三、 《左傳》敘戰(zhan)言事相(xiang)兼,屬辭(ci)有序(xu)
《漢書(shu)·藝文志》稱“左(zuo)(zuo)史(shi)記(ji)言(yan)(yan),右(you)史(shi)記(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi);事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)《春秋》,言(yan)(yan)為(wei)尚書(shu)”。夷考其實(shi),不必皆然:“古(gu)人事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)見(jian)于言(yan)(yan),言(yan)(yan)以為(wei)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),未嘗(chang)分事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)言(yan)(yan)為(wei)二物也。”章學(xue)誠《文史(shi)通義(yi)·書(shu)教上》論辨之(zhi),極明。唐劉知(zhi)幾《史(shi)通·載言(yan)(yan)》,早已發現《左(zuo)(zuo)傳》之(zhi)為(wei)書(shu),“言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)與事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),同在《傳》中”。而且推(tui)崇此種表述(shu)方式,“言(yan)(yan)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)兼,煩省合理(li)。故使讀者尋繹不倦,覽(lan)諷忘疲”。敘事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),為(wei)古(gu)《春秋》之(zhi)成法。然單一(yi)直(zhi)書(shu)史(shi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),不免直(zhi)率乏味,故《尚書(shu)》雖(sui)號稱記(ji)言(yan)(yan),然典謨(mo)諸篇記(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),而言(yan)(yan)亦(yi)具焉;訓誥諸什記(ji)言(yan)(yan),而事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亦(yi)雜(za)見(jian)。《左(zuo)(zuo)傳》以敘事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)主,又雜(za)以記(ji)言(yan)(yan),言(yan)(yan)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)互輝映(ying),其引人入(ru)勝(sheng)或在于此。
自《春秋(qiu)》載記(ji),純(chun)粹記(ji)事(shi)(shi);《左(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)》以(yi)史傳經,兼(jian)用記(ji)言(yan)(yan),故劉知(zhi)幾《史通(tong)》稱:“《左(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)》為(wei)書(shu),不遵(zun)古法(fa)。”由(you)單(dan)一(yi)記(ji)事(shi)(shi),衍(yan)變為(wei)兼(jian)采記(ji)言(yan)(yan),于是(shi)發展為(wei)歷(li)史敘(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi),蓋從內史掌理敘(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)而(er)來(《周禮(li)·春官宗伯·內史》)。《史通(tong)》立有(you)“敘(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi)”專(zhuan)篇,中言(yan)(yan):“敘(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti),其(qi)(qi)別(bie)有(you)四:有(you)直紀其(qi)(qi)才行者,有(you)唯書(shu)其(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)跡者,有(you)因言(yan)(yan)語而(er)可(ke)(ke)知(zhi)者,有(you)假贊論(lun)而(er)自見者。”換(huan)言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),凡敘(xu)(xu)才行、書(shu)事(shi)(shi)跡;記(ji)言(yan)(yan)語、假贊論(lun)者,皆可(ke)(ke)統(tong)名為(wei)敘(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi)。今就言(yan)(yan)事(shi)(shi)相兼(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)視角,論(lun)《左(zuo)(zuo)傳》敘(xu)(xu)晉楚城濮(pu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰,分二方面述說之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):一(yi)曰借言(yan)(yan)記(ji)事(shi)(shi),寓論(lun)斷于敘(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi);二曰擬言(yan)(yan)代言(yan)(yan),妙傳人情事(shi)(shi)勢。左(zuo)(zuo)氏(shi)臨文之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際,或(huo)(huo)敘(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi),或(huo)(huo)記(ji)言(yan)(yan),或(huo)(huo)言(yan)(yan)事(shi)(shi)相兼(jian),依違之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際,自以(yi)取義為(wei)依歸,而(er)有(you)或(huo)(huo)取或(huo)(huo)舍,或(huo)(huo)筆(bi)或(huo)(huo)削之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)法(fa)。于是(shi)《左(zuo)(zuo)傳》敘(xu)(xu)戰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬辭有(you)序,亦由(you)此(ci)可(ke)(ke)見。
(一) 借(jie)言記事(shi),寓(yu)論斷于敘事(shi)
對(dui)話(hua)(hua),作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)種表意方式,或刻劃人(ren)物才情,或推動情節(jie)(jie)發展,可(ke)以(yi)替代說明解(jie)(jie)釋(shi),統理枝節(jie)(jie)瑣(suo)碎(sui)。《左傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》以(yi)歷(li)史敘(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)《春秋》,其(qi)“言(yan)(yan)(yan)事(shi)(shi)(shi)相兼,煩省合理”,深得《史通(tong)(tong)》所推崇。《左傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》對(dui)話(hua)(hua)美妙處,在以(yi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan)(yan)為(wei)敘(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。其(qi)中最(zui)大(da)宗、最(zui)美妙者(zhe),莫如借言(yan)(yan)(yan)記(ji)(ji)(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。《左傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》固以(yi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)主,然又(you)不時參伍(wu)記(ji)(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan)(yan)、穿(chuan)插對(dui)話(hua)(hua),于(yu)是姿態橫生,文(wen)情活活潑(po)潑(po)。如戰前(qian),敘(xu)晉(jin)國“作(zuo)三軍(jun),謀元帥”,于(yu)是接續(xu)趙衰推薦郤縠“說禮樂而(er)(er)敦詩書(shu)”一(yi)番言(yan)(yan)(yan)論,見郤縠之(zhi)(zhi)堪將中軍(jun),此《史通(tong)(tong)》所謂因(yin)言(yan)(yan)(yan)語(yu)而(er)(er)可(ke)知者(zhe)。晉(jin)文(wen)公急于(yu)求戰,始入(ru)而(er)(er)教其(qi)民,因(yin)“欲用之(zhi)(zhi)”“將用之(zhi)(zhi)”“可(ke)矣(yi)乎”,而(er)(er)引發與子(zi)犯之(zhi)(zhi)三次答問。以(yi)有(you)(you)血有(you)(you)肉之(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)話(hua)(hua),替代沉(chen)悶單(dan)調之(zhi)(zhi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi),且有(you)(you)助于(yu)推動史事(shi)(shi)(shi)情節(jie)(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)發展。《左傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》敘(xu)楚成(cheng)王“使子(zi)玉(yu)去(qu)宋”,下接“無從晉(jin)師(shi)”云云,為(wei)后文(wen)敘(xu)“王怒(nu),少與之(zhi)(zhi)師(shi)”作(zuo)張本。如此敘(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi),不但書(shu)其(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)跡,又(you)紀其(qi)才性,借言(yan)(yan)(yan)記(ji)(ji)(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi),堪稱曲折有(you)(you)味。“楚師(shi)背酅而(er)(er)舍,晉(jin)侯患之(zhi)(zhi)”,于(yu)是綴以(yi)輿(yu)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)誦、子(zi)犯與欒貞子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)安慰語(yu)、激勵語(yu),亦言(yan)(yan)(yan)事(shi)(shi)(shi)相兼,煩省合理。子(zi)玉(yu)不予河(he)神瓊(qiong)弁玉(yu)纓(ying),榮黃二諫,二“弗聽”下,各接續(xu)一(yi)段對(dui)話(hua)(hua),不惟紀其(qi)才行,書(shu)其(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)跡,亦皆因(yin)言(yan)(yan)(yan)語(yu)而(er)(er)可(ke)知。傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)神阿堵,盡在記(ji)(ji)(ji)言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)妙。
清(qing)顧炎武(wu)(wu)《日知錄》卷二(er)十(shi)六曾言(yan):“古人作史(shi)(shi),有不(bu)待(dai)論(lun)(lun)(lun)斷(duan)(duan)(duan),而于(yu)(yu)序(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)即見(jian)其(qi)指者(zhe)(zhe),惟太史(shi)(shi)公(gong)能(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)舉《史(shi)(shi)記》《漢書》七(qi)則文(wen)(wen)例,以(yi)見(jian)“史(shi)(shi)家(jia)于(yu)(yu)序(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)寓(yu)論(lun)(lun)(lun)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法。《史(shi)(shi)》《漢》二(er)書固(gu)然妙(miao)用此(ci)能(neng),筆(bi)者(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)為(wei),《左傳(chuan)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敘(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)講究此(ci)法,亦略無遜(xun)色。如《左傳(chuan)》敘(xu)(xu)晉楚(chu)城濮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰,凸顯晉軍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵法韜略,林紓《左傳(chuan)擷華》所謂(wei)“上(shang)下成謀(mou)”者(zhe)(zhe),多(duo)(duo)在借(jie)言(yan)記事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。顧炎武(wu)(wu)所謂(wei)“于(yu)(yu)序(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)寓(yu)論(lun)(lun)(lun)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)”,即此(ci)是(shi)(shi)也。如先(xian)(xian)軫(zhen)說為(wei)何(he)而戰:“報施、救患、取威、定(ding)霸,于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)乎在!”狐(hu)偃論(lun)(lun)(lun)如何(he)而戰,在攻其(qi)必救。晉文(wen)(wen)公(gong)問(wen):“我欲(yu)戰矣,齊秦(qin)未可,若之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何(he)?”先(xian)(xian)軫(zhen)答以(yi)賂誘齊秦(qin),借(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)告楚(chu);出(chu)(chu)(chu)謀(mou)劃策(ce),可謂(wei)能(neng)多(duo)(duo)算而多(duo)(duo)勝矣。不(bu)但敘(xu)(xu)才情(qing),亦書事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)跡,不(bu)止于(yu)(yu)記言(yan)語而已(yi)。楚(chu)子玉提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)復(fu)衛(wei)(wei)封(feng)曹(cao)條件,堪稱(cheng)犀利,子犯、先(xian)(xian)軫(zhen)一番辯難后,先(xian)(xian)軫(zhen)反客為(wei)主,“私許(xu)復(fu)曹(cao)衛(wei)(wei)”;翻轉三怨(yuan)為(wei)三施,于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)曹(cao)衛(wei)(wei)告絕于(yu)(yu)楚(chu)。“上(shang)兵伐謀(mou),其(qi)次(ci)伐交”,種(zhong)種(zhong)韜略論(lun)(lun)(lun)斷(duan)(duan)(duan),亦多(duo)(duo)經由借(jie)言(yan)記事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)表出(chu)(chu)(chu)。晉軍作出(chu)(chu)(chu)退避三舍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軍事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)冒險(xian),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有謀(mou)有計,多(duo)(duo)借(jie)子犯回(hui)應軍吏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問(wen),曲折巧(qiao)妙(miao)道出(chu)(chu)(chu),不(bu)止為(wei)報楚(chu)惠(hui)、完承(cheng)諾而已(yi)。凡此(ci),多(duo)(duo)可于(yu)(yu)敘(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),即見(jian)其(qi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)指義。《左傳(chuan)》敘(xu)(xu)戰,雖(sui)出(chu)(chu)(chu)謀(mou)劃策(ce)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)玄妙(miao),讀(du)者(zhe)(zhe)猶(you)能(neng)“尋繹不(bu)倦,覽諷忘(wang)疲(pi)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)兼,能(neng)于(yu)(yu)敘(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)帶出(chu)(chu)(chu)論(lun)(lun)(lun)斷(duan)(duan)(duan),自有關系(xi)。清(qing)沈德潛論(lun)(lun)(lun)詩,以(yi)為(wei)貴有理趣(qu),忌諱理障。若移以(yi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)文(wen)(wen),又何(he)嘗不(bu)然?
(二) 擬言代(dai)言,妙(miao)傳人(ren)情事勢(shi)
司(si)馬遷《史(shi)記·十二(er)諸侯年(nian)表(biao)序》稱孔子編(bian)次《春(chun)秋》:“去其煩重,約其辭(ci)文(wen),以制義(yi)法(fa)。”史(shi)料文(wen)獻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)取或(huo)舍,或(huo)筆(bi)或(huo)削既已初定(ding),促成骨骼生(sheng)血生(sheng)肉(rou),進(jin)而氣(qi)運(yun)神行者,莫過于(yu)約文(wen)屬(shu)辭(ci)。氣(qi)與(yu)骨潛藏于(yu)內,辭(ci)與(yu)文(wen)表(biao)露(lu)于(yu)外。故孔子纂作《春(chun)秋》,主(zhu)要在修其辭(ci),晉(jin)徐邈所(suo)謂“事(shi)(shi)仍本史(shi),而辭(ci)有損益”;錢(qian)(qian)穆《中國史(shi)學名著·春(chun)秋》所(suo)謂“由事(shi)(shi)來(lai)定(ding)辭(ci),由辭(ci)來(lai)見事(shi)(shi)”,辭(ci)文(wen)實(shi)為表(biao)義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)關鍵媒介(jie)。宋胡安國《春(chun)秋傳·進(jin)表(biao)·綱領》稱:仲尼因事(shi)(shi)而屬(shu)辭(ci),學者即詞以觀(guan)義(yi)。錢(qian)(qian)鐘書謂:“《春(chun)秋》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書法(fa),實(shi)即文(wen)章之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)修詞”(《管(guan)錐編(bian)·全后漢文(wen)卷一》),言語、文(wen)辭(ci),為事(shi)(shi)與(yu)義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)托,良有以也。
《春秋》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書法,無異于(yu)文章(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)修辭學,此(ci)就屬(shu)辭約(yue)文之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)表(biao)層(ceng)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(張(zhang)高評《文章(zhang)修辭與〈春秋〉書法》,《中(zhong)國經(jing)學》第十(shi)九輯)。若(ruo)更深層(ceng)論,約(yue)文屬(shu)辭又多綺交于(yu)其(qi)事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比次,脈注于(yu)一(yi)篇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)取義。因此(ci),對(dui)(dui)于(yu)《左(zuo)傳(chuan)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)記言,錢鐘(zhong)書《管錐編(bian)》以(yi)為:“實乃擬(ni)言代言,謂(wei)是后世(shi)小說、院本中(zhong)對(dui)(dui)話、賓白之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)椎輪草創,未遽過也(ye)。”史傳(chuan)敘事(shi)傳(chuan)人所以(yi)傳(chuan)神(shen)美(mei)妙(miao),錢鐘(zhong)書以(yi)為:
史家追(zhui)敘真(zhen)人(ren)實事(shi),每(mei)須遙體人(ren)情,懸想(xiang)事(shi)勢,設身局中,潛心腔內,忖之(zhi)度(du)之(zhi),以揣以摩(mo),庶幾入情合理。蓋與小說、院(yuan)本之(zhi)臆造人(ren)物,虛構境(jing)地,不盡(jin)同而可相通;記(ji)言特其一(yi)端。(《管錐編(bian)·左傳正義·杜預序(xu)》)
《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》以(yi)歷(li)史(shi)敘(xu)事(shi)(shi)方式(shi),解說孔子《春秋》經,敘(xu)事(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際,既(ji)要“遙體人(ren)(ren)情,懸想(xiang)事(shi)(shi)勢(shi)(shi)”,以(yi)求客觀(guan)論(lun)世;又得(de)(de)“設身(shen)局中,潛心(xin)腔內”,以(yi)便如(ru)實(shi)知(zhi)人(ren)(ren)。故(gu)《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》敘(xu)事(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)人(ren)(ren),不(bu)得(de)(de)不(bu)發揮歷(li)史(shi)想(xiang)象,甚至(zhi)于(yu)近(jin)乎文(wen)學想(xiang)象,“忖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)揣(chuai)以(yi)摩”,慘(can)淡經營之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)路(lu)歷(li)程自不(bu)可少。代遠年荒,事(shi)(shi)非身(shen)經目歷(li),欲追述(shu)示現(xian)歷(li)史(shi)場景,真(zhen)是談何容易。《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》敘(xu)事(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)人(ren)(ren),出(chu)(chu)于(yu)擬言代言者,每多能(neng)(neng)妙(miao)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)人(ren)(ren)情,再現(xian)事(shi)(shi)勢(shi)(shi)。晉文(wen)公志(zhi)在求霸(ba),“出(chu)(chu)谷戍,釋宋(song)圍(wei)”二事(shi)(shi),只是“得(de)(de)志(zhi)于(yu)諸(zhu)侯”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)必(bi)要步(bu)驟與手段。其(qi)壯志(zhi)企圖,《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》借先(xian)軫曰“報施、救患(huan)、取威、定霸(ba)”八(ba)字代言,如(ru)實(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)真(zhen)。《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》敘(xu)晉文(wen)公為君,乃“天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)啟”,“天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)置”,“天將興之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),誰能(neng)(neng)廢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”;天命不(bu)可違(wei),“違(wei)天必(bi)有(you)大(da)咎”。為傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)達此一(yi)天道史(shi)觀(guan),《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》于(yu)《晉公子重耳(er)出(chu)(chu)亡》篇,既(ji)已借僖(xi)負(fu)羈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妻、鄭叔(shu)詹、楚(chu)成王(wang)代言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),城濮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰再請出(chu)(chu)楚(chu)成王(wang)作第二次代言。楚(chu)成王(wang)真(zhen)知(zhi)晉文(wen)公,亦極(ji)明大(da)勢(shi)(shi),故(gu)左(zuo)氏借楚(chu)成王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)口(kou),以(yi)體現(xian)《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》天命有(you)歸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象征式(shi)敘(xu)事(shi)(shi)。推而廣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》敘(xu)戰,有(you)極(ji)明確之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資鑒史(shi)觀(guan),多假(jia)城濮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰諸(zhu)歷(li)史(shi)人(ren)(ren)物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)口(kou)曲曲傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)出(chu)(chu),要皆(jie)代言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妙(miao)者。
代(dai)言,為替代(dai)史(shi)家發(fa)言抒論。擬(ni)言,則模(mo)擬(ni)歷史(shi)人物之(zhi)聲(sheng)(sheng)情謦欬。晉(jin)文公既然志在求霸,故處(chu)心(xin)(xin)積(ji)慮(lv)(lv)促成一(yi)戰(zhan),《左(zuo)傳》城濮之(zhi)戰(zhan),傳寫其聲(sheng)(sheng)情,一(yi)則曰(yue):“可矣乎?”再則曰(yue):“我欲戰(zhan)矣,齊秦(qin)未可,若之(zhi)何(he)?”三則曰(yue):“若楚(chu)惠何(he)?”四則曰(yue):“少(shao)長有(you)禮,其可用也(ye)!”其企圖、激(ji)進、焦(jiao)慮(lv)(lv)、矛盾(dun)、患(huan)得患(huan)失(shi),由(you)此可見(jian)。迨子玉兵敗自殺,晉(jin)侯(hou)然后喜(xi)(xi)(xi)形于色,曰(yue):“莫(mo)余毒也(ye)已!”城濮雖勝,子玉雖敗,晉(jin)文之(zhi)忐忑憂慮(lv)(lv)猶在;待確(que)認子玉已亡,晉(jin)文心(xin)(xin)中塊(kuai)壘方才放(fang)下(xia)。《左(zuo)傳》揣摩(mo)晉(jin)文當(dang)下(xia)喜(xi)(xi)(xi)悅心(xin)(xin)情,擬(ni)言“莫(mo)余毒也(ye)已!”從此天下(xia)無敵,有(you)喜(xi)(xi)(xi)聲(sheng)(sheng)傳出(chu)。
左氏揣摩忖度楚令尹子玉之才德性情,堪稱傳神妙肖。如子玉使伯棼請戰,曰:“非敢必有功也,愿以間執讒慝之口!”輕佻躁進,剛而無禮可見。子玉使宛春告于晉師曰:“請復衛而封曹,臣亦釋宋之圍!”子玉一言而定三國之策,先發制人,而不制于人。其于兵謀之雄杰圓融如此,良非無才寡識者可比。子玉使斗勃請戰,曰:“請與君之士戲,君憑軾而觀之,得臣與寓目焉!”挑釁戲弄,草菅民命,出以《左氏》擬言,主帥驕兵輕敵如此,安能不敗?《左傳》敘寫楚令尹子玉“以若教之六卒將中軍,曰今日必無晉矣!”輕敵驕兵,為兵家之大忌,《老子》不云乎:“禍莫大于輕(qing)敵!”子玉(yu)之(zhi)輕(qing)敵躁進,《左氏》擬寫其心曲,模擬其口(kou)吻,放言(yan):“今日必無晉矣(yi)!”目無余子,師心自用(yong)之(zhi)形(xing)象,如在目前。晉齊(qi)鞌之(zhi)戰(zhan),《左傳(chuan)》敘齊(qi)頃公(gong)稱(cheng):“余姑翦滅此而后朝(chao)食!”與此有異曲同工之(zhi)妙。
四、 《左傳》敘(xu)戰原始要終,比事有(you)法
古者,凡載事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)史,皆名(ming)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》。古《春(chun)秋(qiu)》有其記(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)法(fa),所謂(wei)“爰始(shi)要終,本(ben)末悉昭”者是(劉師(shi)培《古春(chun)秋(qiu)記(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)法(fa)考(kao)(kao)》)。載事(shi)(shi)(shi)既有書法(fa),故即事(shi)(shi)(shi)可以(yi)(yi)考(kao)(kao)義(yi)(yi)。南宋趙(zhao)鵬飛《春(chun)秋(qiu)經筌》卷三稱:“《春(chun)秋(qiu)》雖因文(wen)(wen)以(yi)(yi)見義(yi)(yi),然不(bu)稽(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),則文(wen)(wen)不(bu)顯;茍徒訓其文(wen)(wen),而不(bu)考(kao)(kao)其事(shi)(shi)(shi),吾未見其得《經》意(yi)也。”唯有稽(ji)事(shi)(shi)(shi)、考(kao)(kao)事(shi)(shi)(shi),方能求(qiu)得經義(yi)(yi)。故元趙(zhao)汸《春(chun)秋(qiu)師(shi)說(shuo)》謂(wei):“《春(chun)秋(qiu)》本(ben)是記(ji)載之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書,學者當考(kao)(kao)據(ju)事(shi)(shi)(shi)實,以(yi)(yi)求(qiu)圣人(ren)筆削之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旨。”明湛(zhan)若(ruo)水《春(chun)秋(qiu)正(zheng)傳·自序》:“圣人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心存乎義(yi)(yi),圣人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)(yi)存乎事(shi)(shi)(shi)。”故學者比次史事(shi)(shi)(shi),探究終始(shi),可以(yi)(yi)推求(qiu)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)微旨隱義(yi)(yi)。
《春(chun)秋(qiu)》因筆削,而(er)微(wei)旨(zhi)隱義(yi)難(nan)知(zhi)。《左(zuo)氏》以史(shi)傳(chuan)經(jing)(jing)(jing),“或(huo)《經(jing)(jing)(jing)》著其(qi)略,《傳(chuan)》紀其(qi)詳;《經(jing)(jing)(jing)》舉(ju)其(qi)初,《傳(chuan)》述其(qi)終。”(宋·家鉉翁(weng)《春(chun)秋(qiu)集(ji)傳(chuan)詳說(shuo)》)《左(zuo)傳(chuan)》補(bu)(bu)闕增益之(zhi)功獨大。故晉杜預《春(chun)秋(qiu)序(xu)》稱《左(zuo)氏》解經(jing)(jing)(jing):“或(huo)先經(jing)(jing)(jing)以始事,或(huo)后經(jing)(jing)(jing)以終義(yi),或(huo)依經(jing)(jing)(jing)以辯理,或(huo)錯經(jing)(jing)(jing)以合(he)異,隨義(yi)而(er)發。”敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)事,必先有(you)(you)主意(yi),如《傳(chuan)》之(zhi)有(you)(you)《經(jing)(jing)(jing)》。主意(yi)既(ji)定,則先此者(zhe)為先經(jing)(jing)(jing),后此者(zhe)為后經(jing)(jing)(jing),依此者(zhe)為依經(jing)(jing)(jing),錯此者(zhe)為錯經(jing)(jing)(jing)(清(qing)·劉熙載《藝概·文概》)。就史(shi)事之(zhi)比次而(er)言(yan),亦有(you)(you)先之(zhi)、后之(zhi)、依之(zhi)、錯之(zhi)之(zhi)別。比事之(zhi)法,有(you)(you)對敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、類(lei)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、側敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)諸法,已論述舉(ju)例于前。今再說(shuo)提敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、預敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu);補(bu)(bu)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、結敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu);并順帶(dai)略及原敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、追(zhui)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu);帶(dai)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、插(cha)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、瑣敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)。
提敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、預敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)者,先(xian)為文(wen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)引(yin)發(fa)后(hou)續之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),猶先(xian)經以(yi)(yi)(yi)始事(shi)。亦(yi)有(you)補(bu)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、結敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu),乃后(hou)為文(wen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)終結前昔之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),猶后(hou)經以(yi)(yi)(yi)終義。比(bi)事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)位次措置雖有(you)先(xian)后(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)別,其(qi)于(yu)(yu)指義之(zhi)(zhi)顯微闡(chan)幽,則無二致。唯提敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)于(yu)(yu)綱舉目張(zhang)、預敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)于(yu)(yu)引(yin)人(ren)入勝,成效頗佳。補(bu)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)著其(qi)是(shi)非(fei);結敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)其(qi)遠(yuan)韻(yun)。要(yao)皆(jie)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)令學(xue)者原(yuan)始要(yao)終,究其(qi)所(suo)窮。至于(yu)(yu)原(yuan)始要(yao)終,尋其(qi)枝葉,究其(qi)所(suo)窮,就比(bi)次歷史以(yi)(yi)(yi)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi)而(er)言,尚有(you)原(yuan)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、追敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、帶敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、插敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、瑣敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)諸法,皆(jie)是(shi)依(yi)經錯(cuo)經之(zhi)(zhi)演變。至于(yu)(yu)語(yu)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu),則是(shi)救(jiu)濟直書之(zhi)(zhi)直紀才行、唯書事(shi)跡,令讀者經由(you)言語(yu)而(er)知人(ren)情事(shi)勢,傳(chuan)神姿致要(yao)在于(yu)(yu)此。已于(yu)(yu)前文(wen)“擬言代言”中(zhong)舉例闡(chan)說,此不(bu)再(zai)贅(zhui)。
孔子作《春(chun)秋(qiu)》,于字句之(zhi)(zhi)位次措置,頗費(fei)斟酌考量;位次之(zhi)(zhi)調配,往往可(ke)見微旨隱(yin)(yin)義(yi)(yi)。如書(shu)(shu)侵、書(shu)(shu)戰,主兵(bing)首惡例多(duo)先(xian)書(shu)(shu),以示懲(cheng)戒。《春(chun)秋(qiu)》雖編(bian)年敘(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi),然有(you)后(hou)(hou)發(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)先(xian)書(shu)(shu),先(xian)發(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)反而(er)后(hou)(hou)書(shu)(shu)者(zhe)。位次若(ruo)顛倒而(er)書(shu)(shu),則其中必有(you)重輕、予奪之(zhi)(zhi)微旨隱(yin)(yin)義(yi)(yi)褒貶書(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)在(張高評(ping)《屬辭見義(yi)(yi)與中國(guo)敘(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)統》,《中國(guo)古籍文化研(yan)究·稻畑耕一郎(lang)教(jiao)授退休紀念論(lun)集(ji)》)《左(zuo)(zuo)傳(chuan)》踵事(shi)(shi)(shi)增華(hua),以敘(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)解經(jing)(jing),于是(shi)有(you)先(xian)經(jing)(jing)、后(hou)(hou)經(jing)(jing)、依(yi)經(jing)(jing)、錯(cuo)經(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)敘(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)法(fa)(fa)。劉知幾《史(shi)通·浮(fu)詞》云:“古之(zhi)(zhi)記事(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye),或先(xian)經(jing)(jing)張本,或后(hou)(hou)傳(chuan)終言。分(fen)布(bu)雖疏,錯(cuo)綜逾(yu)密(mi)。”《左(zuo)(zuo)傳(chuan)》比事(shi)(shi)(shi)以見義(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)多(duo)元,或先(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)、后(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi),或依(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)、錯(cuo)之(zhi)(zhi),不一而(er)足,是(shi)《史(shi)通》所謂“分(fen)布(bu)雖疏,錯(cuo)綜逾(yu)密(mi)”,傳(chuan)承(cheng)發(fa)明之(zhi)(zhi)功可(ke)以想見。
(一(yi)) 提敘、預敘之先(xian)發先(xian)導,猶先(xian)經以始事
《春(chun)秋》之開章,君之始(shi)年必書曰“元年春(chun)王正月”,此孔子《春(chun)秋》之書法。《左傳(chuan)(chuan)》以史傳(chuan)(chuan)經(jing),原始(shi)要(yao)終,張(zhang)本繼末,發展為先(xian)經(jing)以始(shi)事。于敘(xu)(xu)(xu)事義法,則衍變為提敘(xu)(xu)(xu)、預(yu)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)諸法。
提(ti)敘,指提(ti)綱(gang)挈(qie)領(ling)之敘事方式。語云:“萬山磅礴(bo),必有主峰;龍袞九章,但挈(qie)一領(ling)。”史(shi)家(jia)取舍(she)史(shi)料,編比史(shi)事,下筆屬辭之際,若(ruo)能理清頭緒(xu),揭示(shi)綱(gang)領(ling),自有助于史(shi)傳(chuan)原始要終之理解(jie)。何況,畫龍點睛有助于引發閱讀興趣。
晉(jin)楚城(cheng)濮之戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),晉(jin)文公一(yi)心(xin)一(yi)意(yi)企(qi)圖稱霸。因此(ci)(ci),《左(zuo)傳(chuan)》敘諸(zhu)侯(hou)圍宋,宋公孫(sun)固如晉(jin)告(gao)急。晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)君臣(chen)討論要(yao)(yao)不(bu)要(yao)(yao)參戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)?為(wei)(wei)何而(er)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)?先軫拈出(chu)“報施、救(jiu)患(huan)、取威、定霸”八(ba)(ba)字四事(shi),作為(wei)(wei)晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)出(chu)兵之最高指導(dao)方針,可(ke)謂畫龍點睛,警策動人。試想,此(ci)(ci)項軍事(shi)行動,可(ke)以一(yi)舉(ju)四得,振奮民心(xin)士氣,莫過于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)。此(ci)(ci)八(ba)(ba)字,精簡醒(xing)豁,高瞻遠矚,從宏觀視野,為(wei)(wei)晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)未來指出(chu)向(xiang)上(shang)一(yi)路,何樂而(er)不(bu)為(wei)(wei)?于(yu)(yu)是(shi),此(ci)(ci)八(ba)(ba)字之提(ti)敘,因作為(wei)(wei)僖公二(er)十(shi)八(ba)(ba)年《左(zuo)傳(chuan)》城(cheng)濮之戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)敘事(shi)之綱領。晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)如何經由參戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),完成(cheng)報施?達(da)成(cheng)救(jiu)患(huan)?獲得取威?遂行定霸?種(zhong)種(zhong)舉(ju)措(cuo),看似(si)率性隨意(yi),其(qi)(qi)實早經設計規(gui)劃(hua),方可(ke)循序漸進,終底于(yu)(yu)成(cheng)。《孫(sun)子兵法(fa)·始計》所謂“多(duo)算勝,少算不(bu)勝”其(qi)(qi)此(ci)(ci)之謂。大凡敘事(shi)之法(fa),先將大意(yi)大局提(ti)明,則理之是(shi)非,人之賢(xian)否,勢之成(cheng)敗(bai),事(shi)之禍福,國(guo)(guo)之興亡,不(bu)待詞費,而(er)昭然若揭。此(ci)(ci)乃提(ti)敘之要(yao)(yao)領。
城濮之(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),晉勝(sheng)楚(chu)敗乃其結局。《左(zuo)傳》以(yi)史傳經,其歷史敘(xu)(xu)事先后四(si)提(ti)(ti)“晉勝(sheng)楚(chu)敗”微指。于(yu)敘(xu)(xu)事,為提(ti)(ti)敘(xu)(xu);于(yu)文章,為逆攝后事,真有神(shen)施(shi)鬼設之(zhi)效。如賈稱(cheng)子(zi)玉(yu)(yu)敗國,一提(ti)(ti)。左(zuo)氏于(yu)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)前,提(ti)(ti)點“一戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)而(er)霸”,是二(er)提(ti)(ti)。楚(chu)成王(wang)說子(zi)玉(yu)(yu),引《軍(jun)志》云“有德不(bu)可(ke)(ke)敵”,是三(san)提(ti)(ti)。晉侯(hou)觀(guan)(guan)師(shi),曰“少長有禮(li),其可(ke)(ke)用也”,四(si)提(ti)(ti)。或(huo)醒提(ti)(ti)于(yu)前,又復誦于(yu)中,更微示于(yu)后。提(ti)(ti)敘(xu)(xu)再三(san)如此(ci),可(ke)(ke)免散漫無歸,兼收提(ti)(ti)醒之(zhi)效。賈不(bu)賀子(zi)玉(yu)(yu),稱(cheng)其“剛而(er)無禮(li),不(bu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)治民”,拈出(chu)“剛而(er)無禮(li)”四(si)字(zi),寫盡子(zi)玉(yu)(yu)性(xing)情(qing),與將帥忌(ji)諱。下敘(xu)(xu)子(zi)玉(yu)(yu)違抗君命,使伯棼請戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan);使宛(wan)春告于(yu)晉師(shi),請復衛侯(hou)而(er)封曹;使斗勃(bo)請戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),欲偕觀(guan)(guan)士戲(xi);臨戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)而(er)曰:“今(jin)日必(bi)無晉矣!”以(yi)及(ji)惜(xi)愛瓊弁(bian)玉(yu)(yu)纓,而(er)弗致河神(shen),諸臣屢諫弗聽(ting)。凡此(ci)敘(xu)(xu)事,多未嘗偏離開篇“剛而(er)無禮(li)”之(zhi)提(ti)(ti)敘(xu)(xu)點醒。
預(yu)敘(xu)(xu)者,先敘(xu)(xu)一事(shi),以為(wei)后文(wen)(wen)照(zhao)眼作(zuo)地,兼以蓄積文(wen)(wen)勢。妙(miao)用(yong)預(yu)敘(xu)(xu)法者,猶如東(dong)海霞起,總射天(tian)臺(tai),預(yu)占(zhan)地步,便于張本繼末(張高評《左傳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)學(xue)價值(zhi)·敘(xu)(xu)事(shi)文(wen)(wen)字》)。預(yu)敘(xu)(xu)與提(ti)(ti)(ti)敘(xu)(xu),相似而實不同(tong)(tong)。提(ti)(ti)(ti)敘(xu)(xu),側重(zhong)在(zai)綱領(ling)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)提(ti)(ti)(ti)示。預(yu)敘(xu)(xu),則注重(zhong)結(jie)局之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)預(yu)告。提(ti)(ti)(ti)敘(xu)(xu)所(suo)提(ti)(ti)(ti)點,有可能同(tong)(tong)時(shi)為(wei)預(yu)告。然預(yu)敘(xu)(xu)人(ren)與事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)結(jie)局,卻不必然以提(ti)(ti)(ti)綱方式呈現。
以城濮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰而言(yan),賈不賀子(zi)玉,鐵口(kou)直斷(duan)“子(zi)玉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗”,“不能以入”;預(yu)(yu)言(yan)成敗,在楚(chu)治(zhi)兵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,交戰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前。晉(jin)國大搜示禮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,侵曹(cao)伐(fa)衛(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前,《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)》大書(shu)“一戰而霸,文之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教也(ye)”,亦預(yu)(yu)示爭霸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)結(jie)局為晉(jin)國稱霸中原。子(zi)玉弗納諫,榮(rong)黃預(yu)(yu)告(gao)令尹“實自(zi)敗也(ye)”亦在先(xian)戰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時。凡此,皆所謂(wei)“吉(ji)兇未(wei)至,輒(zhe)先(xian)見(jian)敗征”;吳(wu)闿生《與李(li)又周進士論左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)書(shu)》所謂(wei)“逆攝”(《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)微》)。憑空特起,億則屢中。要皆禍福未(wei)至,而征兆先(xian)顯,猶奇葩未(wei)放,早(zao)見(jian)滿庭(ting)綠影;明月未(wei)來(lai),先(xian)見(jian)一天星斗(dou)。提(ti)醒暗(an)示結(jie)局,富于懸念指引之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)閱讀效果。由此可見(jian),預(yu)(yu)敘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,實即(ji)《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)》以史(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)經(jing)(jing),先(xian)經(jing)(jing)以始事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法。
(二) 結敘、補敘之收束(shu)添綴(zhui),猶后(hou)經(jing)以終義
結(jie)(jie)敘(xu),為歷(li)史敘(xu)事之(zhi)(zhi)收(shou)筆、結(jie)(jie)穴(xue)。猶(you)《左傳(chuan)(chuan)》釋《春秋》之(zhi)(zhi)后經以終(zhong)義。《左傳(chuan)(chuan)》敘(xu)城濮(pu)之(zhi)(zhi)戰,從戰前到(dao)戰后,各有(you)巧妙(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)結(jie)(jie)敘(xu)。“楚子將圍宋(song)”章(zhang),終(zhong)以“文(wen)(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)也”,既是(shi)(shi)晉(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)教(jiao)(jiao)義、教(jiao)(jiao)信(xin)、教(jiao)(jiao)禮之(zhi)(zhi)收(shou)束(shu),亦是(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)教(jiao)(jiao)發用之(zhi)(zhi)結(jie)(jie)敘(xu)。至于城濮(pu)之(zhi)(zhi)戰全(quan)篇(pian)之(zhi)(zhi)結(jie)(jie)敘(xu),在“君子謂(wei)是(shi)(shi)盟(meng)也信(xin)”,牽上搭下,收(shou)結(jie)(jie)踐土之(zhi)(zhi)盟(meng)誓(shi)言。再(zai)以“謂(wei)晉(jin)(jin)于是(shi)(shi)役也,能以德攻(gong)”二語(yu),作(zuo)為通篇(pian)大塊文(wen)(wen)(wen)章(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)結(jie)(jie)束(shu)。上章(zhang)結(jie)(jie)以“文(wen)(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)也”,此章(zhang)稱(cheng)“能以德攻(gong)”,彼此映(ying)襯,相(xiang)互輝映(ying)。吳曾祺(qi)《涵芬樓(lou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)談(tan)》謂(wei):“兩兩相(xiang)照,以示與窮(qiong)兵(bing)黷武者有(you)別。”晉(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)稱(cheng)霸(ba)(ba),諸家(jia)評為假(jia)(jia)仁(ren)假(jia)(jia)義者多:孔子曾評價(jia)晉(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)“譎而不正(zheng)”,《孟子》亦稱(cheng)以力假(jia)(jia)仁(ren)者霸(ba)(ba)。不過(guo),晉(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)稱(cheng)霸(ba)(ba),主(zhu)盟(meng)華(hua)夷,畢(bi)竟與窮(qiong)兵(bing)黷武者不可(ke)(ke)同日而語(yu)。觀《左傳(chuan)(chuan)》之(zhi)(zhi)結(jie)(jie)敘(xu),可(ke)(ke)悟其分野。
于事,為(wei)細節描寫(xie)(xie)(xie),看似(si)可(ke)(ke)有可(ke)(ke)無(wu);于文(wen),為(wei)聲氣潛通(tong),傳神(shen)處(chu)正在(zai)阿堵,此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)補(bu)(bu)敘。凡一(yi)事一(yi)意(yi)于正文(wen)闕略未(wei)(wei)敘,則留心(xin)閑處(chu),補(bu)(bu)綴(zhui)于文(wen)尾者,即是補(bu)(bu)敘。凡敘事端緒多者,不能于一(yi)處(chu)并寫(xie)(xie)(xie),《左(zuo)傳》每于閑處(chu)出以(yi)補(bu)(bu)綴(zhui)。如楚(chu)(chu)令尹子(zi)(zi)玉(yu)(yu)致(zhi)命之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)個(ge)性特質,除賈提(ti)出“剛而(er)(er)無(wu)禮”四字,可(ke)(ke)作定評外,《左(zuo)傳》敘戰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正文(wen),未(wei)(wei)再多作著墨。如是空(kong)言無(wu)事實,形(xing)象未(wei)(wei)免空(kong)洞(dong)。作為(wei)楚(chu)(chu)國最高統(tong)帥,性情(qing)(qing)才(cai)能足(zu)以(yi)決定戰爭成敗。故《左(zuo)傳》敘事,結敘“能以(yi)德攻”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下,接寫(xie)(xie)(xie)子(zi)(zi)玉(yu)(yu)夢(meng)(meng)河(he)神(shen)一(yi)段,作為(wei)城濮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰全篇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)補(bu)(bu)敘。河(he)神(shen)求送(song)瓊弁玉(yu)(yu)纓,子(zi)(zi)玉(yu)(yu)夢(meng)(meng)中弗(fu)致(zhi);大心(xin)與子(zi)(zi)西使榮(rong)黃(huang)諫(jian),弗(fu)聽(ting);榮(rong)黃(huang)再諫(jian)以(yi)瓊玉(yu)(yu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)濟師(shi),亦弗(fu)聽(ting)。夢(meng)(meng)中弗(fu)致(zhi)瓊玉(yu)(yu),不畏(wei)河(he)神(shen);夢(meng)(meng)覺弗(fu)聽(ting)勸(quan)諫(jian)。不媚神(shen),不聽(ting)人,則其剛愎桀驁(ao),私(si)心(xin)自用可(ke)(ke)知。持此(ci)形(xing)象以(yi)覆核(he)子(zi)(zi)玉(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性情(qing)(qing),不但目(mu)(mu)(mu)無(wu)神(shen)明,目(mu)(mu)(mu)無(wu)君王,亦目(mu)(mu)(mu)無(wu)余子(zi)(zi),堪稱目(mu)(mu)(mu)空(kong)一(yi)切。前幅所謂(wei)“剛而(er)(er)無(wu)禮”云(yun)(yun)云(yun)(yun),正可(ke)(ke)作為(wei)《河(he)神(shen)》篇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)注腳。《河(he)神(shen)》篇出于補(bu)(bu)敘,以(yi)形(xing)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)神(shen),因象傳意(yi)。于子(zi)(zi)玉(yu)(yu)形(xing)象之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)凸顯(xian),楚(chu)(chu)敗于城濮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)緣由,多有絕妙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)呼應,以(yi)及關鍵性之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)補(bu)(bu)充。而(er)(er)且,又提(ti)供資鑒史觀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)佐證。
孔子《春秋(qiu)(qiu)》極用(yong)心(xin)于(yu)字句之(zhi)(zhi)序列位次(ci)(ci),以(yi)及時(shi)(shi)措(cuo)從宜(yi)。于(yu)是(shi)《三傳(chuan)(chuan)》釋《經(jing)(jing)(jing)》,亦因而關注先書、后(hou)書之(zhi)(zhi)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi)。程頤(yi)《春秋(qiu)(qiu)傳(chuan)(chuan)》曾(ceng)感嘆“微辭隱義,時(shi)(shi)措(cuo)從宜(yi)為(wei)難(nan)知(zhi)”;《左傳(chuan)(chuan)》出(chu)以(yi)歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi),故有“先經(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)始事(shi),后(hou)經(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)終義,依(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)辨理,錯(cuo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)合異”之(zhi)(zhi)闡發與(yu)光大(da)。循是(shi),逐漸(jian)發展為(wei)歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi)學如《左傳(chuan)(chuan)》《史(shi)(shi)(shi)記》之(zhi)(zhi)序列見義,繼而演變為(wei)傳(chuan)(chuan)統敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi)學之(zhi)(zhi)關注先后(hou)位次(ci)(ci)(張高評(ping)《〈春秋(qiu)(qiu)〉〈左傳(chuan)(chuan)〉〈史(shi)(shi)(shi)記〉與(yu)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)統》,《國(guo)文天地(di)》33卷(juan)5期)。就敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi)而言,大(da)抵(di)注重(zhong)如何“敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)”,于(yu)是(shi)致力于(yu)“屬(shu)辭”之(zhi)(zhi)法,似乎更勝于(yu)盡(jin)心(xin)“比事(shi)”之(zhi)(zhi)方。以(yi)《左傳(chuan)(chuan)》城濮(pu)之(zhi)(zhi)戰之(zhi)(zhi)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi)言,提(ti)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、預敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)先發先導,結敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、補敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)收(shou)束添綴,猶杜預《春秋(qiu)(qiu)序》所云“先經(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)始事(shi),后(hou)經(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)終義”,此(ci)其彰明較著(zhu)者。其他,見于(yu)《左傳(chuan)(chuan)》以(yi)史(shi)(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi),尚有原(yuan)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、追敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、帶敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、插敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)諸(zhu)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi)法,則(ze)與(yu)“依(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)辨理,錯(cuo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)合異”之(zhi)(zhi)解經(jing)(jing)(jing)策略,一致百慮(lv),殊途(tu)同歸(gui)。受限于(yu)篇幅,不(bu)贅(zhui)。
五、 結語
“天時(shi)不(bu)如地(di)利(li),地(di)利(li)不(bu)如人和”,《孟子·公孫丑》對戰爭成(cheng)敗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)領會,有(you)其獨到(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處。就(jiu)城濮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰而言,楚(chu)軍“背酅而陳”,占(zhan)了(le)地(di)利(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便;晉(jin)(jin)國“君臣輯睦,上下成(cheng)謀”,獲得了(le)人和。最終(zhong),晉(jin)(jin)勝(sheng)楚(chu)敗,印證(zheng)了(le)地(di)利(li)果然不(bu)如人和。城濮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰,晉(jin)(jin)軍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人和,猶麻(ma)隧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰孟獻子所云(yun)“晉(jin)(jin)帥乘和”,要皆能克敵致果,贏(ying)得戰爭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勝(sheng)利(li)。《左傳(chuan)》敘戰,以成(cheng)敗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資鑒為首務(wu),故晉(jin)(jin)軍所以勝(sheng),敘記(ji)較(jiao)重較(jiao)詳(xiang)。而楚(chu)子玉(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以敗,敘寫頗略(lve)頗輕(qing)。《春秋》筆削書(shu)法(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發用,化為詳(xiang)略(lve)、重輕(qing)、異同(tong)、忽謹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歷史敘事,有(you)如此者。
史義(yi)(yi)、史觀、歷史哲學,即是章學誠《文史通義(yi)(yi)》所謂“筆(bi)削(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)義(yi)(yi)”。夷(yi)考其(qi)實(shi),在“事(shi)(shi)(shi)具始末(mo)”之(zhi)初,“文成(cheng)規矩”之(zhi)前,作為(wei)(wei)發想與領(ling)航(hang)之(zhi)史義(yi)(yi),已隱然存有;方能以其(qi)義(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)經,以其(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)、其(qi)文為(wei)(wei)緯,而(er)裁(cai)成(cheng)一部(bu)史著。“君臣輯(ji)睦,上下成(cheng)謀”,既為(wei)(wei)城濮之(zhi)戰晉勝(sheng)楚敗之(zhi)基調,故(gu)《左傳》提供后世資鑒,多(duo)側(ce)敘(xu)晉國兵法謀略(lve)之(zhi)殊勝(sheng)。敘(xu)寫戰爭,晉國亦(yi)特詳特重,敘(xu)楚事(shi)(shi)(shi)則較略(lve)較輕,此(ci)之(zhi)謂筆(bi)削(xue)(xue)(xue)顯(xian)義(yi)(yi)。借其(qi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)排比(bi)纂次,則或(huo)筆(bi)或(huo)削(xue)(xue)(xue)、或(huo)詳或(huo)略(lve)、或(huo)重或(huo)輕之(zhi)書(shu)法可見(jian);比(bi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)可以顯(xian)義(yi)(yi),亦(yi)由(you)此(ci)知(zhi)之(zhi)。
《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》敘(xu)(xu)(xu)戰(zhan),事(shi)(shi)(shi)每(mei)見(jian)于言(yan),言(yan)以(yi)為(wei)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),借言(yan)記事(shi)(shi)(shi),寓論斷于敘(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi),融歷(li)史解釋于歷(li)史敘(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),一筆兩意,最(zui)為(wei)巧(qiao)妙(miao)。孔子作《春秋(qiu)》,蓋因(yin)事(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)屬文;《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》敘(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)人(ren),則工(gong)于擬言(yan)代言(yan),彌縫(feng)史之(zhi)闕,妙(miao)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)人(ren)與事(shi)(shi)(shi)。所(suo)謂由事(shi)(shi)(shi)來定辭,即辭可以(yi)觀義(yi)。可見(jian)史義(yi)因(yin)屬辭而(er)(er)(er)逾明(ming)。“原(yuan)始要終,本末悉昭”,為(wei)古《春秋(qiu)》記事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)成法。一變為(wei)《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》之(zhi)以(yi)史傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)經(jing),遂有先經(jing)、后(hou)經(jing)、依(yi)經(jing)、錯經(jing)之(zhi)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。再變為(wei)《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》之(zhi)歷(li)史敘(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi),而(er)(er)(er)有提敘(xu)(xu)(xu)、預(yu)敘(xu)(xu)(xu);結敘(xu)(xu)(xu)、補敘(xu)(xu)(xu);原(yuan)敘(xu)(xu)(xu)、追敘(xu)(xu)(xu)、帶敘(xu)(xu)(xu)、插敘(xu)(xu)(xu)之(zhi)屬。一本而(er)(er)(er)萬殊,萬派而(er)(er)(er)同(tong)源,故《春秋(qiu)》《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統敘(xu)(xu)(xu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)之(zhi)祖始。
清章學(xue)誠云:“史之大原,本乎《春秋》;《春秋》之義(yi)(yi),昭乎筆削(xue)。”方(fang)苞說(shuo)(shuo)義(yi)(yi)法,以(yi)“言有(you)物”為“義(yi)(yi)”,“言有(you)序”為“法”;且謂:“義(yi)(yi)以(yi)為經,而法緯之!”掌握章、方(fang)二氏之說(shuo)(shuo),對(dui)于詮(quan)釋(shi)《春秋》,解讀(du)《左傳(chuan)》,梳理(li)歷(li)史敘(xu)事(shi),以(yi)及闡發傳(chuan)統敘(xu)事(shi)學(xue),多有(you)觸發啟示之功。
(作者單位:浙江越(yue)秀外國(guo)語學院大(da)禹與中國(guo)傳統(tong)文化研究(jiu)中心)
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