《漢(han)魏六朝散文·曹操·讓縣自明本志(zhi)令》原文鑒(jian)賞
孤始(shi)舉(ju)孝廉2,年少, 自以本非巖穴知名(ming)之(zhi)士(shi)(shi)3,恐為(wei)(wei)海內人之(zhi)所見凡愚,欲為(wei)(wei)一郡守4,好作(zuo)政教以建立(li)名(ming)譽,使世(shi)士(shi)(shi)明(ming)知之(zhi);故在濟(ji)南5,始(shi)除殘(can)去穢6,平心選舉(ju),違忤諸常侍7。以為(wei)(wei)豪強所忿,恐致家禍,故以病還8。
去(qu)官(guan)之(zhi)后(hou),年紀尚少,顧視同(tong)歲(sui)中(zhong)9,年有(you)五十,未(wei)名為(wei)(wei)(wei)老,內自圖(tu)之(zhi),從(cong)此卻去(qu)二十年10,待(dai)天下清,乃與同(tong)歲(sui)中(zhong)始(shi)舉者等耳。故(gu)以(yi)四(si)時歸鄉(xiang)里,于譙東五十里筑精舍11,欲秋夏讀書,冬春射獵,求(qiu)底下之(zhi)地,欲以(yi)泥水自蔽12,絕賓客往來之(zhi)望,然(ran)不能(neng)得(de)如意。后(hou)征(zheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)都尉(wei)13,遷典(dian)軍(jun)(jun)校尉(wei)14,意遂更,欲為(wei)(wei)(wei)國家(jia)討(tao)賊立(li)功,欲望封(feng)侯作征(zheng)西將軍(jun)(jun)15,然(ran)后(hou)題墓道言“漢故(gu)征(zheng)西將軍(jun)(jun)曹(cao)侯之(zhi)墓”,此其志也。
而(er)遭值董卓之(zhi)(zhi)難,興(xing)舉義兵16。是時合兵能多得耳(er),然常自(zi)損(sun),不(bu)欲(yu)多之(zhi)(zhi);所以(yi)然者(zhe),多兵意盛,與(yu)強敵爭,倘更為(wei)(wei)(wei)禍(huo)始17。故(gu)汴水之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)數千(qian)18,后還(huan)到(dao)揚州(zhou)更募19,亦復(fu)不(bu)過(guo)三千(qian)人(ren)(ren),此(ci)(ci)其本志(zhi)有(you)(you)限(xian)也(ye)。后領(ling)兗(yan)州(zhou),破降(jiang)黃(huang)巾三十萬眾20。又袁術僭號(hao)于(yu)九江21,下(xia)皆(jie)稱(cheng)臣,名(ming)門(men)曰建(jian)號(hao)門(men),衣被皆(jie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)天子之(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi),兩婦預爭為(wei)(wei)(wei)皇后。志(zhi)計(ji)已(yi)定(ding),人(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)勸術使(shi)(shi)遂(sui)(sui)即(ji)帝(di)位,露布天下(xia)22,答言:“曹公尚在,未可也(ye)。”后孤討禽(qin)其四將(jiang)23,獲其人(ren)(ren)眾,遂(sui)(sui)使(shi)(shi)術窮(qiong)亡解沮24,發病而(er)死。及至(zhi)袁紹據(ju)河北25,兵勢(shi)強盛,孤自(zi)度勢(shi),實不(bu)敵之(zhi)(zhi),但計(ji)投(tou)死為(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo),以(yi)義滅身,足垂于(yu)后。幸而(er)破紹,梟其二子26。又劉表自(zi)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宗室(shi)27,包藏奸心,乍前乍卻28,以(yi)觀(guan)世(shi)事(shi),據(ju)有(you)(you)當(dang)州(zhou)29,孤復(fu)定(ding)之(zhi)(zhi),遂(sui)(sui)平天下(xia)。身為(wei)(wei)(wei)宰(zai)相30,人(ren)(ren)臣之(zhi)(zhi)貴已(yi)極,意望已(yi)過(guo)矣。今孤言此(ci)(ci),若為(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)大,欲(yu)人(ren)(ren)言盡,故(gu)無諱(hui)耳(er)。設使(shi)(shi)國(guo)家(jia)無有(you)(you)孤,不(bu)知當(dang)幾(ji)人(ren)(ren)稱(cheng)帝(di),幾(ji)人(ren)(ren)稱(cheng)王。
或者(zhe)(zhe)人見孤強盛,又性不(bu)信(xin)天(tian)(tian)命之(zhi)事31,恐私心相評,言有不(bu)遜之(zhi)志(zhi),妄相忖度,每用耿耿32。齊桓(huan)、晉文(wen)所以垂(chui)稱至(zhi)今日者(zhe)(zhe)33,以其兵勢廣大,猶能奉事周室也(ye)(ye)。《論語》云:“三分天(tian)(tian)下有其二(er),以服事殷,周之(zhi)德(de)可謂至(zhi)德(de)矣”34。夫能以大事小也(ye)(ye)。昔樂(le)(le)毅(yi)走趙35,趙王欲與之(zhi)圖燕,樂(le)(le)毅(yi)伏(fu)而垂(chui)泣,對(dui)曰(yue):“臣(chen)事昭王,猶事大王; 臣(chen)若獲(huo)戾36,放在他國(guo),沒世(shi)然(ran)后(hou)已,不(bu)忍謀(mou)趙之(zhi)徒(tu)隸(li),況燕后(hou)嗣乎!”胡亥之(zhi)殺蒙恬(tian)也(ye)(ye),恬(tian)曰(yue):“自(zi)吾先人及至(zhi)子孫(sun),積(ji)信(xin)于(yu)秦三世(shi)矣37;今臣(chen)將兵三十(shi)余萬,其勢足(zu)以背叛,然(ran)自(zi)知必死而守(shou)義者(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)敢辱(ru)先人教(jiao)以忘先王也(ye)(ye)。”孤每讀此二(er)人書,未(wei)嘗不(bu)愴然(ran)流涕也(ye)(ye)38。
孤(gu)祖(zu)父以(yi)至孤(gu)身,皆當(dang)親重之(zhi)(zhi)任39,可謂(wei)見信(xin)者矣(yi),以(yi)及子(zi)桓兄(xiong)弟40,過(guo)于三世(shi)矣(yi)。孤(gu)非徒(tu)對諸君(jun)說此(ci)(ci)也,常(chang)以(yi)語妻(qi)妾,皆令深知(zhi)此(ci)(ci)意。孤(gu)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan):“顧我萬年之(zhi)(zhi)后,汝(ru)曹皆當(dang)出嫁41,欲令傳道我心,使它人皆知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)。”孤(gu)此(ci)(ci)言(yan)皆肝(gan)鬲(li)之(zhi)(zhi)要也42。所以(yi)勤(qin)勤(qin)懇懇敘心腹者,見周公(gong)有《金滕》之(zhi)(zhi)書以(yi)自明43恐人不信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)故。
然(ran)欲(yu)孤便爾委(wei)捐所(suo)典兵(bing)眾,以(yi)(yi)(yi)還(huan)執事44,歸就武平(ping)(ping)侯(hou)國45實(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)也。何者?誠恐(kong)已離兵(bing)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)所(suo)禍(huo)(huo)也。既為(wei)(wei)子孫計(ji),又己敗則國家傾危,是以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)慕虛名(ming)而(er)(er)處(chu)實(shi)禍(huo)(huo),此所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)為(wei)(wei)也。前朝恩封三(san)子為(wei)(wei)侯(hou),固辭不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou),今更欲(yu)受(shou)之(zhi)(zhi),非欲(yu)復以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)榮,欲(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)外援為(wei)(wei)萬(wan)安計(ji)。孤聞介(jie)推之(zhi)(zhi)避晉封46,申胥之(zhi)(zhi)逃(tao)楚賞47,未(wei)嘗不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)舍(she)書而(er)(er)嘆,有以(yi)(yi)(yi)自省(sheng)也。奉(feng)國威靈(ling),仗(zhang)鉞征伐48,推弱以(yi)(yi)(yi)克強,處(chu)小而(er)(er)禽大(da),意(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)圖,動無違事,心之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)慮,何向不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)濟,遂蕩平(ping)(ping)天下,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)辱主命,可(ke)(ke)謂天助漢室,非人(ren)力(li)也。然(ran)封兼四縣49,食(shi)戶(hu)三(san)萬(wan),何德堪(kan)之(zhi)(zhi)!江湖未(wei)靜,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)讓位;至于邑土(tu),可(ke)(ke)得(de)而(er)(er)辭。今上還(huan)陽夏(xia)、柘、苦三(san)縣戶(hu)二(er)萬(wan),但食(shi)武平(ping)(ping)萬(wan)戶(hu),且(qie)以(yi)(yi)(yi)分損謗議(yi),少(shao)減(jian)孤之(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)也。
【注釋】 1曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)行統一(yi)(yi)戰爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong),“挾天(tian)子(zi)(zi)以令(ling)諸(zhu)侯”,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)上(shang)取(qu)得(de)(de)優勢。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)敵們(men)為(wei)喚起(qi)更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)反對他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)地攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)遜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)”。赤壁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)一(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)失利(li),為(wei)了駁(bo)斥政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)敵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)和(he)籠(long)絡人(ren)(ren)(ren)心,曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)發布(bu)了此(ci)令(ling),“自明本(ben)志(zhi)”即(ji)自己(ji)陳述志(zhi)愿。2舉(ju)(ju)孝廉(lian):東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)選拔官(guan)(guan)吏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種科目。郡(jun)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)滿(man)二(er)十(shi)(shi)萬戶(hu)每年(nian)推(tui)薦(jian)孝廉(lian)一(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),由朝(chao)廷任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。漢(han)(han)(han)靈(ling)(ling)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)熹平三(san)年(nian)(174年(nian)),曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)二(er)十(shi)(shi)歲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)候舉(ju)(ju)孝廉(lian)。3巖(yan)穴(xue):山(shan)(shan)谷,指隱(yin)(yin)(yin)居之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)借隱(yin)(yin)(yin)居山(shan)(shan)林(lin)來(lai)抬高(gao)身價,以待征(zheng)(zheng)聘。4郡(jun)守(shou):郡(jun)太(tai)(tai)守(shou),一(yi)(yi)個郡(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)長(chang)官(guan)(guan)。5濟(ji)南(nan)(nan):王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)名(ming)(ming),屬青州(zhou),治(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)東(dong)(dong)平陵(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)市東(dong)(dong))。曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)平元年(nian)(184年(nian)),任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)相(相當(dang)郡(jun)太(tai)(tai)守(shou))。6除(chu)殘(can)去(qu)(qu)穢(hui會(hui)):掃除(chu)強暴和(he)污(wu)濁勢力。《魏志(zhi)·武(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)紀》:曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)相時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),曾奏免八(ba)個依附豪(hao)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)法(fa)官(guan)(guan)吏,許多豪(hao)強逃往(wang)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)郡(jun)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)還毀壞祠(ci)屋(wu),禁止淫(yin)祀。7違忤(wu午):觸犯,得(de)(de)罪。常侍:官(guan)(guan)名(ming)(ming),后(hou)(hou)(hou)漢(han)(han)(han)都用(yong)(yong)(yong)宦官(guan)(guan)擔任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)(li)指有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宦官(guan)(guan)。9同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)歲:同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)舉(ju)(ju)孝廉(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。10卻(que)去(qu)(qu):退(tui)去(qu)(qu),指辭(ci)官(guan)(guan)歸隱(yin)(yin)(yin)。11譙(qiao)(qiao)橋):今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)安(an)(an)徽(hui)省(sheng)亳(bo)縣(xian)(xian)(xian),曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故鄉。精舍:書房。12求低下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地:《太(tai)(tai)平寰宇(yu)記·酂縣(xian)(xian)(xian)》下引《魏略》:“太(tai)(tai)祖于(yu)譙(qiao)東(dong)(dong)五十(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)澤(ze)中(zhong)筑(zhu)精舍,讀書射獵,閉絕(jue)(jue)賓客。”因精舍筑(zhu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)澤(ze)中(zhong),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以說(shuo)“底下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地”。自蔽:把自己(ji)與外(wai)界隔絕(jue)(jue)。13征(zheng)(zheng):朝(chao)廷征(zheng)(zheng)召。都尉(wei):掌管一(yi)(yi)郡(jun)軍(jun)事的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)武(wu)官(guan)(guan)。14遷:升任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。典軍(jun)校尉(wei):武(wu)官(guan)(guan)名(ming)(ming),漢(han)(han)(han)靈(ling)(ling)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)平五年(nian)(155年(nian)),東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府建立西園新軍(jun),設立八(ba)校尉(wei),典軍(jun)校尉(wei)是(shi)(shi)其中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。15征(zheng)(zheng)西將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun):高(gao)級武(wu)官(guan)(guan)名(ming)(ming)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)常設,遣(qian)將(jiang)(jiang)出征(zheng)(zheng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)臨時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)命(ming)。16董(dong)(dong)卓:字仲穎,涼(liang)州(zhou)臨洮(tao)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)甘肅岷縣(xian)(xian)(xian))人(ren)(ren)(ren)。漢(han)(han)(han)靈(ling)(ling)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)并州(zhou)牧。靈(ling)(ling)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)平六年(nian),他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)乘宦官(guan)(guan)外(wai)戚爭權(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際,帶兵(bing)(bing)(bing)入洛陽(yang),廢少帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),立獻(xian)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),自為(wei)相國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。因山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)各州(zhou)郡(jun)起(qi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)討(tao)(tao)伐他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)挾獻(xian)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)遷都長(chang)安(an)(an),并放火(huo)焚燒(shao)洛陽(yang),后(hou)(hou)(hou)為(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)允、呂(lv)布(bu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)殺(sha)。東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)末年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰亂,董(dong)(dong)卓是(shi)(shi)始(shi)作(zuo)俑者。同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)句的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“興義兵(bing)(bing)(bing)”即(ji)指中(zhong)平六年(nian)(189年(nian))山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)各州(zhou)郡(jun)起(qi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)討(tao)(tao)董(dong)(dong)卓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舉(ju)(ju)。17倘:可能(neng)。禍始(shi):禍根(gen)。18汴水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰:初平元年(nian)(190年(nian))討(tao)(tao)伐董(dong)(dong)卓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各路(lu)軍(jun)隊怕董(dong)(dong)卓兵(bing)(bing)(bing)強,不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢前進(jin)。曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)獨自率(lv)五千人(ren)(ren)(ren)西進(jin),并于(yu)董(dong)(dong)卓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部將(jiang)(jiang)徐榮大戰于(yu)汴水,曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)敗(bai)。汴水:今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)滎(ying)陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)。19后(hou)(hou)(hou)還到(dao)(dao)揚州(zhou)更募:曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)汴水戰敗(bai)后(hou)(hou)(hou),與夏侯惇等到(dao)(dao)揚州(zhou)丹陽(yang)郡(jun)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)安(an)(an)徽(hui)宣(xuan)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian))募兵(bing)(bing)(bing)。揚州(zhou):后(hou)(hou)(hou)漢(han)(han)(han)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)治(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)歷陽(yang)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)安(an)(an)徽(hui)和(he)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)),后(hou)(hou)(hou)移(yi)壽(shou)春(chun)(chun)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)安(an)(an)徽(hui)壽(shou)縣(xian)(xian)(xian))。20領(ling)兗(yan)州(zhou):任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)兗(yan)州(zhou)牧。兗(yan)州(zhou):即(ji)今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)省(sheng)中(zhong)部和(he)西部,河(he)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)北(bei)(bei)部。21袁(yuan)術(shu):字公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu),汝陽(yang)人(ren)(ren)(ren),袁(yuan)紹(shao)(shao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弟。僭(jian見):超越本(ben)分(fen)。僭號(hao):盜用(yong)(yong)(yong)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)名(ming)(ming)號(hao)。九江(jiang):郡(jun)名(ming)(ming),治(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)陰陵(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)安(an)(an)徽(hui)省(sheng)定遠縣(xian)(xian)(xian)西北(bei)(bei))。22露(lu)(lu)布(bu):又(you)叫(jiao)露(lu)(lu)板。這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)(li)指檄文(wen)(wen)(wen),即(ji)宣(xuan)言,不(bu)(bu)(bu)加封緘,故稱“露(lu)(lu)布(bu)”。23討(tao)(tao)禽其四(si)將(jiang)(jiang):建安(an)(an)二(er)年(nian)(197)九月(yue),曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)東(dong)(dong)征(zheng)(zheng)袁(yuan)術(shu),斬(zhan)殺(sha)了袁(yuan)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大將(jiang)(jiang)橋蕤(rui銳)、李豐(feng)、梁綱(gang)、樂就。禽:同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)“擒”。24窮(qiong)亡(wang)解(jie)沮(ju舉(ju)(ju)):窮(qiong)迫(po)逃走(zou),潰散瓦(wa)解(jie)。25河(he)北(bei)(bei):指袁(yuan)紹(shao)(shao)割據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冀(ji)、幽、青、并四(si)州(zhou)。26梟(xiao)其二(er)子(zi)(zi):建安(an)(an)五年(nian)(200年(nian))曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)擊(ji)(ji)敗(bai)袁(yuan)紹(shao)(shao),建安(an)(an)九年(nian)(204)擊(ji)(ji)敗(bai)袁(yuan)尚(shang),奪(duo)取(qu)冀(ji)州(zhou)。袁(yuan)尚(shang)投奔遼東(dong)(dong),為(wei)遼東(dong)(dong)太(tai)(tai)守(shou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)康所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)殺(sha)。建安(an)(an)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(205),曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)斬(zhan)殺(sha)袁(yuan)譚。梟(xiao)(xiao消):懸于(yu)示眾。27宗室:皇帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)族。劉表是(shi)(shi)西漢(han)(han)(han)景(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兒(er)子(zi)(zi)魯共王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)劉余的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)。28乍(zha)前乍(zha)卻(que):忽(hu)進(jin)忽(hu)退(tui)。當(dang)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)官(guan)(guan)渡與袁(yuan)紹(shao)(shao)作(zuo)戰時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),劉表暗(an)中(zhong)勾結(jie)袁(yuan)紹(shao)(shao),但又(you)按(an)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)動(dong),坐觀成(cheng)敗(bai)。乍(zha)前乍(zha)卻(que)即(ji)指這(zhe)(zhe)種觀望和(he)舉(ju)(ju)棋不(bu)(bu)(bu)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。29當(dang)州(zhou):指劉表所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)荊州(zhou)。30宰相:又(you)稱“丞相”,東(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)不(bu)(bu)(bu)設丞相,建安(an)(an)十(shi)(shi)三(san)年(nian)(208年(nian))復置(zhi),并以曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)為(wei)丞相。31不(bu)(bu)(bu)信天(tian)命(ming):當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)封建統治(zhi)階級都鼓吹“天(tian)命(ming)論”,認(ren)為(wei)皇帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)天(tian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)命(ming)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)信天(tian)命(ming),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)懷疑曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)要奪(duo)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)。32用(yong)(yong)(yong):因。耿耿:心里(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)安(an)(an)。33齊桓(huan):齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。“春(chun)(chun)秋五霸(ba)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)首。晉(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen):晉(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。姓姬,名(ming)(ming)重(zhong)耳,春(chun)(chun)秋時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君。打敗(bai)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),成(cheng)為(wei)霸(ba)主。都提出“尊王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口號(hao)。34相傳(chuan)商(shang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)分(fen)為(wei)九州(zhou),而周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)控制著(zhu)雍、梁、荊、豫(yu)、徐、揚六州(zhou),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以說(shuo)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)“三(san)分(fen)天(tian)下而有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)其二(er)。” 35樂毅(yi):戰國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)燕昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大將(jiang)(jiang),曾攻(gong)下齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)七十(shi)(shi)余城(cheng)。昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)死(si)后(hou)(hou)(hou),樂毅(yi)遭(zao)到(dao)(dao)昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)兒(er)子(zi)(zi)惠王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)猜忌,被迫(po)逃往(wang)趙國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。36獲戾(li利(li)):得(de)(de)罪。37胡亥(hai):秦始(shi)皇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小兒(er)子(zi)(zi),即(ji)秦二(er)世。蒙恬(tian)(tian)(tian舔):秦始(shi)皇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大將(jiang)(jiang),率(lv)軍(jun)防御匈奴,取(qu)得(de)(de)了很(hen)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果。始(shi)皇死(si)后(hou)(hou)(hou),趙高(gao)伙同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)二(er)世強迫(po)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)自殺(sha)。三(san)世:指蒙恬(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖父(fu)(fu)蒙驁,父(fu)(fu)親(qin)(qin)蒙武(wu)和(he)蒙恬(tian)(tian),他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)祖孫(sun)三(san)代(dai)(dai)皆(jie)為(wei)秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大將(jiang)(jiang)。38愴(chuang)然(ran):悲傷(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣子(zi)(zi)。39皆(jie)當(dang)親(qin)(qin)重(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren):曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖父(fu)(fu)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)騰,漢(han)(han)(han)桓(huan)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)中(zhong)常侍大長(chang)秋,封費亭侯。父(fu)(fu)親(qin)(qin)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)嵩,漢(han)(han)(han)靈(ling)(ling)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)太(tai)(tai)尉(wei),曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)本(ben)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)丞相,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)“皆(jie)當(dang)親(qin)(qin)重(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”。40子(zi)(zi)桓(huan):曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兒(er)子(zi)(zi)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)丕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)字。41出嫁(jia):曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)造銅雀臺(tai),臺(tai)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)很(hen)多歌伎。出嫁(jia)是(shi)(shi)指這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)歌舞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)子(zi)(zi)說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)指他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)妻妾。42肝鬲(li)(li)(ge革)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要:發自肝腑(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要緊話。肝鬲(li)(li):指內(nei)心。43周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)《金滕(teng)(teng)(teng騰)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書:《尚(shang)書·金滕(teng)(teng)》:周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)病,周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)祭告(gao)祖先,愿代(dai)(dai)武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)死(si),禱詞(ci)藏在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)金滕(teng)(teng)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)。武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)死(si),成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)年(nian)幼,周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)攝政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弟弟管叔(shu)、蔡叔(shu)造謠周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)將(jiang)(jiang)奪(duo)取(qu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)位(wei)(wei)。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)避嫌出居東(dong)(dong)都(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)洛陽(yang)市西)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)金滕(teng)(teng)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)發現了禱詞(ci),知道(dao)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)忠貞,就迎他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)回來(lai),讓他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)重(zhong)新執政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。金滕(teng)(teng):用(yong)(yong)(yong)金屬封口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)子(zi)(zi)。滕(teng)(teng):緘封。44典:掌管。執事:主管人(ren)(ren)(ren)員。45武(wu)平:今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)鹿(lu)邑縣(xian)(xian)(xian)西北(bei)(bei)。46介(jie)推(tui):介(jie)子(zi)(zi)推(tui),春(chun)(chun)秋時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大夫(fu),跟晉(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)外(wai)流亡(wang)了十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)。晉(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)復國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)(hou)(hou),沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)用(yong)(yong)(yong)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)便同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)母親(qin)(qin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)綿山(shan)(shan)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)居。后(hou)(hou)(hou)來(lai)晉(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)想(xiang)起(qi)了他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),卻(que)找(zhao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),于(yu)是(shi)(shi)放火(huo)燒(shao)山(shan)(shan),想(xiang)逼他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)出來(lai)。介(jie)子(zi)(zi)推(tui)卻(que)寧愿被火(huo)燒(shao)死(si)也不(bu)(bu)(bu)露(lu)(lu)面,終于(yu)被燒(shao)死(si)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)山(shan)(shan)上(shang)。47申(shen)胥(xu)(xu):申(shen)包胥(xu)(xu),春(chun)(chun)秋時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大夫(fu)。伍子(zi)(zi)胥(xu)(xu)率(lv)軍(jun)攻(gong)破楚都郢(ying)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)湖北(bei)(bei)江(jiang)陵縣(xian)(xian)(xian)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)),申(shen)包胥(xu)(xu)到(dao)(dao)泰國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)請得(de)(de)救(jiu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing),擊(ji)(ji)退(tui)吳(wu)軍(jun)。楚昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大封功臣,申(shen)包胥(xu)(xu)逃走(zou)。48仗鉞(yue):拿著(zhu)大斧(fu)。皇帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)把鉞賜給大臣,表示授予征(zheng)(zheng)伐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)力。49四(si)縣(xian)(xian)(xian):指陽(yang)夏(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)太(tai)(tai)康縣(xian)(xian)(xian))、柘(zhe)(zhe)今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)柘(zhe)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)北(bei)(bei))、苦(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)鹿(lu)邑縣(xian)(xian)(xian)東(dong)(dong))和(he)武(wu)平四(si)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)。
【譯(yi)文】 我剛舉孝廉時(shi),年紀很輕,自以為自己本非隱(yin)居山(shan)林的知名(ming)人(ren)物(wu),恐怕被世人(ren)視為平庸之人(ren),就(jiu)打算作一(yi)郡太守,好(hao)好(hao)操持地(di)方政教來(lai)樹立(li)名(ming)譽,使世人(ren)都知道我。所以,我在任濟(ji)南(nan)國(guo)相(xiang)時(shi),開(kai)始清(qing)除強(qiang)暴(bao)和社會污濁勢(shi)力,公正地(di)選拔人(ren)才(cai),這就(jiu)得罪了那些有(you)(you)權勢(shi)的宦官(guan)。因為遭(zao)到權貴和豪(hao)強(qiang)的忌恨,唯恐給家族招(zhao)來(lai)災禍(huo),所以就(jiu)借(jie)口有(you)(you)病,辭官(guan)回鄉(xiang)。
辭官以后(hou),年(nian)歲(sui)尚輕(qing),看看和(he)我(wo)同舉孝(xiao)廉的(de)人(ren),五十歲(sui)尚不(bu)稱老(lao),私下考慮,如果從此(ci)隱(yin)退二十年(nian),等(deng)天下安定以后(hou),才和(he)同舉孝(xiao)廉的(de)人(ren)剛(gang)舉孝(xiao)廉時年(nian)紀相當(dang)。所(suo)以就(jiu)(jiu)回到家鄉,在(zai)譙城以東五十里(li)的(de)地方建筑書房,在(zai)一(yi)年(nian)四季中,打算(suan)秋(qiu)夏讀書,冬(dong)春(chun)射獵,找一(yi)個低洼(wa)的(de)地方,憑沼(zhao)澤里(li)的(de)泥水(shui)將自(zi)己與外界隔開,斷絕賓客來往的(de)念頭,然(ran)而(er)這(zhe)(zhe)個愿(yuan)望未(wei)能(neng)實現。后(hou)來被征(zheng)(zheng)召為(wei)都尉,又升任典軍(jun)校尉,這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)促使我(wo)改變主意,欲為(wei)國討賊立功,希(xi)望能(neng)夠(gou)封侯,作征(zheng)(zheng)西(xi)(xi)將軍(jun),死后(hou)在(zai)墓道前的(de)石碑(bei)上刻有“漢故征(zheng)(zheng)西(xi)(xi)將軍(jun)曹侯之墓”字樣,這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)是我(wo)當(dang)時的(de)心志。
碰上董卓作亂,我(wo)(wo)就(jiu)發(fa)動(dong)組織義兵。這時本來能招募更(geng)多的(de)(de)軍隊,但常(chang)常(chang)自己加以限制,不(bu)(bu)(bu)想多招。所以這樣,就(jiu)是兵多了(le),意(yi)氣發(fa)揚,與強敵相爭,可(ke)能再成為禍根。所以汴水之戰時,我(wo)(wo)只有(you)(you)幾千人(ren),后(hou)來到(dao)揚州(zhou)重(zhong)新招募,也不(bu)(bu)(bu)過三(san)千人(ren),這是我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)愿望本來就(jiu)很有(you)(you)限。以后(hou),我(wo)(wo)任兗州(zhou)牧,擊敗黃巾三(san)十萬人(ren)。接著(zhu)袁術在九江郡冒用天子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)名號(hao),部下(xia)都(dou)向他稱臣,稱門叫“建(jian)號(hao)門”,衣裝服(fu)飾都(dou)照天子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)式樣,兩個(ge)老婆也預先爭著(zhu)做(zuo)皇(huang)后(hou)。決心(xin)和(he)計劃已定(ding),有(you)(you)人(ren)勸(quan)他馬上即皇(huang)位,通告天下(xia)。他回(hui)答說:“曹公還在,不(bu)(bu)(bu)行。”后(hou)來,我(wo)(wo)討(tao)伐袁術,擒獲(huo)了(le)他的(de)(de)四個(ge)大(da)將(jiang),俘虜了(le)他的(de)(de)大(da)批(pi)部屬,就(jiu)使袁術走投(tou)無路,潰散(san)瓦解,發(fa)病死去。等到(dao)袁紹占據河北,兵力(li)強盛,我(wo)(wo)估量(liang)自己力(li)量(liang),實在不(bu)(bu)(bu)是他的(de)(de)對(dui)手,但又(you)想到(dao)獻身為國,為大(da)義犧牲,足以垂(chui)名后(hou)世。幸而打(da)敗了(le)袁紹,又(you)斬殺(sha)了(le)他的(de)(de)兩個(ge)兒子(zi)(zi)。還有(you)(you)劉(liu)表,自以為是皇(huang)帝(di)(di)的(de)(de)同族,懷著(zhu)邪惡的(de)(de)用心(xin),忽進忽退,窺測形(xing)勢,占據荊州(zhou)。我(wo)(wo)又(you)平定(ding)了(le)荊州(zhou),這就(jiu)平定(ding)了(le)天下(xia)。我(wo)(wo)身為丞(cheng)相,作為臣子(zi)(zi),地位的(de)(de)尊貴已達到(dao)頂點,已越過我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)愿望了(le)。現在說這些話(hua),好象自我(wo)(wo)夸耀,但為了(le)使別(bie)人(ren)無話(hua)可(ke)說,所以才毫不(bu)(bu)(bu)隱諱。假(jia)若國家沒有(you)(you)我(wo)(wo),真不(bu)(bu)(bu)知會有(you)(you)多少人(ren)稱帝(di)(di),多少人(ren)稱王啊!
或許有人(ren)看見(jian)我(wo)(wo)勢力強盛,又生(sheng)性不(bu)信(xin)天(tian)命這(zhe)類事(shi)(shi),恐怕(pa)他們私下議論,說我(wo)(wo)有稱帝的(de)(de)野心;胡亂推測,使我(wo)(wo)常(chang)常(chang)感到(dao)(dao)不(bu)安。齊(qi)桓(huan)公、晉文(wen)公所以(yi)直(zhi)到(dao)(dao)今天(tian)還(huan)受稱贊,因(yin)(yin)為他們雖然(ran)兵勢強大(da)(da),還(huan)能(neng)擁(yong)戴周天(tian)子。《論語》中說:“周文(wen)王(wang)(wang)得(de)到(dao)(dao)天(tian)下三(san)分之二諸侯(hou)的(de)(de)擁(yong)護(hu),還(huan)能(neng)服從殷朝(chao),周文(wen)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)道德可以(yi)說是最高的(de)(de)了(le)。”這(zhe)是因(yin)(yin)為能(neng)以(yi)強大(da)(da)的(de)(de)諸侯(hou)臣(chen)服弱小的(de)(de)天(tian)子啊!以(yi)前燕(yan)將樂(le)毅逃到(dao)(dao)趙國(guo),趙王(wang)(wang)想和他策劃攻燕(yan),樂(le)毅伏地流淚(lei)回答說:“我(wo)(wo)事(shi)(shi)奉燕(yan)昭王(wang)(wang)就和事(shi)(shi)奉大(da)(da)王(wang)(wang)一樣(yang);我(wo)(wo)如果得(de)罪(zui),被(bei)驅逐到(dao)(dao)別國(guo),到(dao)(dao)死為止,連趙國(guo)的(de)(de)奴隸也(ye)不(bu)忍加害(hai),何況(kuang)燕(yan)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)后代呢?”胡亥殺蒙(meng)恬時(shi),蒙(meng)恬說:“自(zi)我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)祖(zu)父(fu)、父(fu)親直(zhi)到(dao)(dao)我(wo)(wo),受秦國(guo)信(xin)用已(yi)經三(san)代了(le);現(xian)在我(wo)(wo)統(tong)率三(san)十多(duo)萬軍(jun)隊,論我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)力量足以(yi)背叛,然(ran)而(er)我(wo)(wo)自(zi)知必死還(huan)要堅持君臣(chen)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)義,就是因(yin)(yin)為不(bu)敢玷(dian)辱(ru)祖(zu)先的(de)(de)教(jiao)誨而(er)忘記(ji)先王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)恩德啊!”我(wo)(wo)每(mei)讀這(zhe)兩(liang)個(ge)人(ren)的(de)(de)書,沒(mei)有一次不(bu)感動得(de)流淚(lei)的(de)(de)。
從我(wo)(wo)(wo)祖父(fu)、父(fu)親到(dao)我(wo)(wo)(wo)本人(ren),都(dou)在朝廷擔(dan)當親信(xin)(xin)重要的職務,可以(yi)算得上被(bei)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)的了(le)。到(dao)了(le)子桓兄弟,已(yi)經超過三代了(le)。我(wo)(wo)(wo)不是(shi)只(zhi)對(dui)你們(men)這樣說(shuo),也(ye)常(chang)常(chang)把這些(xie)話告訴侍妾,讓他們(men)都(dou)深刻了(le)解(jie)我(wo)(wo)(wo)的心意。我(wo)(wo)(wo)對(dui)她們(men)說(shuo):“我(wo)(wo)(wo)死后(hou)你們(men)都(dou)應該(gai)出嫁,要讓你們(men)宣揚(yang)我(wo)(wo)(wo)這種心意,讓別(bie)人(ren)都(dou)知(zhi)道。”我(wo)(wo)(wo)的這些(xie)話都(dou)是(shi)肺腑(fu)中(zhong)的要緊話啊!我(wo)(wo)(wo)所以(yi)誠(cheng)懇地說(shuo)出內心的話,是(shi)因(yin)為看到(dao)周(zhou)公(gong)用(yong)《金滕》書來表(biao)明心跡,恐(kong)怕(pa)別(bie)人(ren)不相(xiang)信(xin)(xin)我(wo)(wo)(wo)的緣故(gu)。
然(ran)而(er),想(xiang)讓(rang)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)就這(zhe)樣放(fang)棄(qi)所(suo)統領的(de)(de)(de)軍隊(dui),把它交給主管人員,回到(dao)武(wu)平侯國(guo)(guo),這(zhe)實在(zai)(zai)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)行的(de)(de)(de)。為什么呢?我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)確實怕放(fang)棄(qi)了兵(bing)權,就會被人謀(mou)害啊!既是(shi)替子孫打算,又自己一失敗(bai)那國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)就要危亡(wang),因此(ci)(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能追求(qiu)虛名而(er)遭受(shou)實禍(huo),這(zhe)是(shi)所(suo)以(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能這(zhe)樣做的(de)(de)(de)。以(yi)前,朝(chao)廷加恩封我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)三個兒子為侯,我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)堅持不(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou),現在(zai)(zai)又想(xiang)接受(shou),不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)想(xiang)以(yi)此(ci)(ci)為榮(rong),是(shi)要借此(ci)(ci)作外援,為萬(wan)(wan)全之計。我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)聽(ting)到(dao)介(jie)子推逃避晉文公的(de)(de)(de)封爵(jue),申包胥逃避楚昭王的(de)(de)(de)賞(shang)賜,沒(mei)(mei)有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)放(fang)下書感嘆,并以(yi)此(ci)(ci)自我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)省察。憑借朝(chao)廷的(de)(de)(de)威望,拿著節鉞征伐(fa),改變弱勢來攻(gong)克強敵,處在(zai)(zai)力小來擒殺大敵,意(yi)中(zhong)所(suo)規劃的(de)(de)(de),做什么,向哪里(li)都(dou)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)成功的(de)(de)(de)。便平定(ding)天下,沒(mei)(mei)有(you)辜負(fu)皇帝的(de)(de)(de)使命,這(zhe)可以(yi)說是(shi)上天幫助漢朝(chao),不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)人的(de)(de)(de)力量啊!然(ran)而(er)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)封地兼有(you)四縣(xian),享受(shou)三萬(wan)(wan)戶的(de)(de)(de)租稅,我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)有(you)什么樣的(de)(de)(de)功德(de)才配(pei)呢!江湖還沒(mei)(mei)有(you)安靜,我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能讓(rang)位;至于封地,那是(shi)可以(yi)退讓(rang)的(de)(de)(de)。現在(zai)(zai),我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)把陽夏(xia)、柘、苦(ku)三縣(xian)二萬(wan)(wan)戶的(de)(de)(de)封地交還給國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia),只(zhi)享受(shou)武(wu)平縣(xian)一萬(wan)(wan)戶的(de)(de)(de)租稅,以(yi)此(ci)(ci)減少別(bie)人對我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)誹謗(bang),同時也(ye)稍稍減輕我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)責任。
【集評】 明·張溥《魏(wei)武帝集題辭》:“《述志》一令,似乎(hu)欺(qi)人(ren),未嘗不抽序心腹,慨當(dang)以慷。”
【總案】 本文是(shi)曹操文集中篇幅(fu)較長(chang)的一(yi)篇,文中先表明(ming)自(zi)己(ji)最初的志(zhi)向只是(shi)想“使世(shi)士明(ming)知之”,最大的奢(she)望也只是(shi)在自(zi)己(ji)死(si)后的墓碑(bei)上能(neng)有(you):漢(han)故(gu)征西將軍曹候之墓”幾個(ge)字。接著剖析心肝,既陳列了自(zi)己(ji)為(wei)(wei)清國難和匡復漢(han)室(shi)所(suo)立(li)下(xia)的“豐功偉績”,又顯示了自(zi)己(ji)對漢(han)室(shi)的忠心耿(geng)耿(geng),言辭懇切,頗有(you)說服(fu)力。最后說明(ming)自(zi)己(ji)雖然知道(dao)自(zi)己(ji)遭人猜忌的原因(yin)(yin)是(shi)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)手中握有(you)兵權,但之所(suo)以不放棄,是(shi)出于(yu)匡復漢(han)室(shi),保護家族安全兩方(fang)面的考慮。
《魏(wei)志》稱曹操(cao)“少機警,有權數”,從他內心講,他恨不(bu)得立即替代漢室,統治天下,但又(you)不(bu)敢公(gong)然冒天下之大不(bu)韙。因此,在(zai)這篇表明自己的心跡的長文(wen)中(zhong),極(ji)力為自己開脫(tuo),努力想把自己妝扮成(cheng)一個忠臣的形象(xiang),他自己在(zai)其他文(wen)中(zhong)說過“尊王攘(rang)寇,臣節不(bu)墜,若天命(ming)在(zai)吾,吾為周文(wen)王矣”的話,事實上,他的言論與行(xing)動(dong)并不(bu)相(xiang)符,建安二十(shi)二年,他已經用“天子車服,出入警蹕,”已全用天子之制(zhi)。代漢的跡象(xiang)已非常(chang)明顯。
撇開事實(shi)不論,他的這篇文章寫(xie)得還是很能打動人(ren)心(xin)的。
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