詩詞研究·詩之(zhi)時空辨(bian)析

詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)詠唱自(zi)然與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)榮衰興替，體(ti)現著(zhu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)觀念。詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)意(yi)(yi)象(xiang)以(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)為存(cun)(cun)在(zai)條件。空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)較具體(ti)，直接(jie)訴(su)諸(zhu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)感官;時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)則(ze)較抽象(xiang)，往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)借空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)來(lai)(lai)表達。海(hai)外學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)中(zhong)國時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點、時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)、以(yi)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依存(cun)(cun)關(guan)系，均(jun)多(duo)所(suo)探討(tao)。(一(yi))中(zhong)國詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)觀。香港學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)何冠驥認為，詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)受宗教和哲學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)相信(xin)萬事(shi)萬物依照(zhao)循環模式而(er)運行(xing)，時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)亦周而(er)復(fu)(fu)始，或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)相信(xin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)稍(shao)縱即(ji)逝(shi)(shi)，一(yi)去(qu)不(bu)返。中(zhong)國詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)對(dui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)流逝(shi)(shi)，每(mei)每(mei)流露出(chu)哀(ai)(ai)傷(shang)(shang)與(yu)悲觀心情。“此情可(ke)待成(cheng)(cheng)追憶，只(zhi)是當時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)已惘然”(李(li)(li)商隱(yin)《錦瑟》)，嘆息(xi)過(guo)去(qu)不(bu)堪回首;“舊時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)王(wang)謝堂前燕，飛人(ren)(ren)(ren)尋(xun)常(chang)(chang)(chang)百姓家”(劉禹錫《烏衣巷》)，哀(ai)(ai)痛今昔滄桑之(zhi)變;而(er)《將進酒》(李(li)(li)白)之(zhi)類，則(ze)在(zai)傷(shang)(shang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)馀，提倡借酒澆(jiao)愁(chou)，及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)樂(le)，求得暫時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)解脫。至于(yu)未(wei)來(lai)(lai)，詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也感到(dao)微(wei)茫難測：“海(hai)外徒聞更九州，他生(sheng)(sheng)未(wei)卜此生(sheng)(sheng)休”(李(li)(li)商隱(yin)《馬嵬》)。這些喟嘆與(yu)西方(fang)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)大異其(qi)趣，如(ru)(ru)華滋華斯視(shi)往(wang)(wang)昔為歡(huan)樂(le)，雪(xue)萊寄幸福(fu)于(yu)老年(nian)、甚(shen)至死亡(wang)。中(zhong)國也有(you)少數詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)完全投入自(zi)然而(er)超脫時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)羈絆，如(ru)(ru)陶(tao)潛(qian)、王(wang)維(wei)(《中(zhong)英(ying)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)觀念》，載《中(zhong)外文(wen)學(xue)(xue)》第(di)10卷第(di)7期)。(二)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)中(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)意(yi)(yi)識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)。美(mei)籍華裔學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)陳世驤認為，在(zai)先秦“時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”字(zi)含義非(fei)一(yi)，或(huo)作“是”解，或(huo)指季節、時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)機、場(chang)合(he)。惟(wei)在(zai)屈賦之(zhi)中(zhong)，它明確等(deng)同(tong)于(yu)現代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”概念。《離騷》多(duo)用(yong)“朝”、“夕”、“日(ri)”、“月”、“春”、“秋”、“年(nian)”、“歲”等(deng)字(zi)眼兒，以(yi)無窮(qiong)而(er)流動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，描寫(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)如(ru)(ru)寄，萬物不(bu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)，并體(ti)現詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)無畏地(di)抗爭，欲在(zai)須臾人(ren)(ren)(ren)世尋(xun)找一(yi)個安身立命(ming)之(zhi)所(suo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追求。“詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”即(ji)如(ru)(ru)此誕生(sheng)(sheng)出(chu)來(lai)(lai)，它經(jing)過(guo)抗爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洗禮而(er)得純化，其(qi)特征(zheng)已被鑄(zhu)造成(cheng)(cheng)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)意(yi)(yi)象(xiang)(《論時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：屈賦發微(wei)》，載《清華學(xue)(xue)報》1973年(nian)6月)。(三)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)展望方(fang)式。美(mei)國學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)劉若愚認為，中(zhong)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)三種(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)展望方(fang)式，即(ji)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、歷史(shi)(shi)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和宇(yu)(yu)宙(zhou)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。個人(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)展望如(ru)(ru)賀知章《回鄉偶書》，常(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)涉及(ji)房舍、花園(yuan)、道(dao)路等(deng)意(yi)(yi)象(xiang);歷史(shi)(shi)性(xing)展望如(ru)(ru)陶(tao)潛(qian)《詠荊軻(ke)》，常(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)涉及(ji)城市、宮(gong)殿、廢墟等(deng)意(yi)(yi)象(xiang);宇(yu)(yu)宙(zhou)性(xing)展望如(ru)(ru)李(li)(li)賀《浩歌(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)》，常(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)涉及(ji)河(he)流、山(shan)(shan)岳、星(xing)辰等(deng)意(yi)(yi)象(xiang)。也有(you)兩(liang)兩(liang)結(jie)合(he)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，如(ru)(ru)杜甫《旅夜書懷》、駱賓王(wang)《渡易水(shui)送別(bie)(bie)》，或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)全部結(jie)合(he)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，如(ru)(ru)李(li)(li)白《夜泊牛渚懷古(gu)》(《中(zhong)國詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)、我》，載1979年(nian)《中(zhong)國哲學(xue)(xue)報》)。(四)巧妙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)瞬間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。美(mei)國學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)傅(fu)漢(han)思(Hans H.Frankel)認為，中(zhong)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)一(yi)種(zhong)對(dui)照(zhao)連續(xu)事(shi)件而(er)不(bu)依次敘(xu)寫(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊手(shou)法。詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)只(zhi)須占一(yi)恰當位置，無須置身于(yu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)之(zhi)流，便可(ke)達到(dao)既瞻前又顧后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。王(wang)維(wei)《田園(yuan)樂(le)》(之(zhi)六(liu))“桃紅復(fu)(fu)含宿雨，柳綠更帶春煙(yan)。花落家童未(wei)掃，鶯啼山(shan)(shan)客(ke)猶(you)眠”，即(ji)是一(yi)例。詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)日(ri)與(yu)夜、雨與(yu)晴、枝頭(tou)著(zhu)花與(yu)花瓣飄落、敗英(ying)落地(di)與(yu)掃去(qu)殘花、以(yi)及(ji)山(shan)(shan)客(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眠與(yu)醒，兩(liang)種(zhong)因素相映成(cheng)(cheng)趣。詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)瞬間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)因依附過(guo)去(qu)曾有(you)但未(wei)得延(yan)續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)物，展望必(bi)將發生(sheng)(sheng)卻尚未(wei)來(lai)(lai)臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情，而(er)維(wei)持著(zhu)過(guo)去(qu)與(yu)將來(lai)(lai)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精巧平衡(heng)(《梅花與(yu)宮(gong)女》，紐黑文(wen)、倫敦，1976)。(五)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)轉化。古(gu)添洪認為，感官對(dui)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)特別(bie)(bie)敏銳，而(er)心靈則(ze)可(ke)體(ti)驗時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)。“秦時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)明月漢(han)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)關(guan)”句中(zhong)，“明月”和“關(guan)”指明詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)處(chu)(chu)現實(shi)，它們(men)占有(you)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，卻又聯系著(zhu)歷史(shi)(shi)，空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)遂置入時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)之(zhi)流。這一(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)交互作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)象(xiang)，具有(you)物是人(ren)(ren)(ren)非(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)感(《寫(xie)實(shi)心態與(yu)即(ji)物手(shou)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統(tong)》，載《比較詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)·現代(dai)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》，臺北，1976)。劉若愚也認為時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)均(jun)可(ke)借對(dui)方(fang)來(lai)(lai)表達。如(ru)(ru)“行(xing)到(dao)水(shui)窮(qiong)處(chu)(chu)，坐看云(yun)起時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”(王(wang)維(wei)《終南別(bie)(bie)業》)句，“處(chu)(chu)”字(zi)使行(xing)到(dao)水(shui)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)化，“時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”字(zi)使人(ren)(ren)(ren)、云(yun)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)關(guan)系時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)化(出(chu)處(chu)(chu)同(tong)上)。

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聲明： 我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)致力(li)于(yu)(yu)保(bao)護作(zuo)者版權(quan)，注重分(fen)享，被刊用文(wen)章因無(wu)法核實真實出處，未能及時與作(zuo)者取(qu)得聯系，或(huo)有版權(quan)異(yi)議的(de)，請(qing)聯系管(guan)理員，我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)會立即處理，本站部分(fen)文(wen)字(zi)與圖片資源來(lai)自于(yu)(yu)網絡(luo)，轉載是出于(yu)(yu)傳遞更多信(xin)息之(zhi)目的(de),若有來(lai)源標注錯誤或(huo)侵犯了您的(de)合法權(quan)益(yi)，請(qing)立即通知我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(管(guan)理員郵(you)箱(xiang)：)，情況屬實，我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)會第一時間予以刪除，并同時向您表示歉(qian)意,謝謝!

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