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《先秦散文·孫子兵法·虛實》原文鑒賞

大(da)道家園 2023-07-18 01:42:09

《先(xian)秦散文·孫子兵法·虛實(shi)(shi)》原(yuan)文鑒賞《先(xian)秦散文·孫子兵法·虛實(shi)(shi)》原(yuan)文鑒賞

孫子曰(yue):凡先處(chu)戰(zhan)地而(er)(er)待敵(di)(di)者(zhe)佚①,后處(chu)戰(zhan)地而(er)(er)趨戰(zhan)者(zhe)勞(lao)②。故善戰(zhan)者(zhe),致(zhi)人(ren)而(er)(er)不致(zhi)于人(ren)③。能使(shi)敵(di)(di)自至(zhi)者(zhe),利之也(ye);能使(shi)敵(di)(di)不得至(zhi)者(zhe),害之也(ye)。故敵(di)(di)佚能勞(lao)之,飽(bao)能饑之,安(an)能動之。

出其(qi)(qi)所不(bu)(bu)(bu)趨④,趨其(qi)(qi)所不(bu)(bu)(bu)意(yi)。行(xing)千里而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)勞者,行(xing)于(yu)無人之地也(ye)。攻(gong)而(er)必(bi)取者,攻(gong)其(qi)(qi)所不(bu)(bu)(bu)守也(ye);守而(er)必(bi)固者,守其(qi)(qi)所不(bu)(bu)(bu)攻(gong)也(ye)。故善攻(gong)者,敵(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)(qi)所守;善守者,敵(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)(qi)所攻(gong)。徽乎微乎⑤,至于(yu)無形,神(shen)(shen)乎神(shen)(shen)乎⑥,至于(yu)無聲,故能為敵(di)之司命⑦。

進而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可御(yu)者(zhe),沖其(qi)虛也;退而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可追者(zhe),速(su)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可及也。故我(wo)欲戰(zhan),敵(di)雖高壘深溝,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)與我(wo)戰(zhan)者(zhe),攻其(qi)所必(bi)救也。我(wo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)欲戰(zhan),雖畫地而守之,敵(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得與我(wo)戰(zhan)者(zhe),乘(cheng)其(qi)所之也⑧。

故形(xing)人而(er)我無形(xing),則(ze)(ze)我專而(er)敵(di)分⑨。我專為(wei)一,敵(di)分力十,是以十攻其一也(ye),則(ze)(ze)我眾而(er)敵(di)寡(gua)(gua)(gua)。能以眾擊寡(gua)(gua)(gua)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),則(ze)(ze)吾(wu)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)與戰者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)約(yue)矣⑩。吾(wu)所(suo)(suo)與戰之(zhi)地不可知(zhi)(zhi),不可知(zhi)(zhi),則(ze)(ze)敵(di)所(suo)(suo)備(bei)(bei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)多(duo)。敵(di)所(suo)(suo)備(bei)(bei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)多(duo),則(ze)(ze)吾(wu)所(suo)(suo)與戰者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)寡(gua)(gua)(gua)矣。故備(bei)(bei)前(qian)則(ze)(ze)后寡(gua)(gua)(gua),備(bei)(bei)后則(ze)(ze)前(qian)寡(gua)(gua)(gua),備(bei)(bei)左則(ze)(ze)右寡(gua)(gua)(gua),備(bei)(bei)右則(ze)(ze)左寡(gua)(gua)(gua),無所(suo)(suo)不備(bei)(bei),則(ze)(ze)無所(suo)(suo)不寡(gua)(gua)(gua)。寡(gua)(gua)(gua)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)備(bei)(bei)人者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye),眾者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)使人備(bei)(bei)己(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。

故(gu)知(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)之(zhi)地,知(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)之(zhi)日,則(ze)可(ke)千(qian)里而會(hui)戰(zhan)。不知(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)地,不知(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)日,則(ze)左不能(neng)救(jiu)右(you)(you),右(you)(you)不能(neng)救(jiu)左,前(qian)不能(neng)救(jiu)后,后不能(neng)救(jiu)前(qian),而況遠者數十里,近(jin)者數里乎?以吾度(du)之(zhi)(11),越人之(zhi)兵雖多(duo)(12),亦奚益于勝敗哉?故(gu)曰:勝可(ke)為也。敵雖眾,可(ke)使無(wu)斗(13)。

故策之而(er)知(zhi)得失之計(14),作之而(er)知(zhi)動(dong)靜之理(15),形之而(er)知(zhi)死生之地(16),角之而(er)知(zhi)有余不足之處(17)。

故形兵之極(18),至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)無(wu)形。無(wu)形,則(ze)深(shen)間不(bu)能(neng)窺(19),智者不(bu)能(neng)謀。因形而(er)錯勝于(yu)(yu)眾(zhong)(20),眾(zhong)不(bu)能(neng)知;人皆知我(wo)所以勝之形,而(er)莫知吾(wu)所以制(zhi)勝之形,故其戰(zhan)勝不(bu)復(21),而(er)應形于(yu)(yu)無(wu)窮。

夫兵形(xing)象水(shui)(22),水(shui)之形(xing)避高而(er)(er)趨下(xia),兵之形(xing)避實(shi)而(er)(er)擊(ji)虛。水(shui)因地而(er)(er)制流,兵因敵(di)而(er)(er)制勝(sheng)。故兵無常(chang)勢,水(shui)無常(chang)形(xing),能因敵(di)變(bian)化(hua)而(er)(er)取勝(sheng)者,謂之神(23)。故五行無常(chang)勝(sheng)(24),四時無常(chang)位(25),日有短(duan)長, 月有死生(26)。

【注(zhu)釋】 ①佚:同逸,安逸。 ②趨(qu)(qu)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan):指倉(cang)促應戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。 ③致(zhi)(zhi):招致(zhi)(zhi)。這里(li)指調(diao)動。④出:指進攻(gong)。所不趨(qu)(qu):指無法(fa)急救的(de)地(di)方。 ⑤微(wei):微(wei)妙。 ⑥神(shen)(shen):神(shen)(shen)奇,神(shen)(shen)秘。 ⑦司(si)命(ming):生(sheng)命(ming)的(de)主宰者(zhe)。 ⑧乘(cheng):背離。這里(li)是(shi)(shi)改變的(de)意思。之:往(wang)。 ⑨專:專一,這里(li)指集中。分:分散。 ⑩約:少(shao)。 (11)度(du)(duo音奪(duo)):忖度(du),推斷。 (12)越:越國(guo),在(zai)今浙江一帶,是(shi)(shi)吳(wu)國(guo)的(de)敵對(dui)國(guo)家(jia)。 (13)無斗(dou):不能(neng)(neng)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)。 (14)策:策劃(hua),籌算(suan)。 (15)作:動作,這里(li)是(shi)(shi)挑(tiao)動的(de)意思。動靜之理:行(xing)(xing)動的(de)規(gui)律。 (16)形(xing)之:指考察(cha)地(di)形(xing)。 (17)角:較(jiao)量,指試探(tan)性的(de)進攻(gong)。 (18)形(xing)兵(bing):用(yong)示形(xing)的(de)辦法(fa)迷惑敵人。 (19)深間(jian):深入(ru)我(wo)方的(de)間(jian)諜。 (20)錯:通措,放置之意。 (21)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)勝不復:戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)勝敵人的(de)辦法(fa)不重(zhong)復。 (22)兵(bing)形(xing):用(yong)兵(bing)的(de)方式。(2 3⑤神(shen)(shen):神(shen)(shen)奇。 (24)五行(xing)(xing):即(ji)水(shui)、火、木、金、土(tu)。古人把這五種東西(xi)看成是(shi)(shi)構成萬物的(de)基本(ben)元素,并認為它(ta)們(men)之間(jian)相(xiang)生(sheng)相(xiang)克。無常勝:沒(mei)有哪一行(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)經常取(qu)勝。 (25)四(si)(si)時:四(si)(si)季。無常位(wei):沒(mei)有哪一季能(neng)(neng)固(gu)定(ding)不移。 (26)死生(sheng):指月亮圓缺明暗的(de)變化。

【今譯】 孫(sun)子說(shuo):凡(fan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)先到(dao)(dao)達(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)場(chang)等待敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)安(an)逸,后到(dao)(dao)達(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)場(chang)倉(cang)促(cu)應(ying)戰(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)疲勞。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)善(shan)于(yu)用兵(bing)(bing)作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)調動(dong)(dong)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)被敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)調動(dong)(dong),能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)(shi)(shi)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)自己(ji)進(jin)(jin)入我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)預(yu)定(ding)(ding)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)用小(xiao)(xiao)利(li)引誘(you)它(ta)(ta),能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)(shi)(shi)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)到(dao)(dao)達(da)其(qi)預(yu)定(ding)(ding)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)設法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)阻止(zhi)了(le)它(ta)(ta)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)安(an)逸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)(shi)(shi)它(ta)(ta)疲勞,溫飽(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)(shi)(shi)它(ta)(ta)饑餓,安(an)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)(shi)(shi)它(ta)(ta)出動(dong)(dong)。要進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)急救(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang),襲擊敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)意想不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)。行軍(jun)(jun)千(qian)里(li)(li)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)勞頓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)行進(jin)(jin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)空虛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)。進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)必(bi)然成功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)沒(mei)有(you)(you)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)守或不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易(yi)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)守的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)。防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)守必(bi)然堅固(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)扼守著敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)或不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易(yi)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)善(shan)于(yu)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)(shi)(shi)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)該(gai)怎樣防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)守;善(shan)于(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)守的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)(shi)(shi)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)該(gai)怎么(me)(me)(me)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)。微(wei)妙(miao)啊(a)微(wei)妙(miao)啊(a),微(wei)妙(miao)到(dao)(dao)看(kan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出形跡。神(shen)奇啊(a)神(shen)奇啊(a),神(shen)奇到(dao)(dao)聽不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見聲息。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)成為(wei)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主宰。前(qian)進(jin)(jin)而(er)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)抵(di)御的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)沖擊敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)空虛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang),后退而(er)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)追(zhui)擊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)行動(dong)(dong)迅速,敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)追(zhui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)軍(jun)(jun)想打(da),敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)即使(shi)(shi)(shi)深溝高壘也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)與(yu)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)交戰(zhan)(zhan),是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)必(bi)救(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang);我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)軍(jun)(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)想打(da),即使(shi)(shi)(shi)畫(hua)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)而(er)守,敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)與(yu)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)交戰(zhan)(zhan),是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)設法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)改變(bian)了(le)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)向。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)暴(bao)露(lu)而(er)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)露(lu)形跡,那(nei)(nei)(nei)么(me)(me)(me)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)軍(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)力(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)集中(zhong)(zhong)而(er)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)力(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)。我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)軍(jun)(jun)集中(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi),敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)為(wei)十,這(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)相(xiang)當于(yu)以(yi)十攻(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)了(le),那(nei)(nei)(nei)么(me)(me)(me)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)得(de)(de)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)眾(zhong)(zhong)而(er)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)寡(gua)。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong)(zhong)擊敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)寡(gua),那(nei)(nei)(nei)么(me)(me)(me)同我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)軍(jun)(jun)直接作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)少(shao)了(le)。我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)軍(jun)(jun)要進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)而(er)知(zhi),敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)而(er)知(zhi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)備(bei)(bei)(bei),敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)多(duo),那(nei)(nei)(nei)么(me)(me)(me)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)軍(jun)(jun)所(suo)(suo)要直接打(da)擊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)少(shao)了(le)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)備(bei)(bei)(bei)前(qian)邊(bian)(bian),后邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)力(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)薄(bo)(bo)弱(ruo)(ruo)(ruo);防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)備(bei)(bei)(bei)后邊(bian)(bian),前(qian)邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)力(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)薄(bo)(bo)弱(ruo)(ruo)(ruo);防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)備(bei)(bei)(bei)左(zuo)邊(bian)(bian),右邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)力(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)薄(bo)(bo)弱(ruo)(ruo)(ruo);防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)備(bei)(bei)(bei)右邊(bian)(bian),左(zuo)邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)力(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)薄(bo)(bo)弱(ruo)(ruo)(ruo);處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)備(bei)(bei)(bei),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)兵(bing)(bing)力(li)(li)(li)薄(bo)(bo)弱(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)。兵(bing)(bing)力(li)(li)(li)薄(bo)(bo)弱(ruo)(ruo)(ruo),是(shi)(shi)(shi)由于(yu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)兵(bing)(bing)力(li)(li)(li)多(duo)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)備(bei)(bei)(bei)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);兵(bing)(bing)力(li)(li)(li)雄厚(hou),是(shi)(shi)(shi)由于(yu)迫使(shi)(shi)(shi)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)分(fen)(fen)(fen)兵(bing)(bing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)預(yu)知(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)什(shen)(shen)么(me)(me)(me)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)打(da),什(shen)(shen)么(me)(me)(me)時候(hou)打(da),那(nei)(nei)(nei)么(me)(me)(me)即使(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)千(qian)里(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)遙也(ye)可(ke)(ke)如期和敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)會戰(zhan)(zhan);不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)預(yu)知(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)什(shen)(shen)么(me)(me)(me)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)打(da)、什(shen)(shen)么(me)(me)(me)時候(hou)打(da),那(nei)(nei)(nei)么(me)(me)(me)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會左(zuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)救(jiu)(jiu)右,右不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)救(jiu)(jiu)左(zuo),前(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)救(jiu)(jiu)后,后不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)救(jiu)(jiu)前(qian),更(geng)何(he)況(kuang)遠在(zai)(zai)(zai)幾(ji)十里(li)(li)、近(jin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)好幾(ji)里(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呢(ni)?依(yi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)看(kan)來(lai),越國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)雖(sui)多(duo),對(dui)于(yu)決定(ding)(ding)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭勝(sheng)敗又有(you)(you)多(duo)大作(zuo)用呢(ni)?所(suo)(suo)以(yi)說(shuo),勝(sheng)利(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)奪得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)雖(sui)然眾(zhong)(zhong)多(duo),可(ke)(ke)以(yi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)它(ta)(ta)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)籌算分(fen)(fen)(fen)析能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)明(ming)確(que)計(ji)謀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長短得(de)(de)失(shi),挑動(dong)(dong)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)軍(jun)(jun)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)了(le)解敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)(dong)規律,考察地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否有(you)(you)利(li),進(jin)(jin)行小(xiao)(xiao)戰(zhan)(zhan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)偵察敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)兵(bing)(bing)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強弱(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)優(you)劣。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)偽裝佯動(dong)(dong)做到(dao)(dao)最好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)步,能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)看(kan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出一(yi)(yi)(yi)點(dian)形跡。看(kan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出一(yi)(yi)(yi)點(dian)形跡,那(nei)(nei)(nei)么(me)(me)(me)即便有(you)(you)深藏(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間諜也(ye)窺探(tan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)清我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)底細,再聰明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)想不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出對(dui)付的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。因(yin)(yin)(yin)用假(jia)象(xiang)惑敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)而(er)取(qu)勝(sheng),往(wang)往(wang)把勝(sheng)利(li)擺在(zai)(zai)(zai)眾(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面前(qian),眾(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)怎樣取(qu)勝(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);或者只知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)取(qu)勝(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體做法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)采取(qu)這(zhe)些做法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)理何(he)在(zai)(zai)(zai)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)每次戰(zhan)(zhan)勝(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)重復(fu),而(er)應(ying)適(shi)應(ying)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形勢,變(bian)化(hua)無窮。用兵(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式象(xiang)水(shui)(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣,水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流動(dong)(dong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)避(bi)(bi)開高處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)而(er)流向低處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu),兵(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)避(bi)(bi)開實處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)而(er)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)擊虛處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。水(shui)(shui)因(yin)(yin)(yin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形而(er)制(zhi)約其(qi)流向,兵(bing)(bing)因(yin)(yin)(yin)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)情而(er)確(que)定(ding)(ding)其(qi)制(zhi)勝(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。兵(bing)(bing)沒(mei)有(you)(you)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情勢,水(shui)(shui)沒(mei)有(you)(you)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形態。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)根據敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)情的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)千(qian)變(bian)萬化(hua)而(er)經常取(qu)勝(sheng),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)稱得(de)(de)上用兵(bing)(bing)如神(shen)了(le)。五行中(zhong)(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)(you)哪一(yi)(yi)(yi)行能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)經常取(qu)勝(sheng),四(si)季中(zhong)(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)(you)哪一(yi)(yi)(yi)季能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)移,日照有(you)(you)長短,月亮(liang)有(you)(you)圓(yuan)缺。

【集評】 明·林俊:“兵(bing)(bing)實(shi)則勝,兵(bing)(bing)虛(xu)(xu)則敗,凡用兵(bing)(bing)之(zhi)法貴實(shi)而惡虛(xu)(xu)。此篇之(zhi)義(yi),皆是變(bian)敵之(zhi)實(shi)以為虛(xu)(xu),變(bian)我之(zhi)虛(xu)(xu)以為實(shi)也。”

明·徐中行:“以水之形喻兵之形,巧而且切。”

明(ming)·王世貞:“通篇(pian)總一(yi)避實擊虛之意,而(er)所以敵為我擊,則以先處戰地而(er)佚(yi),因敵變(bian)化,其應若神也(ye)。此篇(pian)首尾喚應,較他篇(pian)更句句精密(mi)。”(以上三條見明(ming)歸有(you)光《諸子匯函》卷八)

【總(zong)案】 本篇(pian)論述(shu)“避(bi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)擊(ji)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)”、“因(yin)敵(di)制(zhi)(zhi)勝”的(de)戰(zhan)略(lve)戰(zhan)術(shu)原則。孫子認為“兵(bing)(bing)(bing)形(xing)象水”,水的(de)流(liu)動(dong)是“避(bi)高而趨下”、“因(yin)地(di)而制(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)”,用(yong)(yong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)也(ye)要“避(bi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)而擊(ji)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)”、“因(yin)敵(di)而制(zhi)(zhi)勝”。并(bing)指出“兵(bing)(bing)(bing)無(wu)常勢,水無(wu)常形(xing)”,虛(xu)(xu)(xu)和實(shi)(shi)(shi)就象“日有(you)(you)(you)短長,月有(you)(you)(you)死生”一樣(yang),永遠處于(yu)變(bian)化之(zhi)中。只要能掌(zhang)握其變(bian)化規律,就能變(bian)敵(di)之(zhi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)為虛(xu)(xu)(xu),變(bian)我(wo)之(zhi)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)為實(shi)(shi)(shi),以(yi)(yi)我(wo)之(zhi)實(shi)(shi)(shi),擊(ji)敵(di)之(zhi)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)。具體(ti)到戰(zhan)術(shu)運用(yong)(yong)上(shang)如何做到避(bi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)擊(ji)虛(xu)(xu)(xu),以(yi)(yi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)擊(ji)虛(xu)(xu)(xu),孫子用(yong)(yong)較多篇(pian)幅作了論述(shu):第一,要爭取(qu)主動(dong),以(yi)(yi)逸(yi)待勞,“致人而不(bu)(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)人”;第二,要“出其所(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)趨,趨其所(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)意”,進攻敵(di)人兵(bing)(bing)(bing)力空虛(xu)(xu)(xu)之(zhi)處;第三,要用(yong)(yong)“形(xing)人而我(wo)無(wu)形(xing)”的(de)方(fang)法,集(ji)中自(zi)己兵(bing)(bing)(bing)力,分散敵(di)人兵(bing)(bing)(bing)力,使“我(wo)專而敵(di)分”,甚(shen)至使敵(di)人陷入“無(wu)所(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)備(bei),無(wu)所(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)寡(gua)”的(de)被動(dong)境地(di),造成我(wo)眾敵(di)寡(gua)的(de)戰(zhan)術(shu)優勢。所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)這(zhe)些,都包(bao)涵著唯物辯證法的(de)思想因(yin)素,受到歷代軍事家的(de)推(tui)崇,在今天仍有(you)(you)(you)借鑒價值。

本篇(pian)在(zai)寫作(zuo)上也很有(you)特(te)色。一是分(fen)析細致,論證精密,結構謹嚴(yan)。各段之(zhi)間(jian)的聯系,不靠(kao)外在(zai)的語言(yan)形式,而靠(kao)內在(zai)的邏輯關系。二(er)是語言(yan)明快流暢,淺(qian)顯易(yi)懂,而義理精深。三是以(yi)水喻兵,生(sheng)動貼切,辭意(yi)雙絕。

《先秦散文(wen)(wen)(wen)·孫(sun)子(zi)兵法》原文(wen)(wen)(wen)鑒賞 《先秦散文(wen)(wen)(wen)·孫(sun)子(zi)兵法》原文(wen)(wen)(wen)鑒賞

孫(sun)子,名武(wu),字長卿,春秋時著名軍事學家(jia),齊(qi)(qi)國樂安(今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)省惠民縣(xian))人。其生卒年(nian)不詳(xiang),大(da)約與孔子同(tong)時。因齊(qi)(qi)國發(fa)生內(nei)亂(luan),他出(chu)奔(ben)到南方的吳(wu)(wu)(wu)國,被吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)闔閭(lv)任以為將,同(tong)伍子胥(xu)一起(qi)(qi)輔助(zhu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)“西(xi)破強楚,入郢,北威齊(qi)(qi)晉,顯名諸侯”(《史記·孫(sun)子吳(wu)(wu)(wu)起(qi)(qi)列傳(chuan)》),對吳(wu)(wu)(wu)國的強大(da)起(qi)(qi)了重要作用。

孫子總結了(le)當時和以(yi)往(wang)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)的經驗,繼(ji)承、發展了(le)前人的有(you)關論述(shu),創(chuang)立了(le)自己(ji)完整而(er)(er)精(jing)深(shen)(shen)的軍(jun)事(shi)學說。在(zai)(zai)《孫子》一書中(zhong),他(ta)分析論述(shu)了(le)古代戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)各個方面的向題,提出(chu)了(le)以(yi)“道”為(wei)首的決勝條件(jian)、“知(zhi)己(ji)知(zhi)彼”的指導(dao)思想(xiang)和“先勝后戰(zhan)(zhan)”、“示(shi)(shi)形動敵(di)”、“敵(di)分我專(zhuan)”、“避實(shi)擊虛(xu)”、“因敵(di)制勝”等一系(xi)列(lie)重要作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)法則。尤其(qi)是他(ta)能(neng)以(yi)哲(zhe)學家的理性態度來研究戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)問題,在(zai)(zai)分析論述(shu)中(zhong)包(bao)含著豐富的樸素唯物論思想(xiang)和軍(jun)事(shi)辯證(zheng)法觀點(dian),許多(duo)命題不(bu)僅揭示(shi)(shi)了(le)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)的客觀規律,而(er)(er)且(qie)具有(you)較普遍的哲(zhe)理意(yi)義。在(zai)(zai)寫作(zuo)藝術(shu)上,《孫子》也(ye)以(yi)議論風發、語言流暢(chang)、氣勢充沛、文辭(ci)敘次頗能(neng)出(chu)奇(qi)制勝而(er)(er)見(jian)稱。“其(qi)詞約而(er)(er)縟,易而(er)(er)深(shen)(shen),暢(chang)而(er)(er)可用”(明歸(gui)有(you)光《諸子匯函》),確令(ling)人愛(ai)讀,耐人嚼味。它作(zuo)為(wei)我國現存最早的兵書,后世(shi)的兵書戰(zhan)(zhan)策不(bu)只在(zai)(zai)軍(jun)事(shi)思想(xiang)上“無出(chu)孫武”(《李衛公問對》),在(zai)(zai)文章藝術(shu)上也(ye)同樣很難超過它。

《孫(sun)(sun)子》又名《孫(sun)(sun)武(wu)子》、《孫(sun)(sun)子兵法》,《韓非子·五蠹》已(yi)提到此書。《史(shi)(shi)記》記述為十三(san)(san)篇(pian),《漢書·藝文志》著錄為八十二篇(pian),自曹(cao)操作注后流(liu)傳至今的(de)均(jun)為十三(san)(san)篇(pian)。一九(jiu)七(qi)二年在(zai)山東(dong)臨(lin)沂銀雀山西(xi)漢前期(qi)墓葬里出土的(de)《孫(sun)(sun)子兵法》殘(can)簡中,又新發(fa)現了四篇(pian)不(bu)見于現存史(shi)(shi)籍的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)佚文和(he)一篇(pian)記述孫(sun)(sun)子事跡的(de)佚文。

《先秦散(san)文(wen)·孫子兵法(fa)(fa)·計篇(pian)》原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)鑒(jian)賞(shang) 《先秦散(san)文(wen)·孫子兵法(fa)(fa)·計篇(pian)》原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)鑒(jian)賞(shang)

孫子曰(yue):兵者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)①,國之大事,死(si)(si)生之地,存亡之道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),不(bu)(bu)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)察也(ye)(ye)②。故經之以(yi)(yi)五(wu)③,校之以(yi)(yi)計而索(suo)其情④:一(yi)曰(yue)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)⑤,二曰(yue)天(tian),三曰(yue)地,四曰(yue)將,五(wu)曰(yue)法(fa)。道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),令民(min)與(yu)上同(tong)意(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)⑥,可(ke)與(yu)之死(si)(si),可(ke)與(yu)之生,而不(bu)(bu)畏(wei)危也(ye)(ye)。天(tian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),陰陽、寒暑、時制也(ye)(ye)⑦。地者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),高(gao)下、遠近、險易、廣狹(xia)、死(si)(si)生也(ye)(ye)⑧。將者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),智(zhi)、信、仁、勇、嚴也(ye)(ye)。法(fa)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),曲制、官(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、主用也(ye)(ye)⑨。凡此五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),將莫不(bu)(bu)聞,知之者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)勝,不(bu)(bu)知者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)勝。故校之以(yi)(yi)計而索(suo)其情,曰(yue):主孰(shu)(shu)有(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)?將孰(shu)(shu)有(you)能(neng)?天(tian)地孰(shu)(shu)得?法(fa)令孰(shu)(shu)行?兵眾孰(shu)(shu)強?士卒孰(shu)(shu)練?賞罰孰(shu)(shu)明?吾以(yi)(yi)此知勝負矣。

將聽吾計(ji)⑩,用(yong)之必(bi)勝,留之;將不聽吾計(ji),用(yong)之必(bi)敗,去(qu)之。

計利(li)(li)以聽(11),乃為之勢,以佐其外。勢者,因利(li)(li)而制權也(12)。

兵(bing)者,詭道也(ye)(13)。故能(neng)而(er)(er)(er)示(shi)之不能(neng),用(yong)而(er)(er)(er)示(shi)之不用(yong),近(jin)而(er)(er)(er)示(shi)之遠,遠而(er)(er)(er)示(shi)之近(jin)。利而(er)(er)(er)誘之,亂(luan)而(er)(er)(er)取之,實(shi)而(er)(er)(er)備之,強而(er)(er)(er)避之,怒而(er)(er)(er)撓(nao)之(14),卑而(er)(er)(er)驕之,佚而(er)(er)(er)勞之(15),親而(er)(er)(er)離之,攻其無備,出其不意。此兵(bing)家(jia)之勝(16),不可先傳也(ye)。

夫未戰而(er)(er)廟(miao)算(suan)勝者(17),得算(suan)多也(ye)(ye)(18);未戰而(er)(er)廟(miao)算(suan)不勝者,得算(suan)少也(ye)(ye)。多算(suan)勝,少算(suan)不勝,而(er)(er)況無(wu)算(suan)乎!吾以此(ci)觀之,勝負見矣。

【注釋】 ①兵(bing):指(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)爭。 ②察(cha):考察(cha),研究。 ③經:縱線,這里有綱領、大(da)綱的(de)意思。 ④校(jiao音(yin)較(jiao)):通較(jiao),比較(jiao),對比。計(ji):計(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan),估計(ji),預(yu)計(ji)。 ⑤道:指(zhi)(zhi)道義(yi)。 ⑥上(shang):指(zhi)(zhi)國君。同(tong)意:同(tong)心。 ⑦時制:指(zhi)(zhi)四季時令(ling)的(de)更替(ti)。 ⑧死生:指(zhi)(zhi)死路或(huo)生路。 ⑨曲制:指(zhi)(zhi)軍隊的(de)組織(zhi)編制。官道:官吏(li)的(de)職責。主用(yong)(yong):指(zhi)(zhi)物資器(qi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)供應管理。 ⑩將:假(jia)如。 (11)以:通已。 (12)權(quan):權(quan)變,機變。(13)詭:詭奇,詭詐。 (14)撓(nao):彎曲,挫折。 (15)佚:同(tong)逸。 (16)勝:奧(ao)妙。 (17)廟算(suan)(suan)(suan):古代興兵(bing)之前,要在祖廟中(zhong)舉行儀式,商討作戰(zhan)大(da)計(ji),叫(jiao)做廟算(suan)(suan)(suan)。 (18)算(suan)(suan)(suan):計(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)。

【今(jin)譯】 孫子說:戰爭是(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家的大事,是(shi)決定生死的所(suo)在,是(shi)通向(xiang)存亡的途徑(jing),不能(neng)(neng)不進(jin)行(xing)研究。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)要(yao)(yao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)五個方(fang)(fang)面為綱(gang),對比敵我雙方(fang)(fang)的情況,作以(yi)(yi)(yi)預(yu)計,來(lai)探索戰爭勝(sheng)負的情勢(shi):一(yi)(yi)是(shi)道(dao)(dao)義(yi),二是(shi)天時(shi)(shi),三是(shi)地利,四是(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)帥,五是(shi)法(fa)(fa)制。道(dao)(dao)義(yi),是(shi)使民眾與(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君同(tong)心同(tong)德(de),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)讓他(ta)們為國(guo)(guo)(guo)君生,為國(guo)(guo)(guo)君死,而(er)不怕任何(he)危險(xian)。天時(shi)(shi),是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)晝夜(ye)、陰晴、寒(han)暑(shu)、四事等(deng)天氣條件。地利,是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)高山低(di)谷,遠(yuan)程近途、險(xian)要(yao)(yao)平坦、廣(guang)闊狹窄、死地生地等(deng)地理(li)條件。將(jiang)(jiang)帥,是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)他(ta)們有無才智、信譽(yu)、仁(ren)慈、勇敢(gan)、威嚴等(deng)條件。法(fa)(fa)制,是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)隊的組織編制、官(guan)吏的領(ling)導職責、物資器用的供應(ying)管理(li)等(deng)制度(du)。這(zhe)五個方(fang)(fang)面,將(jiang)(jiang)帥沒育(yu)不知道(dao)(dao)的,因為只有懂得這(zhe)些才能(neng)(neng)取(qu)勝(sheng),否則(ze)就不能(neng)(neng)取(qu)勝(sheng)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)要(yao)(yao)對比敵我雙方(fang)(fang)這(zhe)些情況進(jin)行(xing)預(yu)計,來(lai)探索誰勝(sheng)誰負的客觀情勢(shi)。要(yao)(yao)看哪(na)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)的國(guo)(guo)(guo)君育(yu)道(dao)(dao)?哪(na)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)的將(jiang)(jiang)帥有才能(neng)(neng)?哪(na)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)得天時(shi)(shi)地利?哪(na)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)令(ling)執行(xing)得好?哪(na)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)軍隊實力強盛(sheng)?哪(na)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)士卒訓練(lian)有素?哪(na)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)賞罰公正(zheng)嚴明?我根(gen)據這(zhe)些,就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)預(yu)知勝(sheng)敗了。

如果(guo)聽信我(wo)(wo)的預計(ji),用(yong)(yong)我(wo)(wo)的辦法(fa)指(zhi)揮作(zuo)戰就(jiu)一(yi)定(ding)勝利,我(wo)(wo)就(jiu)留下;如果(guo)不聽信我(wo)(wo)的預計(ji),即使用(yong)(yong)我(wo)(wo)的辦法(fa)作(zuo)戰也一(yi)定(ding)失敗,我(wo)(wo)就(jiu)離(li)去。

已經(jing)得出了對我(wo)有利(li)的預(yu)計,還要通過主觀努(nu)力造(zao)成一(yi)種“勢(shi)”,作為外在的輔助條件。所渭“勢(shi)”,就是要怎樣(yang)有利(li)便怎樣(yang)行動,靈活機動地去創造(zao)。

用兵(bing)打(da)仗是(shi)一種(zhong)詭詐的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)。所以能打(da)而裝作不(bu)能打(da),要(yao)打(da)而裝作不(bu)要(yao)打(da);要(yao)向(xiang)近處卻裝作要(yao)去遠(yuan)(yuan)處,要(yao)向(xiang)遠(yuan)(yuan)處卻裝作要(yao)向(xiang)近處;用小利(li)去引(yin)誘敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren),乘混亂去消滅(mie)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren);敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)力量充實就謹慎防備(bei)它(ta)(ta),敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)兵(bing)力強大就暫時避開(kai)它(ta)(ta);敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)暴怒,要(yao)使(shi)(shi)它(ta)(ta)屈(qu)撓,卑(bei)辭示弱,使(shi)(shi)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)驕傲;敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)安逸要(yao)設法(fa)使(shi)(shi)它(ta)(ta)疲勞,敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)團結(jie)要(yao)設法(fa)制造隔閡;要(yao)在敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)沒(mei)有(you)防備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia)發動進攻(gong),在敵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)意想(xiang)不(bu)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia)采(cai)取(qu)行(xing)動。這些(xie)都是(shi)兵(bing)家(jia)取(qu)勝(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)奧秘,但要(yao)隨機應變,不(bu)能事先說定的(de)(de)(de)。未開(kai)戰(zhan)之前“廟算(suan)”可(ke)以取(qu)勝(sheng)的(de)(de)(de),是(shi)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)通(tong)過計(ji)算(suan)得(de)(de)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)勝(sheng)利(li)條件(jian)多;未開(kai)戰(zhan)之前“廟算(suan)”不(bu)能取(qu)勝(sheng)的(de)(de)(de),是(shi)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)通(tong)過計(ji)算(suan)得(de)(de)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)勝(sheng)利(li)條件(jian)少。條件(jian)多的(de)(de)(de)就能夠取(qu)勝(sheng),條件(jian)少的(de)(de)(de)就難以取(qu)勝(sheng),何況沒(mei)有(you)條件(jian)呢(ni)!我從這些(xie)方面來考察(cha),誰勝(sheng)誰負就看得(de)(de)出(chu)來了(le)。

【集評(ping)】 明·林(lin)俊(jun):“孫子之文(wen),有精華(hua),有關節,有眼骨,有次置(zhi),有余波(bo),照應、起伏(fu),分(fen)段難(nan)以具述。”(見(jian)明歸有光《諸(zhu)子匯函(han)》卷八)

民(min)國(guo)·張之(zhi)純《評注諸子菁(jing)華(hua)錄(lu)》:“先列五校(xiao)(xiao),盡其在(zai)我(wo)之(zhi)分際,是為(wei)(wei)立國(guo)之(zhi)計,道在(zai)立本(ben),故為(wei)(wei)廟算(suan)(suan)之(zhi)一。次校(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)我(wo)之(zhi)得失,以觀能戰與否,是為(wei)(wei)出(chu)師之(zhi)計,探(tan)索敵人(ren)情實,以制臨(lin)事(shi)進(jin)退,故為(wei)(wei)廟算(suan)(suan)之(zhi)二。次規畫(hua)事(shi)勢,是為(wei)(wei)臨(lin)敵之(zhi)計,任用機詐,令敵不(bu)測,故為(wei)(wei)廟算(suan)(suan)之(zhi)三。(末段(duan))結(jie)上三等計畫(hua)。”

【總案】 本(ben)篇以“計”名篇,是講如何預計戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)勝(sheng)負及如何爭(zheng)取(qu)勝(sheng)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)問題,從(cong)而(er)指(zhi)出了克敵(di)制(zhi)勝(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)。作(zuo)(zuo)者認為(wei),“道、天、地、將(jiang)、法”等方(fang)面是決(jue)定戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)勝(sheng)負的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)客觀(guan)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian),首先要根據這些方(fang)面將(jiang)敵(di)我雙(shuang)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)進(jin)行分析對(dui)比,對(dui)誰(shui)勝(sheng)誰(shui)負作(zuo)(zuo)出宏觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)預測。其次要取(qu)得(de)勝(sheng)利(li),還需根據“兵(bing)不厭(yan)詐(zha)”的(de)(de)(de)原理,采用靈活機動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)略戰(zhan)(zhan)術,通過主觀(guan)努力(li)造成對(dui)我有利(li)的(de)(de)(de)勢態,作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)外(wai)在的(de)(de)(de)輔(fu)助條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)。文中還表現了作(zuo)(zuo)者對(dui)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)慎重態度、冷靜而(er)又靈活的(de)(de)(de)理性(xing)精(jing)神以及樸素(su)的(de)(de)(de)唯物論、辯證法思想。

本篇在行文上起(qi)承轉結俱(ju)有法(fa)(fa)度,義脈井井,而(er)段落層次、過渡照應又自然渾成,不拘形式(shi),誠如林俊所評。“經之以五”一節(jie)(jie)(jie)條(tiao)分(fen)縷析,徐紆從容;“兵者(zhe)詭(gui)道(dao)也”一節(jie)(jie)(jie)則節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏急促,氣勢凌人,可謂張弛合度,徐疾(ji)有節(jie)(jie)(jie)。由此看來,作者(zhe)不僅精(jing)通(tong)戰勝之道(dao),亦(yi)深得馭文之法(fa)(fa)。

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