理想的大學

錢　穆

一

將(jiang)論理想的(de)(de)(de)大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，必先(xian)及于大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)義(yi)與使命。大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)繼(ji)小學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)而(er)(er)(er)(er)來(lai)，乃(nai)整個教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)階段(duan)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)特為(wei)其(qi)(qi)最(zui)后最(zui)高之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)階段(duan)。大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)本(ben)(ben)應遍于人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)。今縱不能遽然(ran)①，而(er)(er)(er)(er)大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)仍(reng)暫為(wei)社會最(zui)優秀或最(zui)幸運者所獨(du)占。然(ran)論大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使命與意(yi)義(yi)，則固不能脫離整個教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)獨(du)立。或謂教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)即(ji)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，然(ran)反言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)即(ji)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，又(you)(you)何須更于人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)別有(you)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。故知人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)與教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)其(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)自別。人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，特于現實人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)自得(de)經(jing)(jing)驗，自得(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)訓。而(er)(er)(er)(er)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，則貴在(zai)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)(jing)驗中(zhong)籀②其(qi)(qi)最(zui)普通而(er)(er)(er)(er)最(zui)根本(ben)(ben)者，又(you)(you)最(zui)要緊(jin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)精(jing)彩者，授(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)，使其(qi)(qi)明白接(jie)受，而(er)(er)(er)(er)又(you)(you)繼(ji)續發展以求理想之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更可能的(de)(de)(de)進步之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)種事(shi)(shi)業。故教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)誠(cheng)即(ji)是人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)當(dang)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)最(zui)根本(ben)(ben)又(you)(you)最(zui)要緊(jin)最(zui)精(jing)彩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)過程。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)事(shi)(shi)業，在(zai)本(ben)(ben)已往(wang)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)現實經(jing)(jing)驗，而(er)(er)(er)(er)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)將(jiang)來(lai)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)理想之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進步。故教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)必包括兩事(shi)(shi)：一(yi)(yi)、 經(jing)(jing)驗。二、 理想。大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，乃(nai)集結人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)最(zui)高經(jing)(jing)驗，蘄向人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)最(zui)高理想之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)種事(shi)(shi)業。二

惜乎今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)教育(yu)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)違(wei)此目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)尚(shang)(shang)遠。姑舉今(jin)日(ri)(ri)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般大學(xue)(xue)(xue)青年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)志與(yu)(yu)趨(qu)(qu)向(xiang)，即(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)想(xiang)望與(yu)(yu)希求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)而(er)(er)(er)(er)言(yan)。今(jin)日(ri)(ri)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)青年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)想(xiang)望與(yu)(yu)希求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)，約(yue)而(er)(er)(er)(er)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)外兩端。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)，如(ru)(ru)應考工、農、商、礦各學(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)者(zhe)(zhe)皆(jie)(jie)是(shi)。外此則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)大率(lv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)。職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)非不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)通(tong)，求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)必(bi)(bi)(bi)待于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)修習(xi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。然(ran)(ran)投考工農學(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)青年，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)(zai)謀(mou)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)關(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)工農本(ben)身(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)屬其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)次，故(gu)(gu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)意(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)他學(xue)(xue)(xue)科與(yu)(yu)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)頗(po)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)顯著(zhu)直接之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)關(guan)系(xi)，如(ru)(ru)投考文學(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)修習(xi)歷史(shi)與(yu)(yu)哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)，此固(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)與(yu)(yu)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)直接相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)，特彼輩(bei)以為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)茍具相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)(dang)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)自(zi)(zi)可(ke)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)因(yin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)獲，牽連而(er)(er)(er)(er)致。故(gu)(gu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)雖相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)通(tong)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)害謂此輩(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，亦(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi)，然(ran)(ran)殊包不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)盡人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)，抑(yi)且非人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)普(pu)遍與(yu)(yu)根本(ben)者(zhe)(zhe)，且亦(yi)(yi)(yi)非人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)緊要與(yu)(yu)精彩處。何以言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)·自(zi)(zi)昔以來，職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，即(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)追求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，然(ran)(ran)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間自(zi)(zi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)分歧。平民與(yu)(yu)貧(pin)者(zhe)(zhe)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)志多(duo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)謀(mou)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)貴族與(yu)(yu)富人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)志多(duo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)獲取知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。自(zi)(zi)富有(you)(you)(you)(you)者(zhe)(zhe)視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)似不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)重要;而(er)(er)(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)貧(pin)乏者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心目(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亦(yi)(yi)(yi)每不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)貴。故(gu)(gu)此二者(zhe)(zhe)，易地互觀，皆(jie)(jie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)普(pu)遍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)重要性(xing)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)實有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)共(gong)通(tong)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)似之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)點，即(ji)縱此二者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)趨(qu)(qu)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)必(bi)(bi)(bi)日(ri)(ri)陷于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)狹窄(zhai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)境(jing)(jing)，此即(ji)今(jin)日(ri)(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)謂專門(men)化(hua)(hua)。何以求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)必(bi)(bi)(bi)趨(qu)(qu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)專門(men)化(hua)(hua)·緣人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)(shi)日(ri)(ri)尚(shang)(shang)分工，必(bi)(bi)(bi)專精一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)技(ji)，乃可(ke)期(qi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)熟(shu)練(lian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)達于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)熟(shu)練(lian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)達于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)最高(gao)(gao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)效率(lv)。故(gu)(gu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)外界條件所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)限，自(zi)(zi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)趨(qu)(qu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)專門(men)。見(jian)異思(si)遷，必(bi)(bi)(bi)遭失敗，此事(shi)(shi)盡人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)皆(jie)(jie)曉(xiao)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)煩多(duo)論(lun)。何以求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)亦(yi)(yi)(yi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)趨(qu)(qu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)專門(men)化(hua)(hua)·是(shi)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)稍當(dang)(dang)申說。夫求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)必(bi)(bi)(bi)懸兩境(jing)(jing)以為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)趨(qu)(qu)赴。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)在(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，二則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)在(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)(hou)可(ke)以盡其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)事(shi)(shi)。否(fou)(fou)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)在(zai)(zai)(zai)己即(ji)多(duo)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)外又(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)盡公知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，此則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足以為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)我(wo)(wo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。然(ran)(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)涯(ya)而(er)(er)(er)(er)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)涯(ya)，今(jin)既(ji)專為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)首先(xian)必(bi)(bi)(bi)當(dang)(dang)劃(hua)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)范圍(wei)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)此范圍(wei)內者(zhe)(zhe)務求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)此范圍(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外者(zhe)(zhe)，既(ji)已不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)預我(wo)(wo)事(shi)(shi)，雖一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，固(gu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)害其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)我(wo)(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)此范圍(wei)，就(jiu)理想(xiang)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，又(you)必(bi)(bi)(bi)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)先(xian)尚(shang)(shang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)(hou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，又(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，庶可(ke)以充(chong)足表示其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)我(wo)(wo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)事(shi)(shi)。否(fou)(fou)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)盡人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)共(gong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)，何得獨曰(yue)(yue)(yue)我(wo)(wo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。故(gu)(gu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亦(yi)(yi)(yi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)趨(qu)(qu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)專門(men)化(hua)(hua)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)此專門(men)化(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe)又(you)當(dang)(dang)時時在(zai)(zai)(zai)變動中(zhong)(zhong)，實則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)固(gu)與(yu)(yu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)蹊徑相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)似，意(yi)態(tai)亦(yi)(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)肖。故(gu)(gu)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)“知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”與(yu)(yu)“能(neng)(neng)(neng)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)事(shi)(shi)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)必(bi)(bi)(bi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，夫而(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)(hou)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)義乃顯，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)價值乃高(gao)(gao)。故(gu)(gu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)(yu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路向(xiang)與(yu)(yu)目(mu)標(biao)，先(xian)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)專，繼則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)新、求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)異，求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)出奇而(er)(er)(er)(er)制(zhi)勝。否(fou)(fou)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)我(wo)(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，既(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)盡人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)共(gong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);我(wo)(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，又(you)盡為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)俱能(neng)(neng)(neng)，此其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)懸價必(bi)(bi)(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高(gao)(gao)。以經濟(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)上供求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)濟(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理繩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)逮其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)俱知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)俱能(neng)(neng)(neng)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)價值必(bi)(bi)(bi)落，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)，亦(yi)(yi)(yi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)望望然(ran)(ran)③而(er)(er)(er)(er)去之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。故(gu)(gu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)果為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)教育(yu)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)此種教育(yu)必(bi)(bi)(bi)常在(zai)(zai)(zai)轉移動搖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)受教育(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)亦(yi)(yi)(yi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)陷于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)徘徊惶惑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)境(jing)(jing)。緣教育(yu)自(zi)(zi)身(shen)(shen)即(ji)前(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)敵對，今(jin)昔相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)抵觸。今(jin)日(ri)(ri)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)風(feng)行(xing)者(zhe)(zhe)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)昔必(bi)(bi)(bi)較不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)注意(yi)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)比為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顧而(er)(er)(er)(er)去者(zhe)(zhe)。凡今(jin)日(ri)(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教育(yu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)提(ti)倡(chang)，必(bi)(bi)(bi)先(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)昨日(ri)(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教育(yu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)忽視，又(you)必(bi)(bi)(bi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)后(hou)(hou)(hou)日(ri)(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教育(yu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)鄙棄(qi)。此種教育(yu)，極而(er)(er)(er)(er)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，最高(gao)(gao)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)只成(cheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)教育(yu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)已，而(er)(er)(er)(er)非所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)論(lun)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)教育(yu)只為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)現實的(de)(de)(de)，自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)推移，與(yu)(yu)時俱遷。而(er)(er)(er)(er)教育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)理想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)，承先(xian)啟后(hou)(hou)(hou)，確然(ran)(ran)有(you)(you)(you)(you)向(xiang)。兩者(zhe)(zhe)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)較，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)斷然(ran)(ran)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同。而(er)(er)(er)(er)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)教育(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)義與(yu)(yu)使命(ming)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)亦(yi)(yi)(yi)斷然(ran)(ran)宜(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)前(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)。……四

今若根據人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)經(jing)驗(yan)，期求(qiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)理(li)想，則(ze)(ze)(ze)顯然不(bu)(bu)當僅僅于(yu)謀職(zhi)(zhi)業求(qiu)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)止。就(jiu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)理(li)論而(er)(er)(er)談大學(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育，則(ze)(ze)(ze)必(bi)(bi)應著重(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)下列(lie)之(zhi)諸(zhu)科程。一(yi)(yi)、 須(xu)研(yan)求(qiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)理(li)論，此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)屬(shu)哲學(xue)(xue)與(yu)(yu)(yu)宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。二、 須(xu)欣(xin)賞人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)境界(jie)，此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)屬(shu)文學(xue)(xue)與(yu)(yu)(yu)藝術。三、 須(xu)明了宇宙來源，此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)屬(shu)天文與(yu)(yu)(yu)地質。四、 須(xu)認識(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命真(zhen)情，此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)屬(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物與(yu)(yu)(yu)心理(li)。五、 須(xu)博(bo)通以往人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事經(jing)驗(yan)，此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)屬(shu)歷史與(yu)(yu)(yu)地理(li)。六、 須(xu)兼知四圍(wei)物質功能，此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)屬(shu)數理(li)與(yu)(yu)(yu)化學(xue)(xue)。凡屬(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)驗(yan)值最(zui)(zui)普遍而(er)(er)(er)根本(ben)者(zhe)(zhe)，又其最(zui)(zui)緊要(yao)而(er)(er)(er)精(jing)彩者(zhe)(zhe)，必(bi)(bi)當從此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)認取，而(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)能之(zhi)理(li)想與(yu)(yu)(yu)進步，亦必(bi)(bi)從此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)培育。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)由此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)流出者(zhe)(zhe)，將為(wei)(wei)“智(zhi)(zhi)慧”與(yu)(yu)(yu)“事業”，而(er)(er)(er)非(fei)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)職(zhi)(zhi)業。智(zhi)(zhi)慧與(yu)(yu)(yu)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)異，事業與(yu)(yu)(yu)職(zhi)(zhi)業異。前(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)乃屬(shu)真(zhen)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，而(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)則(ze)(ze)(ze)嚴格言之(zhi)，不(bu)(bu)得(de)謂(wei)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，只是人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)歷中(zhong)(zhong)所凝成所僵化之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)格套與(yu)(yu)(yu)局面(mian)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)當為(wei)(wei)活的、自(zi)由的、進取的，而(er)(er)(er)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)種(zhong)格套與(yu)(yu)(yu)局面(mian)則(ze)(ze)(ze)為(wei)(wei)死的、限制的、保守的。前(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)以謂(wei)之(zhi)屬(shu)于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)性情部分，后(hou)(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)則(ze)(ze)(ze)只是人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)命運部分而(er)(er)(er)已。性情本(ben)之(zhi)內發，故曰真(zhen)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。命運成于(yu)外爍(shuo)，故不(bu)(bu)得(de)謂(wei)真(zhen)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育所重(zhong)(zhong)，應屬(shu)前(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)，即人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)智(zhi)(zhi)慧與(yu)(yu)(yu)事業部分;而(er)(er)(er)非(fei)后(hou)(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)，即人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)職(zhi)(zhi)業部分。而(er)(er)(er)大學(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育乃教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育之(zhi)最(zui)(zui)后(hou)(hou)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)階段，則(ze)(ze)(ze)尤應注重(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)乃人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)驗(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)最(zui)(zui)普遍而(er)(er)(er)最(zui)(zui)基本(ben)者(zhe)(zhe)，亦即人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)驗(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)最(zui)(zui)精(jing)彩與(yu)(yu)(yu)最(zui)(zui)緊要(yao)者(zhe)(zhe)，實(shi)應盡(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)(er)習之(zhi)，盡(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)(er)曉之(zhi)，而(er)(er)(er)尤貴能繼(ji)續(xu)研(yan)求(qiu)繼(ji)續(xu)闡發。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)等教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育，實(shi)應為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)致廣大而(er)(er)(er)極悠久之(zhi)努力，決不(bu)(bu)如職(zhi)(zhi)業教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育與(yu)(yu)(yu)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育與(yu)(yu)(yu)時推遷，常在變動搖移中(zhong)(zhong)。……六

抑(yi)又(you)(you)有進者(zhe)(zhe)，大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)教(jiao)育，既(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)最高(gao)經驗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)傳授，與(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)最高(gao)理想之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)培育，故(gu)大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)教(jiao)育之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更可貴者(zhe)(zhe)，尤在于(yu)(yu)與(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)環(huan)境內部(bu)(bu)實(shi)際全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陶(tao)冶，而(er)(er)(er)(er)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)業(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)研(yan)修與(yu)(yu)講(jiang)(jiang)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)傳習(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)次(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。今日大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)教(jiao)育之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)目的，即偏(pian)(pian)重(zhong)于(yu)(yu)職業(ye)與(yu)(yu)知識，其(qi)(qi)流(liu)弊，遂專重(zhong)講(jiang)(jiang)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)授課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)內部(bu)(bu)全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陶(tao)冶轉忽焉。明言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，不啻(chi)講(jiang)(jiang)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)有教(jiao)育而(er)(er)(er)(er)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)無教(jiao)育。學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)精神僅(jin)在講(jiang)(jiang)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)，偏(pian)(pian)狹已(yi)(yi)甚，而(er)(er)(er)(er)講(jiang)(jiang)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所授又(you)(you)不勝(sheng)其(qi)(qi)偏(pian)(pian)與(yu)(yu)狹，因此(ci)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內有自(zi)由(you)而(er)(er)(er)(er)講(jiang)(jiang)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內無自(zi)由(you)，學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對青(qing)年幾于(yu)(yu)放縱(zong)其(qi)(qi)身心而(er)(er)(er)(er)錮塞其(qi)(qi)智慧，此(ci)又(you)(you)烏而(er)(er)(er)(er)可者(zhe)(zhe)。故(gu)居(ju)今日而(er)(er)(er)(er)言理想大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)，正當反(fan)今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)教(jiao)。課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)業(ye)講(jiang)(jiang)授，務求閎通(tong)(tong)④，使學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)心神有自(zi)由(you)徊翔(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)余(yu)地，而(er)(er)(er)(er)關于(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)內部(bu)(bu)全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訓(xun)(xun)練則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)需嚴(yan)格。換(huan)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)應求其(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)群(qun)眾(zhong)的，而(er)(er)(er)(er)講(jiang)(jiang)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)業(ye)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)不妨一(yi)(yi)任個(ge)性(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)由(you)發展。一(yi)(yi)方面提(ti)倡團體(ti)規(gui)律生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)，衣、食(shi)、住、行(xing)日常(chang)活(huo)動，皆(jie)以(yi)(yi)養(yang)成其(qi)(qi)群(qun)眾(zhong)興趣與(yu)(yu)群(qun)眾(zhong)限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)歸趨。學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)內部(bu)(bu)既(ji)(ji)(ji)有全(quan)體(ti)性(xing)的嚴(yan)格訓(xun)(xun)練，又(you)(you)當提(ti)倡各種(zhong)學(xue)(xue)會組織與(yu)(yu)團體(ti)活(huo)動，相(xiang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)調(diao)劑。而(er)(er)(er)(er)講(jiang)(jiang)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)不妨減輕，凡屬基(ji)本技能方面之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)科業(ye)，如文學(xue)(xue)數學(xue)(xue)等列為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)共同(tong)必修課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，當增其(qi)(qi)分量(liang)，逐年研(yan)修。其(qi)(qi)余(yu)選修課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)一(yi)(yi)任學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)由(you)聽習(xi)，課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)皆(jie)宜(yi)盡量(liang)縮(suo)短，要(yao)言不煩，聽者(zhe)(zhe)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)求其(qi)(qi)能增加(jia)自(zi)讀(du)與(yu)(yu)自(zi)由(you)探討(tao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)間。如此(ci)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)除圖書館之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利用外，尤貴于(yu)(yu)有親師取(qu)友(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風。當略仿英國牛津、劍(jian)橋體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，推(tui)行(xing)導(dao)師制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)(yu)小學(xue)(xue)院制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，使學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)各就其(qi)(qi)小團體(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內，有師友(you)長日相(xiang)處觀摩切磋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樂。而(er)(er)(er)(er)今日大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)厲行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)系(xi)劃(hua)分與(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)分考核諸制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)大(da)(da)體(ti)徑可取(qu)消。要(yao)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)務求適于(yu)(yu)群(qun)體(ti)與(yu)(yu)規(gui)律，不妨注(zhu)重(zhong)嚴(yan)格之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訓(xun)(xun)練。學(xue)(xue)業(ye)務求適于(yu)(yu)個(ge)性(xing)與(yu)(yu)自(zi)由(you)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)以(yi)(yi)開通(tong)(tong)寬博為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。此(ci)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)應有之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理想教(jiao)育。否則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)既(ji)(ji)(ji)漫無準則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)，人(ren)(ren)盡喪其(qi)(qi)群(qun)居(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德，學(xue)(xue)業(ye)又(you)(you)各走偏(pian)(pian)狹，相(xiang)互一(yi)(yi)無會通(tong)(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)趣，此(ci)等教(jiao)育日益擴展，社會必將受其(qi)(qi)深害。今日弊端已(yi)(yi)見，奈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何而(er)(er)(er)(er)尚不速為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀。原載1943年3月《思想與(yu)(yu)時(shi)代》第20期

〔注釋〕　①遽(ju)然(ran)：驟(zou)然(ran)，突然(ran)。　②籀(zhòu)：通(tong)“抽(chou)”，抽(chou)取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思。　③望(wang)望(wang)然(ran)：失望(wang)貌(mao);掃興(xing)貌(mao)。　④閎通(tong)：豁達之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)。〔鑒賞〕　近代(dai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)向西(xi)方學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)，先是(shi)(shi)(shi)引進西(xi)式(shi)機械(xie)器物，而(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)政(zheng)治制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)、思想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)文(wen)(wen)化。在(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)領(ling)域，隨(sui)著(zhu)洋(yang)務(wu)運動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)起，出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)許多新式(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)堂(tang)。到1898年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)近代(dai)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)所國(guo)(guo)(guo)立大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)京師(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)堂(tang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立。辛亥革(ge)命之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)民國(guo)(guo)(guo)建立，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)效(xiao)法(fa)英、美等國(guo)(guo)(guo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)制(zhi)(zhi)，京師(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)堂(tang)改稱北(bei)(bei)京大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，并迅速(su)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)頂(ding)尖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，引領(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)風氣。此(ci)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期，全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)數(shu)量(liang)穩步(bu)(bu)遞增(zeng)，除國(guo)(guo)(guo)立大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)外，直隸、山東、云南(nan)(nan)、四(si)川、湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)、湖(hu)北(bei)(bei)、浙江、安(an)徽等地陸續出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)省立大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，另(ling)外還有(you)(you)(you)(you)各類私立大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)相繼成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立。到1936年(nian)(nian)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)數(shu)量(liang)已達108所，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)增(zeng)至(zhi)41922人(ren)(ren)(ren)。抗(kang)戰爆(bao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)后(hou)(hou)，北(bei)(bei)平淪陷，北(bei)(bei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)、清華與(yu)南(nan)(nan)開三所大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)遷往昆明，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立西(xi)南(nan)(nan)聯大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)穆(mu)(mu)亦隨(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)南(nan)(nan)遷昆明，期間曾(ceng)輾轉于昆明、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都兩地。此(ci)文(wen)(wen)系(xi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)氏在(zai)(zai)此(ci)期間應《思想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)》雜志之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邀(yao)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)其所撰寫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)評論文(wen)(wen)章之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)篇。文(wen)(wen)名(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《理想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》，可(ke)(ke)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)當(dang)(dang)(dang)下大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)穆(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)很大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差距。人(ren)(ren)(ren)們對未來(lai)奮斗目標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀念性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預見，往往是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)對現(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)滿(man)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)前提的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。對現(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弊端(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)批評，讓人(ren)(ren)(ren)們訴諸理想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。超(chao)越(yue)現(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，也即(ji)(ji)超(chao)越(yue)性(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)理想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)最(zui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)(dian)。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)穆(mu)(mu)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)，當(dang)(dang)(dang)下中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)狀，有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)根(gen)本(ben)弊端(duan)(duan)，即(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)功利為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)目標(biao)(biao)，讓大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)培(pei)(pei)訓場所。他指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)凡(fan)入(ru)(ru)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)者，或為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)“知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)”，或為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)“職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。求(qiu)(qiu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)者，不(bu)過為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)將(jiang)來(lai)從事(shi)某(mou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)作(zuo)(zuo)準備(bei)。此(ci)種(zhong)(zhong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)弊病，在(zai)(zai)于過分(fen)注重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科，日趨于“專(zhuan)(zhuan)門化”，其結果僅僅是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)這部(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)機器制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)某(mou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)零部(bu)(bu)件以(yi)(yi)供(gong)驅用而(er)(er)(er)(er)已，于是(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產某(mou)種(zhong)(zhong)產品之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)廠無異。如此(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)，當(dang)(dang)(dang)然(ran)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)關注學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個性(xing)(xing)自(zi)(zi)由的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)。如此(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)改造(zao)、為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)化傳(chuan)播精(jing)神(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)穆(mu)(mu)將(jiang)此(ci)種(zhong)(zhong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)名(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰“人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)”，并針鋒相對地提出(chu)(chu)“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”。“人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)”在(zai)(zai)求(qiu)(qiu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)謀(mou)職(zhi)(zhi)，“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”在(zai)(zai)“智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)”與(yu)“事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)穆(mu)(mu)斷(duan)言(yan)，“智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)與(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)異，事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)異”，“前者乃屬(shu)真人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”，“而(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)者則嚴格(ge)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)得(de)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經歷中(zhong)所凝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所僵化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)格(ge)套與(yu)局(ju)面”。這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區別雖有(you)(you)(you)(you)點(dian)(dian)抽(chou)象而(er)(er)(er)(er)語焉不(bu)詳，但“智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)”要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)比單(dan)純的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)出(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)籌，“智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)駕(jia)馭(yu)和(he)運用知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力;“事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”較(jiao)謀(mou)職(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)境界亦高(gao)(gao)(gao)出(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)籌，借用孔子“君子謀(mou)道不(bu)謀(mou)食”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，謀(mou)職(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“謀(mou)食”而(er)(er)(er)(er)“事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)“謀(mou)道”。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)穆(mu)(mu)結論是(shi)(shi)(shi)：“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)所重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，應屬(shu)前者，即(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)與(yu)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)分(fen);而(er)(er)(er)(er)非(fei)后(hou)(hou)者，即(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)乃教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)最(zui)后(hou)(hou)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)階段，則尤(you)應注重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)于此(ci)。”錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)穆(mu)(mu)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)(biao)所在(zai)(zai)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)途徑(jing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用“會(hui)(hui)通(tong)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)設(she)(she)置，來(lai)替代(dai)單(dan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)安(an)排。按照錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)穆(mu)(mu)所說，“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”即(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“在(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經驗中(zhong)籀其最(zui)普遍而(er)(er)(er)(er)最(zui)根(gen)本(ben)者，又最(zui)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)緊而(er)(er)(er)(er)最(zui)精(jing)彩者，授之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，使其明白(bai)接受，而(er)(er)(er)(er)又繼續發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展以(yi)(yi)求(qiu)(qiu)理想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更(geng)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進步(bu)(bu)”。據此(ci)，他揀擇出(chu)(chu)哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)宗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、文(wen)(wen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)藝術(shu)、天文(wen)(wen)與(yu)地質、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物與(yu)心理、歷史與(yu)地理、數(shu)理與(yu)化學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)這六大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)范(fan)圍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)始階段，著(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)將(jiang)此(ci)六方面前人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就傳(chuan)授給學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。每位(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)修(xiu)習(xi)(xi)完(wan)以(yi)(yi)上諸課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，方得(de)進入(ru)(ru)本(ben)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深造(zao)。倘若自(zi)(zi)封于本(ben)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)習(xi)(xi)內，而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)對古今知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)全(quan)體有(you)(you)(you)(you)所認(ren)識(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)體會(hui)(hui)，其眼觀與(yu)思路必(bi)定(ding)會(hui)(hui)狹隘而(er)(er)(er)(er)單(dan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)求(qiu)(qiu)適(shi)于個性(xing)(xing)與(yu)自(zi)(zi)由，則以(yi)(yi)開通(tong)寬博為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主。此(ci)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)應有(you)(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)。”對“會(hui)(hui)通(tong)”人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)層意(yi)(yi)義(yi)在(zai)(zai)。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)穆(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)《改革(ge)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)議》中(zhong)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，當(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)所需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)，“通(tong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)”更(geng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)于專(zhuan)(zhuan)家。他認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“必(bi)俟社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)政(zheng)治各色(se)各部(bu)(bu)皆有(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)堅(jian)領(ling)導人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)推動(dong)支持，撐得(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)局(ju)面，粗粗安(an)定(ding)，粗粗像(xiang)樣，而(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家絕業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)乃得(de)憑藉而(er)(er)(er)(er)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)抒”。即(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)面，亦復如是(shi)(shi)(shi)：“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)門學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)皇滋(zi)長(chang)，固貴有(you)(you)(you)(you)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家，而(er)(er)(er)(er)尤(you)貴有(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)師(shi)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)師(shi)者，仍是(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)方之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。”本(ben)文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)所說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“會(hui)(hui)通(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)趣”，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)從這方面去理解。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)穆(mu)(mu)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)課(ke)(ke)堂(tang)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)講授所能(neng)(neng)涵蓋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)終目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)出(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)優秀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)格(ge)，怎樣完(wan)整地做一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)。除了(le)(le)有(you)(you)(you)(you)課(ke)(ke)堂(tang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)授以(yi)(yi)外，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)校(xiao)園生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活亦是(shi)(shi)(shi)極重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因而(er)(er)(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)理想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)，既要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)“提倡團體規律(lv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活”，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)更(geng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)任個性(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)(zi)由發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展”。此(ci)文(wen)(wen)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)表于1943年(nian)(nian)，距離現(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)已70余年(nian)(nian)，當(dang)(dang)(dang)代(dai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)無論從學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)建筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模還是(shi)(shi)(shi)院系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)設(she)(she)、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)備(bei)，抑或是(shi)(shi)(shi)圖書(shu)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗儀器設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引進，較(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)穆(mu)(mu)當(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)都有(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)(le)巨大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)。然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)(er)文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)所提到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個問題，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)說仍然(ran)未得(de)到很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解決。能(neng)(neng)夠駕(jia)馭(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)在(zai)(zai)當(dang)(dang)(dang)代(dai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)身上，并沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)得(de)到充分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視，而(er)(er)(er)(er)創業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)意(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)也不(bu)夠強烈。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)穆(mu)(mu)所指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弊端(duan)(duan)，依然(ran)在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)不(bu)同程(cheng)度(du)地存在(zai)(zai)著(zhu)。重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溫錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)穆(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)章，令(ling)人(ren)(ren)(ren)感嘆(tan)良(liang)多。

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