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烏藥是什么?

藥(yao)哥明白 2023-12-18 11:59:14

烏藥(yao)(yao)是一種(zhong)中藥(yao)(yao)材,有消炎抑(yi)菌(jun)和溫腎(shen)散(san)寒以及行氣止痛(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)功效。主要(yao)治(zhi)療腎(shen)陽(yang)不(bu)足、腹部疼(teng)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)、痛(tong)(tong)(tong)經、反(fan)胃吐(tu)食、寒疝疼(teng)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)等疾病,可以緩解(jie)身體(ti)出(chu)現的(de)(de)腹痛(tong)(tong)(tong)和嘔(ou)吐(tu)癥狀,治(zhi)療期間患者要(yao)避(bi)免吃油(you)膩(ni)性(xing)的(de)(de)食物,容(rong)易影響到藥(yao)(yao)性(xing)發(fa)揮,要(yao)避(bi)免使(shi)用(yong)一些(xie)滋補性(xing)的(de)(de)中藥(yao)(yao),使(shi)用(yong)其它藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)時(shi)需要(yao)咨詢醫生,以免食藥(yao)(yao)物產生相(xiang)互的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong),不(bu)利于身體(ti)病情的(de)(de)恢復。

【植物形態】烏藥,又名(ming):旁其(《本(ben)草拾遺》),鳑魮、矮樟(《綱目(mu)》),香(xiang)葉(xie)子樹、白葉(xie)柴(chai)、吹風散、青(qing)竹香(xiang)、錢(qian)蜞(qi)柴(chai)、錢(qian)柴(chai)頭、鹽魚子柴(chai)。

常(chang)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)灌木或小(xiao)(xiao)喬木,高達4~5米(mi)。根木質,膨大粗壯,略(lve)成念珠(zhu)狀。樹皮灰綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)。小(xiao)(xiao)枝幼(you)時(shi)密被(bei)(bei)銹色(se)短柔(rou)毛,老時(shi)平滑(hua)(hua)無毛;莖枝堅(jian)韌,不易(yi)斷。葉(xie)互(hu)生,革質,橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至廣倒卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長3~8厘米(mi),寬(kuan)1.5~5厘米(mi),先端漸尖或尾(wei)狀漸尖,基(ji)部圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或廣楔(xie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),全緣,上面綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se),有(you)光(guang)澤,除中脈(mo)外,均光(guang)滑(hua)(hua)無毛,下面灰白色(se),被(bei)(bei)淡(dan)褐色(se)長柔(rou)毛,后變(bian)光(guang)滑(hua)(hua),葉(xie)脈(mo)3條(tiao),基(ji)出,極明顯;葉(xie)柄短,有(you)短柔(rou)毛。傘形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)花序腋(ye)生,幾無總梗(geng);小(xiao)(xiao)花梗(geng)長1.5~3毫(hao)米(mi),被(bei)(bei)毛,簇生多數小(xiao)(xiao)花;花單性,雌雄(xiong)異(yi)株,黃綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se);花被(bei)(bei)6片(pian),大小(xiao)(xiao)幾相(xiang)等,廣橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),雄(xiong)花有(you)雄(xiong)蕊9枚,排成3輪,最內一輪的基(ji)部有(you)腺體(ti),花藥2室(shi);雌花有(you)退(tui)化雄(xiong)蕊多枚,子房上位,球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),1室(shi),胚(pei)珠(zhu)1枚。核果近球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),初(chu)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se),成熟后變(bian)黑色(se)。花期(qi)3~4月。果期(qi)10~11月。

生于荒山灌木林中或高草叢(cong)中陽(yang)光充足(zu)、土壤肥沃處。分布安徽、江蘇、浙(zhe)江、福建(jian)、臺灣(wan)、廣東、廣西(xi)、江西(xi)、湖(hu)北、湖(hu)南、陜西(xi)等地。

本植物的葉(烏藥葉)、果實(烏藥子)亦供藥用,各(ge)詳(xiang)專條。

廣(guang)西地區另有一種烏藥,植(zhi)物(wu)為白膠木(mu),形(xing)態與本種相(xiang)似,主(zhu)要區別(bie):其老葉(xie)下面密生金黃色或(huo)銹色貼伏(fu)柔毛(mao),有光澤。參見"千打錘"條(tiao)。

【采(cai)(cai)集(ji)】冬、春(chun)二季(ji)采(cai)(cai)挖(wa);以初夏(xia)采(cai)(cai)者(zhe)粉性大,質量好。挖(wa)取(qu)后,除去須(xu)根,洗凈曬干,商品稱(cheng)為"烏藥(yao)個"。如刮(gua)去栓皮,切(qie)片(pian),烘干者(zhe),稱(cheng)為"烏藥(yao)片(pian)"。

烏藥(yao)(yao)(Linderaaggregata(Sims)Kosterm.)為樟(zhang)(zhang)科(ke)·山胡椒屬(shu)植物(wu),英文名(ming):RootofCombinedSpicebush。別名(ming):鳑魮樹(本草(cao)綱目),銅錢樹(浙(zhe)(zhe)江、江西),天(tian)臺烏藥(yao)(yao)、斑皮(pi)(pi)柴(chai)(浙(zhe)(zhe)江),白(bai)背樹、鯽魚姜、細葉(xie)樟(zhang)(zhang)、土木(mu)香(xiang)(xiang)(江西),白(bai)葉(xie)子樹(廣東),香(xiang)(xiang)葉(xie)子(浙(zhe)(zhe)江)。為樟(zhang)(zhang)科(ke)植物(wu)烏藥(yao)(yao)Linderaaggregata(Sims)Kosterm.的(de)塊根(gen)。主產(chan)于(yu)(yu)浙(zhe)(zhe)江、安徽、江蘇、陜西等(deng)(deng)地。全年均可(ke)(ke)采挖(wa),除去細根(gen),洗凈,趁鮮切片,曬(shai)干。生用(yong)或麩(fu)炒用(yong)。【藥(yao)(yao)性】辛(xin)(xin),溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。歸(gui)肺、脾、腎、膀(bang)胱(guang)(guang)經(jing)。【功(gong)效】行(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)止痛(tong),溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)腎散(san)寒(han)(han)。【應用(yong)】1.寒(han)(han)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)滯(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)胸腹(fu)(fu)(fu)諸痛(tong)證。本品(pin)味辛(xin)(xin)行(xing)散(san),性溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)祛寒(han)(han),入肺而(er)宣(xuan)通,入脾而(er)寬中(zhong)(zhong),故(gu)能行(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)散(san)寒(han)(han)止痛(tong)。治(zhi)(zhi)胸腹(fu)(fu)(fu)脅肋悶痛(tong),常(chang)(chang)配(pei)(pei)香(xiang)(xiang)附(fu)(fu)、甘草(cao)等(deng)(deng)同用(yong),如(ru)小(xiao)烏沉(chen)湯(《和劑局方(fang)》),也(ye)可(ke)(ke)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)薤白(bai)、瓜蔞(lou)皮(pi)(pi)、延胡索等(deng)(deng)同用(yong);若治(zhi)(zhi)脘腹(fu)(fu)(fu)脹(zhang)痛(tong),可(ke)(ke)配(pei)(pei)伍木(mu)香(xiang)(xiang)、青(qing)皮(pi)(pi)、莪術等(deng)(deng),如(ru)烏藥(yao)(yao)散(san)(《圣惠(hui)方(fang)》),也(ye)可(ke)(ke)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)香(xiang)(xiang)附(fu)(fu)、木(mu)香(xiang)(xiang)、陳皮(pi)(pi)等(deng)(deng)同用(yong);治(zhi)(zhi)寒(han)(han)疝(shan)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)痛(tong),多與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)小(xiao)茴香(xiang)(xiang)、青(qing)皮(pi)(pi)、高良(liang)姜等(deng)(deng)同用(yong),如(ru)天(tian)臺烏藥(yao)(yao)散(san)(《醫學發(fa)明》);若寒(han)(han)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)滯(zhi)痛(tong)經(jing),可(ke)(ke)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)當歸(gui)、香(xiang)(xiang)附(fu)(fu)、木(mu)香(xiang)(xiang)等(deng)(deng)同用(yong),如(ru)烏藥(yao)(yao)湯(《濟(ji)陰綱目》)。2.尿頻,遺尿。本品(pin)辛(xin)(xin)散(san)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)通,入腎與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)膀(bang)胱(guang)(guang)而(er)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)腎散(san)寒(han)(han),縮尿止遺。常(chang)(chang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)益(yi)智(zhi)仁、山藥(yao)(yao)等(deng)(deng)同用(yong),治(zhi)(zhi)腎陽不足、膀(bang)胱(guang)(guang)虛冷之(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)便(bian)頻數、小(xiao)兒遺尿,如(ru)縮泉丸(wan)(《校注婦人大(da)全良(liang)方(fang)》)。【用(yong)法用(yong)量】煎服,3~9g。【古籍摘要】1.《本草(cao)衍(yan)義》:“烏藥(yao)(yao)和來氣(qi)(qi)(qi)少(shao),走(zou)泄(xie)多,但不甚(shen)剛猛,與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)沉(chen)香(xiang)(xiang)同磨作湯,治(zhi)(zhi)胸腹(fu)(fu)(fu)冷氣(qi)(qi)(qi),甚(shen)穩(wen)當。”2.《藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)化義》:“烏藥(yao)(yao),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)雄(xiong)性溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),故(gu)快氣(qi)(qi)(qi)宣(xuan)通,疏(shu)散(san)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)滯(zhi),甚(shen)于(yu)(yu)香(xiang)(xiang)附(fu)(fu)。外解(jie)表而(er)理肌,內寬中(zhong)(zhong)而(er)順氣(qi)(qi)(qi)。以之(zhi)(zhi)散(san)寒(han)(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),則(ze)客寒(han)(han)冷氣(qi)(qi)(qi)自除;驅邪氣(qi)(qi)(qi)則(ze)天(tian)行(xing)疫瘴即卻;開(kai)郁氣(qi)(qi)(qi),中(zhong)(zhong)惡腹(fu)(fu)(fu)痛(tong),胸膈脹(zhang)痛(tong),頓然可(ke)(ke)減;疏(shu)經(jing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),中(zhong)(zhong)風四肢不遂,初產(chan)血氣(qi)(qi)(qi)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)滯(zhi),漸次能通,皆藉其(qi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)雄(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)也(ye)。”3.《本草(cao)求真》:“凡一切病之(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)逆,而(er)見(jian)胸腹(fu)(fu)(fu)不快者,皆宜(yi)用(yong)此(ci)。功(gong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)木(mu)香(xiang)(xiang)、香(xiang)(xiang)附(fu)(fu)同為一類(lei)。但木(mu)香(xiang)(xiang)苦溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),入脾爽滯(zhi),每(mei)于(yu)(yu)食(shi)積(ji)則(ze)宜(yi);香(xiang)(xiang)附(fu)(fu)辛(xin)(xin)苦入肝膽二(er)經(jing),開(kai)郁散(san)結(jie),每(mei)于(yu)(yu)憂郁則(ze)妙。此(ci)則(ze)逆邪橫胸,無(wu)處不達,故(gu)用(yong)以為胸腹(fu)(fu)(fu)逆邪要藥(yao)(yao)耳(er)。”

【植(zhi)物(wu)形(xing)態】烏藥,又名:旁其(qi)(《本草拾遺》),鳑魮、矮(ai)樟(zhang)(《綱(gang)目》),香葉子(zi)樹、白(bai)葉柴(chai)、吹風散、青竹香、錢蜞柴(chai)、錢柴(chai)頭、鹽魚(yu)子(zi)柴(chai)。常綠(lv)灌木(mu)或(huo)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)喬木(mu),高(gao)達4~5米(mi)。根(gen)(gen)木(mu)質,膨大(da)粗壯,略成(cheng)念珠狀。樹皮灰綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)枝幼(you)時密(mi)被(bei)(bei)銹色(se)(se)(se)(se)短(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao)(mao),老(lao)(lao)時平滑無(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao);莖枝堅韌(ren),不易(yi)斷。葉互生(sheng),革質,橢圓形(xing)至(zhi)廣(guang)倒卵形(xing),長(chang)3~8厘米(mi),寬1.5~5厘米(mi),先端漸尖或(huo)尾狀漸尖,基部(bu)圓形(xing)或(huo)廣(guang)楔形(xing),全緣,上(shang)面綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se),有光(guang)澤,除中脈外,均光(guang)滑無(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),下(xia)面灰白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se),被(bei)(bei)淡褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)長(chang)柔毛(mao)(mao)(mao),后變光(guang)滑,葉脈3條,基出,極明顯;葉柄短(duan),有短(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao)(mao)。傘(san)形(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序腋生(sheng),幾無(wu)總梗;小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)1.5~3毫米(mi),被(bei)(bei)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),簇(cu)生(sheng)多(duo)數小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua);花(hua)(hua)(hua)單性,雌(ci)(ci)雄異株,黃綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se);花(hua)(hua)(hua)被(bei)(bei)6片,大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)幾相等(deng),廣(guang)橢圓形(xing),雄花(hua)(hua)(hua)有雄蕊(rui)9枚,排成(cheng)3輪,最內一輪的基部(bu)有腺體,花(hua)(hua)(hua)藥2室(shi);雌(ci)(ci)花(hua)(hua)(hua)有退(tui)化雄蕊(rui)多(duo)枚,子(zi)房上(shang)位,球(qiu)形(xing),1室(shi),胚珠1枚。核(he)果近(jin)球(qiu)形(xing),初(chu)綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se),成(cheng)熟后變黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)3~4月。果期(qi)10~11月。生(sheng)于荒山灌木(mu)林中或(huo)高(gao)草叢(cong)中陽光(guang)充足、土壤肥沃處。分(fen)布安徽、江(jiang)蘇、浙江(jiang)、福建(jian)、臺灣、廣(guang)東(dong)、廣(guang)西(xi)(xi)、江(jiang)西(xi)(xi)、湖北、湖南、陜西(xi)(xi)等(deng)地。本植(zhi)物(wu)的葉(烏藥葉)、果實(烏藥子(zi))亦供藥用(yong),各(ge)詳專條。廣(guang)西(xi)(xi)地區另有一種烏藥,植(zhi)物(wu)為(wei)白(bai)膠(jiao)木(mu),形(xing)態與本種相似,主要區別:其(qi)老(lao)(lao)葉下(xia)面密(mi)生(sheng)金黃色(se)(se)(se)(se)或(huo)銹色(se)(se)(se)(se)貼伏柔毛(mao)(mao)(mao),有光(guang)澤。參見"千(qian)打錘"條。【采(cai)(cai)集】冬、春二季采(cai)(cai)挖;以(yi)初(chu)夏(xia)采(cai)(cai)者粉性大(da),質量(liang)好(hao)。挖取(qu)后,除去須根(gen)(gen),洗凈曬干(gan),商品稱為(wei)"烏藥個"。如刮(gua)去栓皮,切(qie)片,烘(hong)干(gan)者,稱為(wei)"烏藥片"。

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