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古文辭類纂《韓退之改葬服議》全文

大道家(jia)園 2023-07-18 07:05:56

古文辭(ci)類纂《韓(han)退(tui)之改葬(zang)服議(yi)》全文韓(han)退(tui)之改葬(zang)服議(yi)

經(jing)曰(yue):“改(gai)葬(zang)緦(si)(si)。”《春秋穀梁傳》亦曰(yue):“改(gai)葬(zang)之(zhi)禮緦(si)(si),舉下(xia)(xia)(xia)緬也。”此皆(jie)謂子(zi)之(zhi)于父母,其(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)則(ze)(ze)皆(jie)無服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。何以(yi)識(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)必然?經(jing)次五等之(zhi)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),小功之(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia),然后(hou)著改(gai)葬(zang)之(zhi)制,更無輕(qing)(qing)重之(zhi)差。以(yi)此知惟(wei)記(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)最親(qin)者,其(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)無服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),則(ze)(ze)不記(ji)也。若主人當服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)斬衰,其(qi)(qi)(qi)馀親(qin)各服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),則(ze)(ze)經(jing)亦言之(zhi),不當惟(wei)云“緦(si)(si)”也。《傳》稱“舉下(xia)(xia)(xia)緬”者,“緬”猶“遠(yuan)”也;“下(xia)(xia)(xia)”謂服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)之(zhi)最輕(qing)(qing)者也:以(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)遠(yuan),故其(qi)(qi)(qi)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)輕(qing)(qing)也。江熙曰(yue):“禮,天子(zi)諸侯易服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)而葬(zang),以(yi)為交于神(shen)明者不可(ke)以(yi)純兇(xiong),況(kuang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)緬者乎?是故改(gai)葬(zang)之(zhi)禮,其(qi)(qi)(qi)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)惟(wei)輕(qing)(qing)。”以(yi)此而言,則(ze)(ze)亦明矣(yi)。

衛司徒(tu)文子(zi)(zi)改(gai)葬(zang)其叔父(fu),問(wen)服(fu)(fu)(fu)于子(zi)(zi)思(si)。子(zi)(zi)思(si)曰:“禮,父(fu)母改(gai)葬(zang)緦,既(ji)葬(zang)而(er)除之(zhi),不(bu)(bu)忍無服(fu)(fu)(fu)送(song)至親也(ye)。非父(fu)母無服(fu)(fu)(fu),無服(fu)(fu)(fu)則(ze)吊(diao)服(fu)(fu)(fu)而(er)加麻。”此(ci)又(you)其著(zhu)者(zhe)也(ye)。文子(zi)(zi)又(you)曰:“喪(sang)(sang)服(fu)(fu)(fu)既(ji)除,然(ran)后乃(nai)葬(zang),則(ze)其服(fu)(fu)(fu)何服(fu)(fu)(fu)?”子(zi)(zi)思(si)曰:“三年之(zhi)喪(sang)(sang),未葬(zang),服(fu)(fu)(fu)不(bu)(bu)變(bian),除何有(you)焉?”然(ran)則(ze)改(gai)葬(zang)與未葬(zang)者(zhe)有(you)異(yi)矣。

古者(zhe)諸侯五月(yue)而葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang),大夫三(san)月(yue)而葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang),士(shi)逾月(yue)。無故(gu),未有(you)(you)(you)過(guo)(guo)時而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。過(guo)(guo)時而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang),謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang),《春(chun)秋》譏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。若(ruo)有(you)(you)(you)故(gu)而未葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang),雖(sui)(sui)(sui)出三(san)年(nian),子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)服(fu)(fu)(fu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變(bian),此(ci)孝子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以著其(qi)(qi)(qi)情,先王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以必其(qi)(qi)(qi)時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道也(ye)(ye)。雖(sui)(sui)(sui)有(you)(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)文,未有(you)(you)(you)著其(qi)(qi)(qi)人者(zhe),以是(shi)知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)至少(shao)也(ye)(ye)。改(gai)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)者(zhe),為(wei)山崩水涌毀其(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu),及(ji)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)而禮不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)備者(zhe)。若(ruo)文王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)王(wang)季,以水嚙其(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu);魯隱公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)惠公(gong)(gong),以有(you)(you)(you)宋師,太子(zi)少(shao),葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)故(gu)有(you)(you)(you)闕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)類是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。喪(sang)事有(you)(you)(you)進而無退,有(you)(you)(you)易以輕服(fu)(fu)(fu),無加(jia)以重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)。殯于(yu)堂,則謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殯;瘞于(yu)野,則謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)。近代以來,事與古異,或游或仕,在(zai)千里之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外;或子(zi)幼妻稚,而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能自還。甚者(zhe)拘(ju)以陰陽畏(wei)忌,遂(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)于(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)土(tu),及(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)反(fan)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)也(ye)(ye),遠者(zhe)或至數十年(nian),近者(zhe)亦出三(san)年(nian)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)吉(ji)服(fu)(fu)(fu)而從于(yu)事也(ye)(ye)久矣,又安可(ke)(ke)取未葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變(bian)服(fu)(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)例,而反(fan)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)與?在(zai)喪(sang)當葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang),猶(you)宜易以輕服(fu)(fu)(fu),況(kuang)既遠而反(fan)純(chun)兇以葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)乎?若(ruo)果重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)服(fu)(fu)(fu),是(shi)所(suo)謂(wei)未可(ke)(ke)除而除,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)當重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)而更重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)。或曰(yue):“喪(sang)與其(qi)(qi)(qi)易也(ye)(ye)寧戚,雖(sui)(sui)(sui)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)亦可(ke)(ke)乎?”曰(yue):“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)。易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與戚,則易固(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如戚矣。雖(sui)(sui)(sui)然(ran),未若(ruo)合禮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)懿(yi)也(ye)(ye)。儉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與奢(she),則儉固(gu)愈于(yu)奢(she)矣。雖(sui)(sui)(sui)然(ran),未若(ruo)合禮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)懿(yi)也(ye)(ye)。過(guo)(guo)猶(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji),其(qi)(qi)(qi)此(ci)類之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)乎?”

或曰(yue):“經稱(cheng)‘改葬(zang)緦(si)’,而(er)(er)不著其月數,則似(si)三(san)月而(er)(er)后除也。子思(si)之(zhi)對(dui)文(wen)子,則曰(yue):‘既葬(zang)而(er)(er)除之(zhi)’,今(jin)宜如(ru)何?”曰(yue):“自啟至于既葬(zang)而(er)(er)三(san)月,則除之(zhi);未三(san)月,則服(fu)以終三(san)月也。”曰(yue):“妻(qi)為夫何如(ru)?”曰(yue):“如(ru)子。”“無吊服(fu)而(er)(er)加麻則何如(ru)?”曰(yue):“今(jin)之(zhi)吊服(fu),猶(you)古之(zhi)吊服(fu)也。”

古文辭(ci)類纂《韓退(tui)之(zhi)禘祫議(yi)》全文韓退(tui)之(zhi)禘祫議(yi)

右今月十六日(ri)敕旨(zhi),宜令百僚議,限五日(ri)內聞(wen)奏者。將仕郎守國子監四門博士臣韓愈(yu)謹獻議曰:

伏以陛下(xia)追孝(xiao)祖(zu)宗,肅敬(jing)祀事,凡在擬(ni)議(yi)(yi),不敢(gan)自(zi)專,聿(yu)求厥中,延訪(fang)群下(xia)。然而(er)禮(li)文(wen)繁漫,所執各殊,自(zi)建中之初(chu),迄至今(jin)歲(sui),屢經禘袷,未合(he)適(shi)從(cong)。臣生遭圣明(ming),涵(han)泳恩澤,雖賤不及議(yi)(yi),而(er)志切(qie)效忠。今(jin)輒先舉眾(zhong)議(yi)(yi)之非,然后申(shen)明(ming)其說。

一曰“獻、懿廟(miao)主(zhu),宜永藏之(zhi)(zhi)夾室”。臣以為不(bu)(bu)(bu)可。夫祫(xia)(xia)者,合也。毀廟(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu),皆當合食于(yu)太祖。獻、懿二祖,即(ji)毀廟(miao)主(zhu)也,今雖(sui)藏于(yu)夾室,至(zhi)禘祫(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)時,豈得(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)食于(yu)太廟(miao)乎?名曰“合祭(ji)”,而二祖不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)祭(ji)焉,不(bu)(bu)(bu)可謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)合矣(yi)。

二曰“獻、懿廟主,宜毀(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)瘞(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)”。臣又以(yi)為不(bu)(bu)可。謹按《禮記》,天子(zi)立七(qi)廟,一(yi)壇一(yi)墠,其毀(hui)廟之(zhi)(zhi)主,皆藏于祧(tiao)廟,雖百代不(bu)(bu)毀(hui),祫(xia)則(ze)陳于太廟而饗焉。自魏、晉以(yi)降,始(shi)有毀(hui)瘞(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)議,事非經據,竟(jing)不(bu)(bu)可施(shi)行。今國家德厚流光,創立九廟,以(yi)周制推之(zhi)(zhi),獻、懿二祖猶在壇墠之(zhi)(zhi)位,況(kuang)于毀(hui)瘞(yi)(yi)而不(bu)(bu)禘祫(xia)乎?

三曰“獻、懿(yi)廟主(zhu),宜各遷于(yu)其陵所”。臣又以為不可。二(er)祖(zu)之祭于(yu)京師,列于(yu)太廟也二(er)百年矣(yi)。今(jin)一朝(chao)遷之,豈惟人聽疑(yi)惑,抑恐二(er)祖(zu)之靈眷顧依遲,不即饗于(yu)下(xia)國(guo)也!

四曰“獻(xian)、懿(yi)廟主,宜附于興圣廟而不禘祫(xia)”。臣又以為不可。《傳(chuan)》曰“祭(ji)如在(zai)”。景皇帝(di)雖太祖,其(qi)于屬乃獻(xian)、懿(yi)之子(zi)孫(sun)也。今欲(yu)正其(qi)子(zi)東向(xiang)之位,廢其(qi)父之大(da)祭(ji),固不可為典(dian)矣。

五曰“獻、懿二祖,宜別(bie)立(li)廟(miao)于京師”。臣又以為不(bu)可(ke)。夫禮(li)有所(suo)降(jiang),情有所(suo)殺。是故去(qu)廟(miao)為祧(tiao),去(qu)祧(tiao)為壇,去(qu)壇為墠,去(qu)墠為鬼。漸而之(zhi)遠,其祭(ji)益稀。昔者魯立(li)煬(yang)宮,《春秋》非之(zhi),以為不(bu)當取已毀之(zhi)廟(miao),既藏之(zhi)主,而復筑(zhu)宮以祭(ji)。今之(zhi)所(suo)議,與(yu)此正同(tong)。又雖(sui)違禮(li)立(li)廟(miao),至于禘(di)祫(xia)也,合(he)食則禘(di)無其所(suo),廢祭(ji)則于義不(bu)通。

此五說者,皆所不可。故臣(chen)博(bo)采前聞,求(qiu)其折(zhe)中。以(yi)為(wei)殷祖(zu)元王、周祖(zu)后稷,太祖(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)皆自為(wei)帝(di)。又(you)其代(dai)數已遠(yuan),不復祭(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故太祖(zu)得正東向之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei),子孫從昭穆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)列(lie)。《禮》所稱者,蓋以(yi)紀一時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜(yi)(yi),非(fei)(fei)傳(chuan)(chuan)于(yu)后代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法也(ye)(ye)。《傳(chuan)(chuan)》曰:“子雖齊圣(sheng),不先父(fu)食。”蓋言子為(wei)父(fu)屈也(ye)(ye)。景皇帝(di)雖太祖(zu)也(ye)(ye),其于(yu)獻、懿則子孫也(ye)(ye)。當禘(di)祫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,獻祖(zu)宜(yi)(yi)居東向之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei),景皇帝(di)宜(yi)(yi)從昭穆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)列(lie)。祖(zu)以(yi)孫尊,孫以(yi)祖(zu)屈,求(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神道,豈遠(yuan)人情?又(you)常祭(ji)甚眾,合祭(ji)甚寡,則是太祖(zu)所屈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)至(zhi)少(shao),所伸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)至(zhi)多(duo)。比于(yu)伸孫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊,廢祖(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji),不亦順乎(hu)?事異殷、周,禮從而變,非(fei)(fei)所失禮也(ye)(ye)。

臣(chen)伏以制禮(li)作(zuo)樂(le)者,天子之職也。陛下以臣(chen)議(yi)有(you)可采,粗合天心,斷而行之,是則為(wei)禮(li)。如以為(wei)猶(you)或可疑,乞(qi)召(zhao)臣(chen)對,面(mian)陳得(de)失,庶有(you)發(fa)明。謹議(yi)。

古文(wen)辭類纂《韓退之扶風郡夫(fu)人(ren)墓志銘(ming)》全文(wen)韓退之扶風郡夫(fu)人(ren)墓志銘(ming)

夫人(ren)姓盧氏,范(fan)陽(yang)人(ren),亳州(zhou)城(cheng)父丞序(xu)之(zhi)孫(sun),吉州(zhou)刺(ci)史徹(che)之(zhi)女。嫁扶(fu)風馬氏,為(wei)司徒侍(shi)中(zhong)莊武公之(zhi)冢婦,少府監(jian)西平(ping)郡(jun)王贈(zeng)工部尚書之(zhi)夫人(ren)。

初,司徒與(yu)其配陳國夫人(ren)元氏(shi)惟宗廟之(zhi)尊重,繼序之(zhi)不(bu)易,賢其子之(zhi)才,求婦之(zhi)可與(yu)齊者(zhe)。內外親(qin)咸曰(yue):“盧(lu)某舊門(men)(men),承守不(bu)失其初,其子女聞(wen)教訓,有(you)幽閑之(zhi)德,為(wei)(wei)公子擇婦,宜莫如盧(lu)氏(shi)。”媒(mei)者(zhe)曰(yue)“然”,卜者(zhe)曰(yue)“祥(xiang)”。夫人(ren)適年(nian)若干,入門(men)(men)而媼御皆(jie)喜,既饋而公姑交賀(he)。克受(shou)成福,母有(you)多子。為(wei)(wei)婦為(wei)(wei)母,莫不(bu)法式。天資仁(ren)恕,左右媵侍常(chang)蒙假與(yu)顏色,人(ren)人(ren)莫不(bu)自在。杖婢使數未嘗過二(er)三,雖(sui)有(you)不(bu)懌(yi),未嘗見聲氣。

元和五年(nian),尚書(shu)薨(hong)(hong),夫人哭泣成(cheng)疾。后二年(nian),亦薨(hong)(hong)。年(nian)四十有(you)六。九年(nian)正月癸(gui)酉,祔于其(qi)夫之封。長子(zi)殿中丞繼祖,孝友(you)以類,葬有(you)日,言(yan)曰:“吾父友(you),惟(wei)韓丈人視諸孤(gu),其(qi)往乞(qi)銘。”以其(qi)狀來(lai),愈(yu)讀(du)曰:“嘗(chang)聞乃公(gong)言(yan)然(ran),吾宜銘。”銘曰:

陰幽坤從,維德(de)之恒;出為辨強,乃匪婦能(neng)。淑哉夫人,夙有(you)(you)多譽;來嬪大家,不(bu)介母父。有(you)(you)事賓(bin)祭,酒食祗飭;協(xie)于尊章,畏我侍側。及嗣內事,亦莫有(you)(you)施;齊其(qi)躬心,小(xiao)大順之。夫先(xian)其(qi)歸,其(qi)室有(you)(you)丘;合葬有(you)(you)銘,壸彝是攸。

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