1、整形 修剪(jian)定(ding)植后2年內要基本完成整形(xing)(xing)修剪(jian)工作(zuo),形(xing)(xing)成豐產(chan)樹形(xing)(xing)。金銀花是木質藤(teng)本植物,生長量大,易(yi)于整形(xing)(xing)。生產(chan)上適(shi)用的有干(gan)墩式圓頭形(xing)(xing)、匍匐式扇(shan)狀形(xing)(xing)、籬架式三主枝(zhi)扇(shan)狀形(xing)(xing)等3種樹形(xing)(xing)。
一是干墩式圓頭形修剪。定植后(hou)苗木及時打頂去尖,新梢萌(meng)發后(hou)留(liu)一(yi)個梢作主干培(pei)養其余抹(mo)除,主干培(pei)養枝長(chang)至60厘米長(chang)時打頂促分(fen)(fen)枝,力爭培(pei)養出(chu)三四健壯分(fen)(fen)枝,50厘米以下主干上的萌(meng)發枝要全部抹(mo)除,促其增粗(cu)直立(li)成墩(dun),在(zai)前3年(nian)培(pei)養主干期間,應當依(yi)次(ci)進行新枝打頂促分(fen)(fen)枝,向四周(zhou)分(fen)(fen)枝擴展(zhan),形成上小下大,內(nei)空外圓的傘狀圓頭(tou)形樹(shu)形。干墩(dun)式圓頭(tou)形是當前金銀花的主要樹(shu)形之一(yi)。
二是匍匐式扇狀整形。定植后,新(xin)梢(shao)萌(meng)發留一(yi)個(ge)枝(zhi)作主干培養,當其長(chang)至(zhi)60厘(li)米長(chang)時及時打頂促(cu)分(fen)枝(zhi)。打頂后新(xin)梢(shao)萌(meng)發時,主干部分(fen)50厘(li)米以下新(xin)梢(shao)全部抹(mo)除,50厘(li)米以上兩側各留一(yi)個(ge)新(xin)梢(shao)作副主枝(zhi)培養,先端新(xin)梢(shao)讓其作主枝(zhi)繼續延(yan)長(chang)生(sheng)長(chang)。以后三枝(zhi)每長(chang)至(zhi)60厘(li)米打頂一(yi)次,培養2個(ge)分(fen)枝(zhi),逐漸形成一(yi)主兩副多(duo)分(fen)枝(zhi)的三蔓(man)式扇狀(zhuang)樹形。本樹形適用于陡坡、山腳地、梯壁下等可匍匐爬行生(sheng)長(chang)的條件。
三是籬架式扇狀整形。本樹形的整形方法(fa)、步(bu)驟同(tong)匍匐式(shi)扇狀整形。所不同(tong)的是有(you)籬架爬附,枝條水平(ping)綁縛(fu)或扇狀綁縛(fu)在籬架之上,樹體直立(li)向空間發展,通風透光良好,具有(you)更大的生產能力(li),是優質(zhi)高產規范栽培的主要樹形。
2、維持修剪。維(wei)(wei)(wei)持(chi)(chi)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是整個投產期內(nei)調節(jie)植(zhi)株(zhu)營(ying)養(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖關系的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)手段。在一(yi)定的(de)(de)栽培(pei)條件下,通過修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),可(ke)達到控(kong)制樹(shu)冠(guan)、穩(wen)定產量(liang)、改善光照、減少(shao)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)、提(ti)高品質的(de)(de)目的(de)(de),維(wei)(wei)(wei)持(chi)(chi)樹(shu)體的(de)(de)正常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命活(huo)動,最大限度地延長樹(shu)體經濟生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長年限。維(wei)(wei)(wei)持(chi)(chi)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)強(qiang)度以(yi)輕(qing)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為主;修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)方式以(yi)疏剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為主,刪(shan)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為次,適當短(duan)截;修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)對象(xiang)為病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)枝、干(gan)(gan)枯枝、密生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)枝、重疊枝、衰老枝等(deng)(deng),即剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)去(qu)(qu)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)枯枝、疏除密生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)枝、重疊枝,刪(shan)去(qu)(qu)無(wu)用大枝、短(duan)截部分(fen)衰老枝。維(wei)(wei)(wei)持(chi)(chi)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)去(qu)(qu)留(liu)原則是去(qu)(qu)弱留(liu)強(qiang),去(qu)(qu)密留(liu)稀,去(qu)(qu)上留(liu)下,去(qu)(qu)內(nei)留(liu)外。修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時間因修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)對象(xiang)不(bu)同而(er)不(bu)同,修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)枝、干(gan)(gan)枯枝結合清園于初冬進行,修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)枝于2月下旬(xun)至3月上旬(xun)進行,抹芽(ya)、疏梢、摘心等(deng)(deng)夏季修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)根據需要(yao)隨時進行。
3、更新修剪。植(zhi)株生長達到(dao)一定年限或受不(bu)良(liang)(liang)栽培條件(jian)的影響(xiang),出(chu)現植(zhi)株衰老(lao)、產(chan)量下降(jiang)、品(pin)質變劣等不(bu)良(liang)(liang)狀(zhuang)態(tai)時(shi),應進(jin)行更(geng)(geng)新(xin)(xin)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)。更(geng)(geng)新(xin)(xin)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)于(yu)3月上中旬進(jin)行。金銀花(hua)更(geng)(geng)新(xin)(xin)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)以回(hui)縮更(geng)(geng)新(xin)(xin)為主,將副主枝(zhi)上的各級(ji)枝(zhi)梢(shao)(shao)(shao)回(hui)縮到(dao)有自然更(geng)(geng)新(xin)(xin)枝(zhi)出(chu)現的節位,無自然更(geng)(geng)新(xin)(xin)枝(zhi)出(chu)現的植(zhi)株回(hui)縮到(dao)副主枝(zhi)發(fa)側枝(zhi)的節位。特別(bie)指(zhi)出(chu),更(geng)(geng)新(xin)(xin)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)必須以良(liang)(liang)好的肥(fei)水管(guan)理(li)為前提才能有效;更(geng)(geng)新(xin)(xin)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)后(hou)應搞好主干主枝(zhi)刷白和傷口涂藥(yao)(石硫合劑等),加強樹體(ti)保護;修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)后(hou)新(xin)(xin)梢(shao)(shao)(shao)萌(meng)發(fa)時(shi)應加強疏梢(shao)(shao)(shao)、定梢(shao)(shao)(shao)、摘心等枝(zhi)梢(shao)(shao)(shao)管(guan)理(li)工作(zuo),促進(jin)新(xin)(xin)樹形(xing)的快速形(xing)成。
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