di)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瀉(xie)(xie)非向壁虛(xu)構之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)談。熟(shu)地(di)(di)(di)“少用(yong)則(ze)作(zuo)悶(men)(men),多(duo)用(yong)轉不(bu)(bu)悶(men)(men)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)注,亦是醫林之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獨見。

山萸發汗

山萸味酸,屬收斂藥,醫多習用于止汗。唯張氏又有獨識,他認為山萸不但斂汗可用,發汗亦可用,所以在治療溫病多日,外感重還太陽欲作汗,但因陰分太虧,汗不出者之溫病遺方中,用地黃、山藥、山萸肉等大劑養陰藥,張氏曰:“蓋萸肉之味至酸,原得木氣最全,是以酸斂之中,大具條暢之性,《神農本草(cao)經》謂(wei)其(qi)逐寒濕痹是明征也。為其(qi)味酸斂也,故遇元氣不能固攝者,用(yong)之又(you)善出(chu)汗(han)。”筆者查《醫學衷中(zhong)參(can)西錄》及(ji)有(you)關(guan)本草(cao)著作,未(wei)見單用(yong)山萸發汗(han)的案例記載,感到此事乏證(zheng),而張氏(shi)是臨(lin)床家,他說“肝虛不能疏泄者,用(yong)之又(you)善出(chu)汗(han)”,這一獨見,值(zhi)得進一步研(yan)究(jiu)。

山藥平喘

山藥(yao)性味平和,補虛作(zuo)用(yong)較好。一(yi)般認(ren)為,用(yong)于治(zhi)病,配伍(wu)可以奏功,單行便不(bu)足(zu)以擔大任(ren)。而張氏不(bu)但創制新方時常以之(zhi)為主藥(yao)(如珠玉二(er)寶(bao)粥(zhou)、沃雪湯等),并且常單方重劑,以之(zhi)治(zhi)重病、急癥(zheng),這種用(yong)法,就山藥(yao)來說,是較為特殊的,如以之(zhi)治(zhi)喘,便是一(yi)例。

一室女(nv),“喘大作,脈(mo)散(san)亂如水(shui)上浮麻,不分至數,此將脫之(zhi)候(hou)也(ye)。取藥不及,適有生山(shan)藥兩許,急(ji)煮汁(zhi)飲(yin)之(zhi),喘稍定,脈(mo)稍斂,可容取藥,方中仍(reng)重(zhong)用山(shan)藥而愈。”

“一婦人,產后十余日,大喘大汗(han),身(shen)熱勞嗽(sou)。醫者用(yong)黃芪、熟(shu)地、白(bai)芍等(deng)藥(yao),汗(han)出愈多。后愚診視,脈甚虛弱,數至七至,審證(zheng)論脈,似在不治。俾其急(ji)用(yong)生山藥(yao)六(liu)(liu)兩(liang)(liang),煮汁徐徐飲之,飲完添水重(zhong)煎(jian),一晝(zhou)夜所飲之水,皆(jie)取于山藥(yao)中,翌日又換(huan)山藥(yao)六(liu)(liu)兩(liang)(liang),仍如此煮飲之。三日后諸病皆(jie)愈。”

“奉天關氏少婦(fu),素有勞疾(ji),因產后暴虛,喘(chuan)嗽大作。治以此粥(即山藥粥),日服二(er)次,服至四五日,喘(chuan)嗽皆愈(yu)。又(you)服數日,其勞疾(ji)自(zi)此除根(gen)。”

上第(di)(di)一(yi)案(an)“將脫”,是(shi)急癥(zheng);第(di)(di)二案(an)“似在不治”,是(shi)大病;第(di)(di)三案(an)“素(su)有勞(lao)疾”,是(shi)痼疾。張(zhang)氏竟俱(ju)以(yi)單味山藥(yao)取(qu)效。這一(yi)卓(zhuo)見,根(gen)植(zhi)于實踐,能啟人思(si)路,對于臨(lin)證不乏指導意義。

茅根透發郁熱

茅(mao)(mao)根(gen)(gen)為止(zhi)血(xue)利尿(niao)藥(yao),一般用于(yu)血(xue)證(zheng)及小便不(bu)通,張(zhang)(zhang)氏則盛贊其能(neng)透發郁熱(re),并以(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為治療溫(wen)病伏熱(re)不(bu)能(neng)外(wai)達者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要藥(yao)。綜觀古今溫(wen)病家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)法,張(zhang)(zhang)氏此(ci)舉,亦屬特殊。張(zhang)(zhang)氏說:“茅(mao)(mao)根(gen)(gen)能(neng)清(qing)熱(re)利小便,人(ren)(ren)所(suo)共知。至謂兼(jian)理(li)氣分之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郁,諸家本(ben)草皆未言及。”他認為:“凡(fan)氣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郁而不(bu)暢(chang)者,茅(mao)(mao)根(gen)(gen)皆能(neng)暢(chang)達之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”故(gu)凡(fan)溫(wen)病,“以(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作引,能(neng)使深入下陷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邪(xie)(xie)熱(re)上出(chu)外(wai)散消解無余也。”基此(ci)認識(shi),他治陽明久郁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邪(xie)(xie)熱(re)不(bu)退而陰虧者,主張(zhang)(zhang)用白(bai)虎加人(ren)(ren)參湯合茅(mao)(mao)根(gen)(gen)治療。張(zhang)(zhang)氏在溫(wen)病兼(jian)痧疹一案后說:“(茅(mao)(mao)根(gen)(gen))涼散之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力,能(neng)將臟腑經絡間之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毒熱(re)盡數排出(chu),毒熱(re)清(qing)肅,煩躁自除矣。愚(yu)臨證(zheng)五十年,用白(bai)虎加人(ren)(ren)參湯不(bu)知凡(fan)幾,約皆隨手奏效(xiao),今此(ci)證(zheng)兩次(ci)(ci)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無效(xiao)。而竟以(yi)鮮白(bai)茅(mao)(mao)根(gen)(gen)收其功,此(ci)非(fei)愚(yu)所(suo)素知,乃(nai)因一時會晤后則屢(lv)次(ci)(ci)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皆效(xiao),故(gu)特詳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)為治溫(wen)疹者開一法門也。”溫(wen)病最怕傷陰,滋陰又恐戀邪(xie)(xie)。“唯茅(mao)(mao)根(gen)(gen)既(ji)善滋陰,又善利水(shui),且內清(qing)臟腑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)熱(re),外(wai)托肌(ji)表之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邪(xie)(xie)”。這種認識(shi)和用法,均有其獨到之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處。

生雞金通經

雞(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)(nei)金(jin)(jin)為(wei)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)積健脾藥(yao),以之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)(tong)經是一種(zhong)比較特殊的(de)用(yong)(yong)法。張氏(shi)說:“雞(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)(nei)金(jin)(jin)人(ren)皆(jie)用(yong)(yong)以消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)食,而消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)癥瘕亦甚有(you)力(li)(li)。”“夫(fu)能(neng)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)癥瘕,即(ji)(ji)能(neng)通(tong)(tong)月(yue)信,此(ci)原一定之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,然未(wei)經臨證實驗(yan),不敢但憑(ping)理想確(que)定也。后來(lai)津,治(zhi)楊氏(shi)女,因(yin)(yin)患瘰疬,過服(fu)(fu)(fu)寒(han)涼開散之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao),傷(shang)其(qi)(qi)脾胃(wei),以致食后脹(zhang)滿,不能(neng)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化,重用(yong)(yong)溫(wen)補脾胃(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑,加生(sheng)(sheng)雞(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)(nei)金(jin)(jin)二(er)(er)錢,以運化藥(yao)力(li)(li)。后服(fu)(fu)(fu)數劑來(lai)更方(fang),言(yan)(yan)病(bing)甚見(jian)(jian)愈(yu),唯初服(fu)(fu)(fu)此(ci)藥(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夜,經即(ji)(ji)通(tong)(tong)下,隔前經期(qi)未(wei)旬(xun)日耳。因(yin)(yin)其(qi)(qi)病(bing)已見(jian)(jian)愈(yu),聞(wen)此(ci)言(yan)(yan)未(wei)嘗注(zhu)意,更方(fang)中(zhong)仍(reng)有(you)生(sheng)(sheng)雞(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)(nei)金(jin)(jin)二(er)(er)錢。又服(fu)(fu)(fu)數劑,來(lai)求(qiu)更方(fang),言(yan)(yan)病(bing)已痊(quan)愈(yu),唯一月(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)(nei)(nei),行經三次,后二(er)(er)次在(zai)服(fu)(fu)(fu)藥(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后。所來(lai)甚少,仍(reng)乞再為(wei)調治(zhi)。愚(yu)恍悟此(ci)誠因(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)雞(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)(nei)金(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)。由此(ci)可(ke)確(que)知雞(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)(nei)金(jin)(jin)通(tong)(tong)經之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li)(li)。因(yin)(yin)憶在(zai)奉時,曾治(zhi)宋氏(shi)女,胃(wei)有(you)瘀(yu)積作疼(teng),方(fang)中(zhong)重用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)雞(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)(nei)金(jin)(jin),服(fu)(fu)(fu)數劑后,二(er)(er)便下血而愈(yu)。此(ci)固見(jian)(jian)雞(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)(nei)金(jin)(jin)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)瘀(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li)(li),實并見(jian)(jian)雞(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)(nei)金(jin)(jin)通(tong)(tong)經之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li)(li)也,總前后數案參觀,雞(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)(nei)金(jin)(jin)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)瘀(yu)通(tong)(tong)經之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li)(li),洵兼擅(shan)其(qi)(qi)長矣,”準斯以觀,“雞(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)(nei)金(jin)(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)(yong),為(wei)通(tong)(tong)月(yue)信最要之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)”這一認識,是張氏(shi)從實踐(jian)中(zhong)逐步摸索出(chu)來(lai)的(de)。故(gu)其(qi)(qi)制(zhi)治(zhi)室(shi)女月(yue)閉血枯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資生(sheng)(sheng)通(tong)(tong)脈湯,即(ji)(ji)用(yong)(yong)本品通(tong)(tong)經,這種(zhong)用(yong)(yong)法在(zai)其(qi)(qi)他方(fang)藥(yao)書中(zhong)未(wei)嘗有(you)見(jian)(jian)。 

三棱、莪術理虛

三棱、莪(e)(e)術有(you)破(po)氣(qi)(qi)敗血之(zhi)作用(yong)(yong),故一般本草書都說氣(qi)(qi)虛(xu)血虛(xu)者禁用(yong)(yong),而(er)(er)張氏(shi)獨(du)喜用(yong)(yong)此兩(liang)藥(yao)(yao)理虛(xu)。張氏(shi)認為(wei)(wei):“虛(xu)勞(lao)者必血痹,而(er)(er)血痹之(zhi)甚,又未(wei)有(you)不虛(xu)勞(lao)者。并知治虛(xu)勞(lao)必先(xian)治血痹,治血痹即所以(yi)治虛(xu)勞(lao)也。”他說:“愚于破(po)血藥(yao)(yao)中,獨(du)喜用(yong)(yong)三棱、莪(e)(e)術者,誠(cheng)以(yi)其既善(shan)破(po)血,又善(shan)調氣(qi)(qi)。補(bu)藥(yao)(yao)劑中以(yi)為(wei)(wei)佐使,有(you)瘀(yu)者瘀(yu)可(ke)消(xiao)除,無(wu)瘀(yu)者亦可(ke)借其流(liu)通之(zhi)力,以(yi)行補(bu)藥(yao)(yao)之(zhi)滯,而(er)(er)補(bu)藥(yao)(yao)之(zhi)力愈大也。”又說:“三棱、莪(e)(e)術與參(can)、術、芪(qi)諸(zhu)藥(yao)(yao)并用(yong)(yong),大能(neng)開(kai)胃進食,又愚所屢試(shi)屢效者也。”故其制治虛(xu)勞(lao)之(zhi)十全育真(zhen)湯,用(yong)(yong)此兩(liang)味。這不但(dan)對仲景用(yong)(yong)大黃?蟲丸治五勞(lao)虛(xu)極羸瘦,是(shi)精深(shen)的(de)闡發,亦于人們選擇理虛(xu)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao),有(you)拓擴(kuo)視野之(zhi)益。

人參、萊菔子同用

一(yi)般認(ren)為人(ren)參(can)補氣(qi)(qi)(qi),萊(lai)(lai)菔子(zi)(zi)破(po)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),一(yi)補一(yi)破(po),合用會互相抵消(xiao)其(qi)作用,故凡服(fu)(fu)人(ren)參(can)、地黃者(zhe),多忌萊(lai)(lai)菔子(zi)(zi)。但張氏認(ren)為萊(lai)(lai)菔子(zi)(zi)“乃化氣(qi)(qi)(qi)之品,非(fei)破(po)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)之品,而醫者(zhe)多謂其(qi)能破(po)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),不(bu)宜多服(fu)(fu)、久(jiu)服(fu)(fu),殊非(fei)確(que)當之論。蓋凡理氣(qi)(qi)(qi)之藥,單服(fu)(fu)久(jiu)服(fu)(fu),未有不(bu)傷(shang)(shang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)者(zhe),而萊(lai)(lai)菔子(zi)(zi)炒熟為末,每飯后移時服(fu)(fu)錢(qian)許,借以(yi)消(xiao)食順氣(qi)(qi)(qi),轉(zhuan)不(bu)傷(shang)(shang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),因其(qi)能多進飲食,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)自(zi)得其(qi)養也(ye)。若(ruo)用以(yi)除滿開(kai)郁,而以(yi)參(can)、芪、術諸藥佐之,雖多服(fu)(fu)、久(jiu)服(fu)(fu),亦(yi)何至(zhi)傷(shang)(shang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)乎。”所以(yi)他治溫病兼(jian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)虛(xu)(xu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)郁一(yi)案,在(zai)用白虎湯清熱的基(ji)礎上,加人(ren)參(can)“補其(qi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)之虛(xu)(xu),再加萊(lai)(lai)菔子(zi)(zi)更可理其(qi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)之郁也(ye)”。

此外,張氏對其(qi)(qi)他一些(xie)藥物也有特殊的(de)用法,如用連翹發汗、蟬(chan)蛻(tui)化蛆(編者按(an):疑為積)、馬錢(qian)子健(jian)胃、萊菔英解(jie)砒毒等,均罕見于其(qi)(qi)他方藥書。

本文(wen)摘自《老醫說醫③-醫林蜩(tiao)鳴》,中國中醫藥出(chu)版(ban)社出(chu)版(ban)。作者/柴中元。轉載自誦明書院

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