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《漢魏六朝散文·賈誼·過秦論上》原文鑒賞

大道家園(yuan) 2023-07-18 13:07:34

《漢魏(wei)六朝(chao)散文·賈誼·過秦論上》原文鑒(jian)賞(shang)

秦(qin)孝(xiao)公據(ju)崤(yao)函(han)之(zhi)(zhi)固2,擁雍州之(zhi)(zhi)地3,君(jun)(jun)臣固守,以窺周室4,有席卷(juan)天下(xia)、包舉宇(yu)內、囊括四海之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),并(bing)吞八荒之(zhi)(zhi)心5。當是時也,商君(jun)(jun)佐之(zhi)(zhi)6,內立(li)法度,務耕織,修(xiu)守戰之(zhi)(zhi)具7;外連衡而斗諸(zhu)侯8。于是秦(qin)人拱手而取西河之(zhi)(zhi)外9。

孝公既(ji)沒,惠文、武(wu)、昭(zhao)襄(xiang)王(wang)蒙(meng)故業10,因(yin)遺策,南取(qu)漢中(zhong),西舉巴、蜀(shu)11,東割(ge)膏腴(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,北收要(yao)害之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郡(jun)12。諸侯(hou)恐懼(ju),同盟而謀弱(ruo)秦(qin),不(bu)愛珍器重寶、肥饒(rao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,以致天下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士13,合從締交,相與(yu)為一14。當此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時15,齊(qi)有孟嘗(chang),趙(zhao)有平原(yuan),楚(chu)有春申,魏(wei)有信陵16。此(ci)四君者,皆明智(zhi)而忠信,寬(kuan)厚(hou)而愛人,尊賢重士,約(yue)從離衡17,兼韓、魏(wei)、燕、楚(chu)、齊(qi)、趙(zhao)、宋(song)、衛(wei)、中(zhong)山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong)18。于是六國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士,有寧越、徐(xu)尚、蘇秦(qin)、杜赫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬為之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀19,齊(qi)明、周最(zui)、陳軫(zhen)、召滑(hua)、樓緩、翟(zhai)景、蘇厲、樂毅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬通其意20,吳起(qi)、孫臏、帶佗(tuo)、倪良、王(wang)廖(liao)、田忌、廉頗、趙(zhao)奢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朋制其兵21。嘗(chang)以什(shen)倍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,百(bai)萬(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong)22,仰關(guan)而攻秦(qin)23,秦(qin)人亢關(guan)延敵(di),九國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師逡循(xun)而不(bu)敢進24。秦(qin)無亡矢遺鏃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)費,而天下(xia)(xia)諸侯(hou)已困矣(yi)25。于是從散約(yue)解,爭割(ge)地而賂秦(qin),秦(qin)有余力而制其弊(bi)26,追亡逐北,伏尸百(bai)萬(wan),流血漂櫓(lu)27,因(yin)利乘便(bian)28,宰割(ge)天下(xia)(xia),分裂山河。強國請伏29,弱(ruo)國入朝。

施及(ji)孝文王(wang)、莊襄王(wang),享國(guo)日(ri)淺(qian)30,國(guo)家無事。

及至(zhi)始(shi)皇,奮(fen)六(liu)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)余烈31,振(zhen)長策而御(yu)宇(yu)內,吞二周而亡諸侯32,履至(zhi)尊而制六(liu)合(he),執搞樸以鞭笞天下33,威振(zhen)四海。南(nan)取百(bai)(bai)粵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,以為(wei)桂林、象郡34;百(bai)(bai)粵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君,俯首(shou)系頸,委命(ming)下吏(li)35。及使蒙恬北筑長城而守藩籬,卻(que)匈奴七(qi)百(bai)(bai)余里(li)36,胡人不敢(gan)(gan)南(nan)下而牧馬,士(shi)不敢(gan)(gan)彎弓而報怨37。于是廢先王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,燔百(bai)(bai)家(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan),以愚(yu)黔首(shou)38。墮(duo)名城,殺豪俊39,收天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing),聚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)咸陽40,銷鋒鏑,鑄(zhu)以為(wei)金(jin)人十二,以弱(ruo)天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)41。然后踐華為(wei)城,因河為(wei)池42,據億丈(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高(gao),臨百(bai)(bai)尺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淵以為(wei)固43。良將勁弩(nu),守要害(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處44;信臣精卒,陳利兵(bing)而誰何45!天下已(yi)定(ding),始(shi)皇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心, 自以為(wei)關中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)固,金(jin)城千(qian)里(li)46,子孫帝王萬(wan)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業也47。

始皇既沒,余威振于殊俗48。然而(er)(er)(er)陳(chen)涉,甕牖繩(sheng)樞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)49,氓隸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人50,而(er)(er)(er)遷徙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒也51。材(cai)能不及中人52,非有仲尼、墨翟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賢53,陶朱、猗頓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富54。躡足行伍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,俛起阡陌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中55,率(lv)疲弊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卒,將數百之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾,轉而(er)(er)(er)攻(gong)秦(qin)56。斬木為兵,揭竿為旗,天下云合響應(ying)57,贏糧而(er)(er)(er)景從58,山東豪(hao)杰并起而(er)(er)(er)亡秦(qin)族矣59。

且夫天下非(fei)小(xiao)弱也(ye),雍州之(zhi)(zhi)地、崤函之(zhi)(zhi)固自若(ruo)也(ye)60。陳(chen)涉之(zhi)(zhi)位,非(fei)尊于齊、燕、韓(han)、趙、魏、宋、衛、中山之(zhi)(zhi)君也(ye);鋤耰(you)棘矜61,不敵于鉤戟長鎩也(ye)62;謫戍之(zhi)(zhi)眾,非(fei)抗九國之(zhi)(zhi)師(shi)也(ye)63;深謀(mou)遠慮,行軍用兵之(zhi)(zhi)道,非(fei)及曩時之(zhi)(zhi)士也(ye)64。然(ran)而成敗異變,功業(ye)相反也(ye)65。試(shi)使山東之(zhi)(zhi)國與(yu)陳(chen)涉度長絜大66,比權量力,則(ze)不可同年而語矣。然(ran)秦以(yi)區區之(zhi)(zhi)地致萬(wan)乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)勢67,序八(ba)州而朝同列68,百有余年矣69。然(ran)后以(yi)六(liu)合為家,崤函為宮70。一夫作難而七廟墮71,身死(si)人手(shou),為天下笑者,何也(ye)?仁義(yi)不施(shi),而攻守之(zhi)(zhi)勢異也(ye)72。

【注(zhu)釋(shi)】 1《過(guo)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)》:后(hou)(hou)世(shi)選本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)通題(ti)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《過(guo)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)論(lun)》,且(qie)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)、中(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)三(san)(san)(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)紀(ji)》,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)太(tai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)論(lun)后(hou)(hou),曾(ceng)錄(lu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(后(hou)(hou)面(mian)接著(zhu)又收(shou)錄(lu)了(le)上(shang)(shang)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)、中(zhong)(zhong)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),當(dang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)補入)。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·陳(chen)(chen)(chen)涉(she)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)》后(hou)(hou)又收(shou)錄(lu)了(le)上(shang)(shang)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)。《新書(shu)》則將(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)兩篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)合(he)(he)(he)并為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),標為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)。唯潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)、中(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)三(san)(san)(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)。現仍按三(san)(san)(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)編(bian)排。“過(guo)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“過(guo)”,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里(li)(li)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)動(dong)(dong)詞用(yong)(yong)(yong)。上(shang)(shang)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)論(lun)述(shu)(shu)了(le)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)朝(chao)(chao)興衰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)。2秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong):秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun),名(ming)(ming)渠梁,公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前(qian)三(san)(san)(san)(san)六(liu)(liu)(liu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)三(san)(san)(san)(san)三(san)(san)(san)(san)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)位。他(ta)用(yong)(yong)(yong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)變法(fa)。崤(xiao淆(xiao))函,古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)對崤山(shan)和(he)函谷(gu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)稱(cheng)。相當(dang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)潼關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)以(yi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)新安(an)縣(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)。3擁:據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)。雍(yong)(yong)州(zhou):《禹貢》九州(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。約(yue)占有(you)(you)(you)(you)今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)省(sheng)主(zhu)要部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)甘肅(su)全省(sheng)及(ji)青海省(sheng)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。4窺:伺機而(er)(er)(er)取。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)室,指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)。5八(ba)荒:《漢(han)(han)書(shu)·陳(chen)(chen)(chen)勝項籍傳(chuan)贊》顏師古(gu)(gu)注(zhu):“八(ba)荒,八(ba)方(fang)(fang)荒忽,極遠(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)也(ye)(ye)。”宇內、四(si)海、八(ba)荒,都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思。6商(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun):即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)商(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)。本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)戰國(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)庶出(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),名(ming)(ming)鞅(yang)后(hou)(hou)因(yin)仕秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)而(er)(er)(er)封于(yu)(yu)(yu)商(shang)(shang)(shang),所以(yi)稱(cheng)商(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)。也(ye)(ye)稱(cheng)衛(wei)(wei)鞅(yang)。此(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong),潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)無(wu)(wu)“也(ye)(ye)”字(zi)(zi)。7務:專力(li)。此(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong),具(ju),《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“備(bei)”,潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。8連(lian)衡:即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)連(lian)橫(heng)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)橫(heng),南(nan)北為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)縱(zong)(zong)。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)間(jian)對待(dai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際問題(ti)有(you)(you)(you)(you)兩種(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)策(ce)(ce)略(lve)(lve):處于(yu)(yu)(yu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)與(yu)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齊(qi)(qi)、楚(chu)(chu)(chu)等國(guo)(guo)(guo)進(jin)(jin)行聯合(he)(he)(he)以(yi)打(da)擊(ji)其他(ta)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia),叫作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)連(lian)衡;東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo),北自(zi)(zi)燕,南(nan)至楚(chu)(chu)(chu)聯合(he)(he)(he)起(qi)(qi)來抗(kang)(kang)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin),叫作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)合(he)(he)(he)縱(zong)(zong)。斗(dou)諸(zhu)侯:使(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)侯自(zi)(zi)相爭(zheng)斗(dou)。9拱手(shou):兩手(shou)合(he)(he)(he)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)(qi)。表示毫不(bu)(bu)(bu)費力(li)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)省(sheng)大(da)(da)荔縣(xian)、宜川(chuan)(chuan)縣(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)。據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)書(shu)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)載:秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)商(shang)(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)伐魏(wei),襲虜公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)卯,大(da)(da)破魏(wei)師。魏(wei)惠王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)恐,使(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)獻(xian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)(yu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以(yi)和(he)。10惠文(wen)(wen)(wen):即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)惠文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),名(ming)(ming)駟(si)。武(wu)(wu):即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),惠文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),名(ming)(ming)蕩(dang)。昭(zhao)襄(xiang):即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)昭(zhao)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)異(yi)母弟,名(ming)(ming)則,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)(ming)稷。蒙(meng)故(gu)業(ye):繼承秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)事業(ye),即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按照(zhao)他(ta)留下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政策(ce)(ce)辦事。11因(yin):遵循。遺策(ce)(ce),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)載規(gui)劃方(fang)(fang)略(lve)(lve)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)冊。漢(han)(han)中(zhong)(zhong):相當(dang)今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜南(nan)、鄂北一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)。巴(ba)、蜀:都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)名(ming)(ming)。巴(ba)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)今(jin)(jin)(jin)四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu),蜀在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)。12秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)將(jiang)(jiang)攻(gong)取韓(han)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宜陽(yang)(在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)省(sheng)宜陽(yang)縣(xian)西(xi)(xi)(xi),迫(po)近(jin)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao))。昭(zhao)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),魏(wei)獻(xian)其河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)都(dou)安(an)邑于(yu)(yu)(yu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)。當(dang)時(shi)(shi),魏(wei)、韓(han)、趙(zhao)皆(jie)(jie)曾(ceng)割地(di)(di)(di)(di)求和(he)。“要害之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)”、“膏腴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)”即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)此(ci)(ci)而(er)(er)(er)言。此(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong),《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》無(wu)(wu)“北”字(zi)(zi)。13弱:削弱,用(yong)(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)動(dong)(dong)詞。不(bu)(bu)(bu)愛(ai),不(bu)(bu)(bu)惜。致(zhi),招納。此(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong),同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“會”。14“合(he)(he)(he)從(cong)”句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju):全句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)大(da)(da)意(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),采用(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)從(cong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)策(ce)(ce)略(lve)(lve)締結(jie)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)盟,互相援助,成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)體。從(cong),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“縱(zong)(zong)”。15此(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju),潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)無(wu)(wu)“之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”字(zi)(zi)。16孟嘗:即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)孟嘗君(jun)田文(wen)(wen)(wen)。平(ping)原(yuan)(yuan):即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)平(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)趙(zhao)勝。春(chun)申:即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)春(chun)申君(jun)黃(huang)歇。信(xin)陵(ling):即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)信(xin)陵(ling)君(jun)魏(wei)無(wu)(wu)忌。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者將(jiang)(jiang)上(shang)(shang)述(shu)(shu)四(si)個不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)并列(lie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)(qi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)綜合(he)(he)(he)說(shuo)明當(dang)時(shi)(shi)前(qian)后(hou)(hou)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才薈萃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)勢(shi)。此(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong),君(jun),潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“賢”。17約(yue)從(cong)離衡:建立合(he)(he)(he)縱(zong)(zong),拆散連(lian)橫(heng)。離,建本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“連(lian)”,誤。18兼:建本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)脫。宋黃(huang)善夫本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“并”。韓(han)魏(wei)燕趙(zhao),潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)及(ji)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》皆(jie)(jie)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)韓(han)魏(wei)燕楚(chu)(chu)(chu)齊(qi)(qi)趙(zhao),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)六(liu)(liu)(liu)大(da)(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。宋、衛(wei)(wei)、中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)夾在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。19寧越(yue):趙(zhao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。徐(xu)尚:宋人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。蘇(su)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin):周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。杜赫:周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。屬,類,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)流。下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“徒(tu)”、“朋(peng)”義(yi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)此(ci)(ci)。謀(mou),原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“謀(mou)主(zhu)”,與(yu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)式(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)(he),今(jin)(jin)(jin)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》刪。20齊(qi)(qi)明:周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)臣(chen)。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)最(zui):周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)軫:楚(chu)(chu)(chu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。召(shao少(shao))滑:一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)昭(zhao)滑,楚(chu)(chu)(chu)臣(chen)。樓緩:魏(wei)相。翟景(jing):魏(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。蘇(su)厲:蘇(su)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弟。樂毅:燕人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。通:溝通。意(yi),意(yi)圖(tu)。21吳(wu)起(qi)(qi):魏(wei)將(jiang)(jiang)。孫臏(bin):齊(qi)(qi)將(jiang)(jiang)。帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)佗:楚(chu)(chu)(chu)將(jiang)(jiang)。倪良:越(yue)將(jiang)(jiang)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)廖(liao)、田單:皆(jie)(jie)齊(qi)(qi)將(jiang)(jiang)。廉頗、趙(zhao)奢:皆(jie)(jie)趙(zhao)將(jiang)(jiang)。制:管理。兵(bing):軍事。此(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong),朋(peng),《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“倫(lun)”。22眾,潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》均作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“師”。23仰(yang):舉(ju)首(shou)。關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)函谷(gu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。仰(yang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)及(ji)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》皆(jie)(jie)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“叩關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)”。24延(yan)敵(di):引(yin)進(jin)(jin)敵(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。九國(guo)(guo)(guo):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)述(shu)(shu)韓(han)、魏(wei)、燕、趙(zhao)、楚(chu)(chu)(chu)、齊(qi)(qi)、宋、衛(wei)(wei)、中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)等國(guo)(guo)(guo)。逡(qun“群”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聲)循:徘(pai)徊(huai),行而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)。潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》皆(jie)(jie)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“逡巡循逃(tao)”。據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·楚(chu)(chu)(chu)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)》:懷王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)“十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),蘇(su)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)約(yue)從(cong)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)六(liu)(liu)(liu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)兵(bing)攻(gong)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin),楚(chu)(chu)(chu)懷王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)從(cong)長(chang)(chang)。至函谷(gu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)出(chu)兵(bing)擊(ji)六(liu)(liu)(liu)國(guo)(guo)(guo),六(liu)(liu)(liu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)兵(bing)皆(jie)(jie)引(yin)而(er)(er)(er)歸”。25亡、遺:皆(jie)(jie)丟失(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。鏃(cu促),箭頭。26制其弊:控制并利用(yong)(yong)(yong)它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弱點。27追亡逐北:追逐敗(bai)走(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逃(tao)亡者。北:敗(bai)走(zou)。櫓(lu):大(da)(da)盾牌。28因(yin)利乘(cheng)便(bian):乘(cheng)著(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)勢(shi)。29伏:屈服(fu)。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“服(fu)”。30施(yi義(yi)):延(yan)續。享(xiang):享(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)。淺:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)短暫。據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)紀(ji)》載,孝(xiao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)位后(hou)(hou)三(san)(san)(san)(san)日而(er)(er)(er)死,莊(zhuang)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)位三(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)而(er)(er)(er)死亡。31始(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang):即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)莊(zhuang)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),名(ming)(ming)政。奮六(liu)(liu)(liu)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)余烈(lie):發揚了(le)六(liu)(liu)(liu)世(shi)遺留下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功業(ye)。烈(lie),功業(ye)。六(liu)(liu)(liu)世(shi):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)、惠文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、武(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、昭(zhao)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、孝(xiao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、莊(zhuang)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。32振:揮動(dong)(dong)。策(ce)(ce):馬鞭(bian)。御:駕(jia)駛。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里(li)(li)比喻統治(zhi)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)。二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)赧王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)時(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),西(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)都(dou)于(yu)(yu)(yu)洛(luo)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)省(sheng)洛(luo)陽(yang)市),東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)都(dou)于(yu)(yu)(yu)鞏(今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)省(sheng)鞏縣(xian))。西(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)滅于(yu)(yu)(yu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)昭(zhao)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前(qian)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)五(wu)六(liu)(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)滅于(yu)(yu)(yu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)莊(zhuang)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前(qian)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)四(si)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))。33履:登位。至尊:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位。制:控制。六(liu)(liu)(liu)合(he)(he)(he):天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)四(si)方(fang)(fang)。摘樸:棍(gun)棒。搞,同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)“敲”。樸,大(da)(da)棒。鞭(bian)笞(chi)(chi吃):鞭(bian)打(da),引(yin)申為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)統治(zhi)。34百(bai)(bai)粵:潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“百(bai)(bai)越(yue)”,古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)對南(nan)方(fang)(fang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些少(shao)數民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總稱(cheng)。桂林(lin):即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)桂林(lin)郡(jun)(jun)(jun),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)今(jin)(jin)(jin)廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)壯族(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北部(bu)(bu)及(ji)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)。象郡(jun)(jun)(jun):在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)壯族(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)區(qu)南(nan)部(bu)(bu)及(ji)西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)。35俯首(shou):低頭。系頸:自(zi)(zi)己用(yong)(yong)(yong)繩索(suo)系在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)頸部(bu)(bu),表示歸順之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。委:交付。命:性命。下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)吏(li):秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)級官吏(li)。36蒙(meng)恬:秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)將(jiang)(jiang)領,二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)世(shi)時(shi)(shi)賜死。藩籬:籬笆。這(zhe)里(li)(li)引(yin)申為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)邊(bian)(bian)疆。卻:擊(ji)退。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·蒙(meng)恬列(lie)傳(chuan)》:“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)已(yi)并天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),乃使(shi)(shi)蒙(meng)恬將(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)(wan)眾,北逐戎狄,收(shou)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)內蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)區(qu)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)套一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)),筑長(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng),因(yin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing),用(yong)(yong)(yong)險制塞,起(qi)(qi)臨洮,至遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),延(yan)袤(mao)萬(wan)(wan)余里(li)(li)。” 37士:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胡人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍士。彎弓:把弓張開。報:報復。怨:怨恨。此(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong),士,有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注(zhu)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)釋(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)六(liu)(liu)(liu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),可供參(can)考。38燔(fan翻):焚燒。百(bai)(bai)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言:諸(zhu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)百(bai)(bai)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)述(shu)(shu)。據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)紀(ji)》,始(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前(qian)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),李(li)斯進(jin)(jin)言說(shuo):“今(jin)(jin)(jin)諸(zhu)生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)懷今(jin)(jin)(jin)而(er)(er)(er)學古(gu)(gu),以(yi)非(fei)當(dang)世(shi),惑亂黔(qian)首(shou)……臣(chen)請史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)官非(fei)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)皆(jie)(jie)燒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),非(fei)博士官所職,天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)敢有(you)(you)(you)(you)藏詩書(shu)百(bai)(bai)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)語者,悉詣守(shou)尉雜燒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”黔(qian)首(shou):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)。始(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),“更名(ming)(ming)民曰黔(qian)首(shou)”。39墮(hui灰):毀壞。40兵(bing):在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里(li)(li)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)器(qi)。咸(xian)陽(yang):秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)咸(xian)陽(yang)市東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北。41銷:熔化。鋒鏑(di的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)),泛指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)各(ge)種(zhong)兵(bing)器(qi)。鋒,兵(bing)刃。金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren):用(yong)(yong)(yong)金(jin)屬鑄造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)象。據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)紀(ji)》,始(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),鑄“金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),重(zhong)各(ge)千石,置(zhi)宮廷中(zhong)(zhong)”。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)這(zhe)樣(yang)做(zuo),百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)就不(bu)(bu)(bu)會再有(you)(you)(you)(you)反抗(kang)(kang)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)武(wu)(wu)器(qi)了(le)。42踐:登。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里(li)(li)當(dang)“據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)”講。華(hua):華(hua)山(shan)。因(yin):依。河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he):黃(huang)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)。池:護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)。這(zhe)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)話的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo),據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)華(hua)山(shan)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)郭(guo),依黃(huang)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)。43高(gao):《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》、《漢(han)(han)書(shu)》皆(jie)(jie)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“城(cheng)(cheng)”。百(bai)(bai)尺:《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)測”。44此(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju),潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)于(yu)(yu)(yu)“守(shou)”上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“而(er)(er)(er)”字(zi)(zi)。45信(xin)臣(chen):忠實可靠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)。誰(shui)何:古(gu)(gu)漢(han)(han)語中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成語。關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)塞上(shang)(shang)哨兵(bing)詰問盤查(cha)出(chu)入者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。何,呵問。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo),誰(shui)何應釋(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“誰(shui)敢問”(見(jian)《六(liu)(liu)(liu)臣(chen)注(zhu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)選》張銑(xian)注(zhu))。46關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong):秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以(yi)函谷(gu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)門(men)(men)戶,關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雍(yong)(yong)州(zhou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)。金(jin)城(cheng)(cheng):比喻城(cheng)(cheng)郭(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堅固。47“子(zi)(zi)(zi)孫”句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju):據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)紀(ji)》“二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),詔曰:‘朕為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)始(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝,后(hou)(hou)世(shi)以(yi)計數,二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)世(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)世(shi),至于(yu)(yu)(yu)萬(wan)(wan)世(shi),傳(chuan)至無(wu)(wu)窮。’”48殊俗:不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風俗。指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邊(bian)(bian)遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)族(zu)。49陳(chen)(chen)(chen)涉(she):又名(ming)(ming)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)勝,陽(yang)城(cheng)(cheng)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)登封縣(xian))人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)末農(nong)民起(qi)(qi)義(yi)領袖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。甕牖繩樞(shu):以(yi)破甕為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)窗,以(yi)繩索(suo)拴門(men)(men)樞(shu)。形(xing)容(rong)居住(zhu)條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)陋。牖:窗。樞(shu):門(men)(men)軸。50氓隸:古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)對農(nong)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賤稱(cheng)。51遷徙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu):被(bei)謫(zhe)(zhe)罰(fa)而(er)(er)(er)服(fu)勞(lao)役的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。這(zhe)里(li)(li)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)涉(she)被(bei)征發去戍(shu)守(shou)漁(yu)陽(yang)而(er)(er)(er)言。52中(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren):平(ping)常的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“中(zhong)(zhong)庸”,也(ye)(ye)可通。53仲尼:孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)字(zi)(zi)。墨(mo)翟:即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。54陶(tao)朱(zhu):春(chun)秋(qiu)末年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)越(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)夫范(fan)蠡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)別號。范(fan)蠡晚年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)曾(ceng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)陶(tao)山(shan)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang),號稱(cheng)陶(tao)朱(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。猗(yi,夷)頓(dun):魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),曾(ceng)因(yin)養殖牛羊致(zhi)富(fu)(見(jian)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·貨殖列(lie)傳(chuan)》集解)。55躡足:插腳。行伍:此(ci)(ci)處指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戍(shu)兵(bing)隊伍。俛(mian)起(qi)(qi):自(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)而(er)(er)(er)起(qi)(qi)。潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)紀(ji)》皆(jie)(jie)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“而(er)(er)(er)倔起(qi)(qi)”。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·陳(chen)(chen)(chen)涉(she)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“俛(mian)”。阡陌:田間(jian)小(xiao)路。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)紀(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“什伯”。56疲(pi)弊:武(wu)(wu)英(ying)殿(dian)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“疲(pi)散”。轉(zhuan):展(zhan)轉(zhuan)。即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)展(zhan)轉(zhuan)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。57揭:高(gao)舉(ju)。云(yun)合(he)(he)(he):如云(yun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)集合(he)(he)(he),形(xing)容(rong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數眾多。潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)于(yu)(yu)(yu)合(he)(he)(he)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“而(er)(er)(er)”字(zi)(zi)。響應:如響之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)應聲,形(xing)容(rong)快速。58贏:擔負。景(jing)從(cong):如影(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隨。景(jing):同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)“影(ying)”。59山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)函谷(gu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、崤山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。此(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong),杰,潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“俊(jun)”。并起(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang),又有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“遂(sui)”字(zi)(zi)。60自(zi)(zi)若:仍然和(he)從(cong)前(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)。61鋤耰(you憂):即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)鋤。棘矜:用(yong)(yong)(yong)棘木做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)杖(zhang)(zhang)。矜:杖(zhang)(zhang)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo),棘,同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)“戟(ji)”。62不(bu)(bu)(bu)敵(di):潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“非(fei)銛”。鎩(sha殺):長(chang)(chang)矛一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)器(qi)。63謫(zhe)(zhe)戍(shu):被(bei)征發戍(shu)邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)卒。抗(kang)(kang):同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)“亢(kang)”,高(gao)出(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)抗(kang)(kang)字(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)皆(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“于(yu)(yu)(yu)”字(zi)(zi)。64曩:過(guo)去。潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)》皆(jie)(jie)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“鄉”。65此(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong),《漢(han)(han)書(shu)》于(yu)(yu)(yu)“也(ye)(ye)”字(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“何”字(zi)(zi)。潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。66度(du)長(chang)(chang)絜(xie鞋)大(da)(da):較(jiao)量長(chang)(chang)短大(da)(da)小(xiao)。67區(qu)區(qu):小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。此(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong),勢(shi),《漢(han)(han)書(shu)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“權(quan)”。致(zhi)萬(wan)(wan)乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勢(shi),《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)紀(ji)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“千乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)”。68序:排列(lie)。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·陳(chen)(chen)(chen)涉(she)世(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“抑”。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)世(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)紀(ji)》、《漢(han)(han)書(shu)》皆(jie)(jie)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“招”。八(ba)州(zhou):古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)分(fen)(fen)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)九州(zhou),這(zhe)里(li)(li)說(shuo)“八(ba)州(zhou)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)原(yuan)(yuan)來據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雍(yong)(yong)州(zhou)除(chu)去了(le)。朝(chao)(chao)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)列(lie):使(shi)(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)來與(yu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)位相同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)六(liu)(liu)(liu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)來朝(chao)(chao)見(jian)。69此(ci)(ci)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong),潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)無(wu)(wu)“有(you)(you)(you)(you)”字(zi)(zi)。70六(liu)(liu)(liu)合(he)(he)(he)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia):把天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)四(si)方(fang)(fang)都(dou)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)私有(you)(you)(you)(you)產(chan)業(ye)。崤函為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宮:把崤山(shan)和(he)函谷(gu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)以(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)(guang)大(da)(da)地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)看作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宮室。71七廟:祖先七代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宗廟。古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)宗法(fa)規(gui)定,天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)祀七廟。《禮(li)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)·王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)制》:“天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)七廟,三(san)(san)(san)(san)昭(zhao)三(san)(san)(san)(san)穆,與(yu)太(tai)祖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廟而(er)(er)(er)七。” 72身(shen)死人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)手(shou):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)嬰為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)項羽所殺。仁(ren)義(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)施,而(er)(er)(er)攻(gong)守(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勢(shi)異(yi)也(ye)(ye),這(zhe)里(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以(yi)前(qian)兼并六(liu)(liu)(liu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)處于(yu)(yu)(yu)攻(gong)勢(shi),故(gu)可依仗(zhang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢(shi),采用(yong)(yong)(yong)詐術而(er)(er)(er)取得成功;但在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)后(hou)(hou),形(xing)勢(shi)已(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)了(le),就需要順應當(dang)時(shi)(shi)情況,施行仁(ren)義(yi),才能守(shou)住(zhu)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)。

【今譯】 秦(qin)孝公據有(you)崤(yao)山函(han)谷關的(de)(de)險要地勢,擁有(you)雍州一帶的(de)(de)土(tu)地,君(jun)臣們牢固地守住國土(tu),暗(an)中觀察,等待時機奪(duo)取周王朝(chao)的(de)(de)政(zheng)權,心(xin)懷席(xi)卷天下,包(bao)舉宇內的(de)(de)意圖,有(you)著囊括四(si)海,并吞八方的(de)(de)雄(xiong)心(xin)。那時候商君(jun)輔(fu)佐他,對內建立法律(lv)制(zhi)度(du),致力于農耕和(he)紡織,修治防守和(he)攻戰(zhan)的(de)(de)器械設備,對外實行連(lian)衡,挑起諸(zhu)侯(hou)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)斗爭,于是秦(qin)國人僅僅以舉手之(zhi)勞,便(bian)取得了西(xi)河(he)以外的(de)(de)土(tu)地。

秦(qin)(qin)孝公死后,惠文王(wang)(wang)(wang)、武王(wang)(wang)(wang)、昭(zhao)襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)繼(ji)承(cheng)原有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基業,遵循前代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)策(ce)略(lve)(lve),向南(nan)奪取了(le)漢中,向西奪取了(le)巴(ba)蜀,向東割(ge)取了(le)肥沃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)地(di)(di),向北收取了(le)地(di)(di)勢險要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)州(zhou)郡。各國(guo)(guo)(guo)諸侯(hou)都(dou)恐慌害怕,開會結盟,商(shang)量辦法(fa)削弱(ruo)秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo),他們(men)(men)不(bu)(bu)愛(ai)惜珍奇貴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶器和肥沃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)地(di)(di),用(yong)(yong)來招攬(lan)天下有(you)才能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren),采用(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)縱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)策(ce)略(lve)(lve)締結盟約(yue),互(hu)相(xiang)結為一(yi)(yi)體。在這(zhe)時候,齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)孟嘗(chang)君、趙國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)平原君、楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)春申君、魏國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)信陵君。這(zhe)四個人(ren)都(dou)是既明智又忠信,既寬厚又愛(ai)人(ren),他們(men)(men)相(xiang)約(yue)合(he)(he)縱以離(li)散(san)(san)秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連橫策(ce)略(lve)(lve)。聚集(ji)了(le)韓、魏、燕(yan)、楚、齊、趙、宋、衛、中山等國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許多(duo)人(ren)。于(yu)是六國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)士有(you)寧越、徐尚、蘇(su)秦(qin)(qin)、杜(du)赫這(zhe)類人(ren)為他們(men)(men)出謀(mou)劃(hua)策(ce);有(you)齊明、周最、召滑、樓緩、翟景、蘇(su)厲(li)、樂(le)毅這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)班人(ren)給他們(men)(men)溝(gou)通聯合(he)(he)抗秦(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意見(jian);有(you)吳(wu)起(qi)、孫臏、帶(dai)佗、倪良、王(wang)(wang)(wang)廖、田(tian)忌、廉頗、趙奢一(yi)(yi)批人(ren),替他們(men)(men)帶(dai)領(ling)軍(jun)隊。他們(men)(men)曾經憑借(jie)著(zhu)比秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)十倍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)地(di)(di),率(lv)領(ling)上(shang)(shang)百萬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)隊,攻打函谷關進攻秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)開關迎敵,九(jiu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)隊徘徊起(qi)來不(bu)(bu)敢再前進一(yi)(yi)步。秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)沒有(you)損(sun)失一(yi)(yi)枝(zhi)箭,一(yi)(yi)個箭頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耗費(fei),各國(guo)(guo)(guo)諸侯(hou)就已疲困不(bu)(bu)堪(kan)了(le)。為此(ci),合(he)(he)縱離(li)散(san)(san)了(le),盟約(yue)解除了(le),爭著(zhu)割(ge)讓地(di)(di)盤以侍(shi)奉秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。這(zhe)就使得秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)充足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)量,利用(yong)(yong)各國(guo)(guo)(guo)疲困的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機會,去制(zhi)服他們(men)(men),追擊敗逃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)隊,殺人(ren)上(shang)(shang)百萬,流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)血多(duo)得能漂浮起(qi)大(da)盾牌。秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)利用(yong)(yong)戰(zhan)敗六國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)利形勢,任意宰割(ge)天下,分裂(lie)并吞各國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領(ling)土(tu)。強國(guo)(guo)(guo)請求歸服,弱(ruo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)就趕(gan)來朝拜。王(wang)(wang)(wang)位(wei)傳到孝文王(wang)(wang)(wang)、莊(zhuang)襄王(wang)(wang)(wang),他們(men)(men)在位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)很短,國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)沒有(you)發生過大(da)事。

到了(le)秦(qin)(qin)始(shi)皇(huang),他繼(ji)承了(le)六代(dai)先(xian)人(ren)留下(xia)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)業(ye),像揮動長(chang)(chang)鞭一樣駕馭各(ge)國(guo)(guo),吞并東、西二周,滅亡諸(zhu)侯,登上(shang)了(le)皇(huang)帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)寶座(zuo),統一了(le)天下(xia),用刑罰(fa)來奴(nu)役天下(xia)百姓,聲望威震四海。向(xiang)南(nan)奪取了(le)百越之(zhi)(zhi)地(di),在(zai)那里設(she)置了(le)桂林(lin)郡、象郡,百越的(de)(de)(de)(de)君主(zhu)低(di)著(zhu)頭,頸上(shang)系(xi)著(zhu)繩子(zi)(zi),服(fu)服(fu)貼(tie)貼(tie)聽命于(yu)秦(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)官吏(li)。于(yu)是派蒙(meng)恬在(zai)北方修筑長(chang)(chang)城(cheng)戍守(shou)邊(bian)防,驅趕匈奴(nu)使它后退(tui)七百多里,匈奴(nu)人(ren)不(bu)敢南(nan)下(xia)牧馬(ma),六國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)士不(bu)敢張弓報仇。于(yu)廢棄了(le)先(xian)王的(de)(de)(de)(de)治國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)道,焚毀(hui)(hui)了(le)百家的(de)(de)(de)(de)書籍著(zhu)作,對百姓實行(xing)愚民政策,拆毀(hui)(hui)名城(cheng),殺戮豪杰,收繳天下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)器(qi),聚集到咸陽,銷毀(hui)(hui)這些鋒利的(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)器(qi),鑄成十二個大銅人(ren),以此消弱(ruo)天下(xia)人(ren)民反(fan)抗的(de)(de)(de)(de)力量。然后憑著(zhu)華山當作長(chang)(chang)城(cheng),依靠黃河當作護城(cheng)河,據守(shou)這幾萬丈(zhang)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng),下(xia)臨深不(bu)可測的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃河,以此作為堅固的(de)(de)(de)(de)屏障。派良將用勁弩把守(shou)要塞,用忠(zhong)實的(de)(de)(de)(de)臣子(zi)(zi),精銳的(de)(de)(de)(de)士兵(bing),陳(chen)列銳利的(de)(de)(de)(de)武(wu)器(qi),嚴行(xing)盤(pan)問來往(wang)行(xing)人(ren)。天下(xia)已經安(an)定。秦(qin)(qin)始(shi)皇(huang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心里,以為關中那樣堅固,有如千里長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅鑄長(chang)(chang)城(cheng),是子(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)孫孫稱王的(de)(de)(de)(de)萬世(shi)基業(ye)。

秦(qin)(qin)始皇死后(hou),余威仍(reng)能(neng)(neng)震動到邊遠地(di)(di)區。陳涉(she)不過是破甕做窗(chuang)戶,繩(sheng)子綑門樞的(de)貧(pin)寒人家(jia)子弟,是個為人耕田的(de)雇農,被征役的(de)戍卒,才能(neng)(neng)趕不上中等人,沒有(you)仲尼、墨翟(zhai)的(de)賢能(neng)(neng),沒有(you)陶朱(zhu)、猗頓的(de)富(fu)有(you),出(chu)身于(yu)士卒行(xing)伍,起(qi)事(shi)于(yu)田間村野,帶(dai)著疲憊渙散的(de)士兵,帶(dai)著幾百名兵眾,掉轉槍(qiang)頭攻打(da)秦(qin)(qin)國(guo);他們砍下樹枝(zhi)當武器,高舉竹(zhu)竿作旗幟(zhi),天下百姓像浮云集攏在一(yi)起(qi)那樣,迅速(su)響應,他們自(zi)己背著糧食,如(ru)影隨(sui)形似(si)地(di)(di)跟從陳涉(she)起(qi)義。崤(yao)山(shan)以東的(de)英雄(xiong)豪杰也同時起(qi)兵,就(jiu)把秦(qin)(qin)王朝(chao)消滅了。

秦(qin)朝統(tong)治的(de)(de)(de)(de)天下(xia)并沒有縮(suo)小、削弱(ruo),雍州這(zhe)(zhe)塊地(di)方,崤山(shan)函(han)谷關的(de)(de)(de)(de)險固,也還和原(yuan)來(lai)一(yi)樣(yang)。陳涉(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位,并不(bu)比(bi)(bi)齊、楚、燕、趙、韓、魏、宋、衛、中山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)君(jun)尊貴,鋤頭棍(gun)棒不(bu)比(bi)(bi)鉤戟、長(chang)矛鋒利;被征發守邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兵眾(zhong),并不(bu)比(bi)(bi)九國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)隊強大;深謀(mou)遠慮,行軍(jun)用(yong)兵之(zhi)道,也不(bu)如先(xian)前六(liu)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)謀(mou)士。然而(er)成功失敗各(ge)不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同,功業成就完全(quan)相(xiang)(xiang)反。如果拿山(shan)東各(ge)國(guo)和陳涉(she)比(bi)(bi)量長(chang)短(duan)、大小,量量權(quan)勢實力,就不(bu)能同日而(er)語了(le)。而(er)就秦(qin)國(guo)來(lai)說,憑(ping)著一(yi)塊小地(di)方,得(de)到天子的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)勢,統(tong)轄其他八州,使原(yuan)來(lai)地(di)位相(xiang)(xiang)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)六(liu)國(guo)諸侯,都來(lai)朝拜,經歷了(le)一(yi)百(bai)多(duo)年了(le);后來(lai)又以整個天下(xia)作(zuo)為(wei)家,以崤山(shan)、函(han)谷關為(wei)宮。可是陳涉(she)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)個普通人發動起義,強大的(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)王朝便被推翻,皇子皇孫死在他人手中,讓(rang)天下(xia)人恥笑,這(zhe)(zhe)是因為(wei)什么呢(ni)?這(zhe)(zhe)是因為(wei)不(bu)施行仁義,奪取天下(xia)跟(gen)守住天下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)勢也完全(quan)不(bu)同啊(a)!

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