管仲論
管仲論
【原文】
管仲相桓公[33],霸諸侯(hou),攘(rang)[34]夷狄,終(zhong)其身齊國富強(qiang),諸侯(hou)不敢叛。管仲死,豎刁、易牙(ya)、開方[35]用,桓公薨[36]于亂,五公子[37]爭立,其禍蔓延,訖[38]簡(jian)公[39],齊無寧歲。
夫功之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng),非成(cheng)于成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日,蓋必(bi)有所由起;禍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作,不(bu)(bu)作于作之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日,亦必(bi)有所由兆[40]。故(gu)齊(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治也(ye)(ye)(ye),吾不(bu)(bu)曰管仲,而(er)(er)曰鮑叔[41]。及(ji)其(qi)亂(luan)也(ye)(ye)(ye),吾不(bu)(bu)曰豎(shu)刁、易(yi)牙(ya)、開方,而(er)(er)曰管仲。何(he)則?豎(shu)刁、易(yi)牙(ya)、開方三子,彼固[42]亂(luan)人國(guo)者,顧(gu)[43]其(qi)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者,桓公(gong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。夫有舜[44]而(er)(er)后知(zhi)放四兇[45],有仲尼而(er)(er)后知(zhi)去少正卯[46]。彼桓公(gong)何(he)人也(ye)(ye)(ye)?顧(gu)其(qi)使(shi)桓公(gong)得用三子者,管仲也(ye)(ye)(ye)。仲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疾也(ye)(ye)(ye),公(gong)問之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)。當是時也(ye)(ye)(ye),吾意以仲且(qie)舉(ju)天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賢者以對。而(er)(er)其(qi)言乃不(bu)(bu)過曰:豎(shu)刁、易(yi)牙(ya)、開方三子,非人情[47],不(bu)(bu)可近而(er)(er)已。
嗚(wu)呼!仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)為桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)果能(neng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)用三(san)子(zi)矣(yi)(yi)乎?仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)處幾年矣(yi)(yi),亦知(zhi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)之為人矣(yi)(yi)乎?桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)聲不(bu)(bu)(bu)絕于耳,色不(bu)(bu)(bu)絕于目(mu),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)非三(san)子(zi)者則無以(yi)遂(sui)其(qi)(qi)欲。彼其(qi)(qi)初之所以(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)用者,徒(tu)[48]以(yi)有仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)焉耳。一日無仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),則三(san)子(zi)者可以(yi)彈冠而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)相慶[49]矣(yi)(yi)。仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)為將(jiang)死(si)之言可以(yi)縶[50]威公(gong)(gong)之手足耶?夫齊國不(bu)(bu)(bu)患有三(san)子(zi),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)患無仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),則三(san)子(zi)者,三(san)匹(pi)夫[51]耳。不(bu)(bu)(bu)然,天(tian)下豈(qi)少三(san)子(zi)之徒(tu)哉?雖桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)幸而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)聽仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),誅此三(san)人,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)其(qi)(qi)余(yu)者,仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)悉數[52]而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)去之耶?嗚(wu)呼!仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可謂不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)本者矣(yi)(yi)。因桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)之問,舉天(tian)下之賢者以(yi)自代,則仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)雖死(si),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)齊國未為無仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也。夫何(he)患三(san)子(zi)者?不(bu)(bu)(bu)言可也。
五霸[53]莫盛于(yu)桓(huan)、文(wen)(wen),文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)之才,不(bu)過(guo)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong),其臣又(you)皆不(bu)及仲;靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)之虐,不(bu)如(ru)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)之寬厚。文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)死(si),諸侯不(bu)敢叛晉,晉習文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)之余(yu)威,猶得為諸侯之盟主百余(yu)年。何者?其君雖(sui)不(bu)肖[54],而尚有老成人[55]焉。桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)之薨(hong)也,一亂(luan)涂地,無惑也,彼獨(du)恃一管仲,而仲則死(si)矣。
夫天(tian)下未嘗無(wu)賢(xian)者,蓋有有臣而(er)(er)無(wu)君者矣。桓公(gong)在(zai)焉,而(er)(er)曰天(tian)下不(bu)復有管仲(zhong)(zhong)者,吾(wu)不(bu)信(xin)也。仲(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu),有記其(qi)(qi)將死(si)論(lun)鮑叔、賓胥無(wu)[56]之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)人,且各疏[57]其(qi)(qi)短。是其(qi)(qi)心以(yi)為(wei)數(shu)子(zi)者皆不(bu)足以(yi)托(tuo)國。而(er)(er)又逆知[58]其(qi)(qi)將死(si),則其(qi)(qi)書(shu)誕(dan)謾(man)[59]不(bu)足信(xin)也。吾(wu)觀史鰌[60],以(yi)不(bu)能進(jin)蘧伯(bo)玉[61],而(er)(er)退彌子(zi)瑕(xia)[62],故有身后之(zhi)(zhi)諫[63]。蕭何且死(si),舉曹(cao)參(can)[64]以(yi)自代。大臣之(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)心,固宜如此(ci)也。夫國以(yi)一人興,以(yi)一人亡。賢(xian)者不(bu)悲(bei)其(qi)(qi)身之(zhi)(zhi)死(si),而(er)(er)憂其(qi)(qi)國之(zhi)(zhi)衰(shuai),故必復有賢(xian)者,而(er)(er)后可以(yi)死(si)。彼(bi)管仲(zhong)(zhong)者,何以(yi)死(si)哉(zai)?
【注釋】
[33]管仲(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong):管仲(zhong)(zhong)給齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)做(zuo)丞相(xiang)。管仲(zhong)(zhong)(前(qian)723或前(qian)716~前(qian)645),名(ming)夷吾(wu),又(you)名(ming)敬仲(zhong)(zhong),字仲(zhong)(zhong),謚號(hao)敬,史稱管子。春(chun)秋(qiu)時期齊國著名(ming)的政(zheng)治家、軍事家。桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),即齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),前(qian)685年至前(qian)643年在(zai)位(wei),在(zai)管仲(zhong)(zhong)輔佐下成為春(chun)秋(qiu)五霸之一(yi)。
[34]攘:抵御,驅逐,排斥。
[35]豎刁、易(yi)牙(ya)、開(kai)方:齊桓公(gong)(gong)寵(chong)幸的三個(ge)近(jin)臣(chen)。豎刁,為了進入宮廷做宦官,自割其(qi)(qi)生(sheng)殖(zhi)器;易(yi)牙(ya),雍人,名(ming)巫,善于調味,相傳曾烹其(qi)(qi)子為羹以(yi)獻齊桓公(gong)(gong);開(kai)方,衛(wei)公(gong)(gong)子,喜歡阿諂逢迎。管仲死(si)后,這(zhe)三個(ge)共同專(zhuan)權。桓公(gong)(gong)死(si)后,諸子爭(zheng)位,豎刁與易(yi)牙(ya)等殺害(hai)群(qun)臣(chen),立公(gong)(gong)子無虧,太(tai)子昭奔宋,齊國因此發生(sheng)內(nei)亂(luan)。
[36]薨(hōng):周代稱(cheng)諸(zhu)侯死。
[37]五公子(zi):指(zhi)桓(huan)公的五個兒子(zi),即(ji)公子(zi)武孟、公子(zi)昭(zhao)、公子(zi)潘(pan)、公子(zi)商人、公子(zi)元(yuan)。
[38]訖(qi):通“迄”,到,至。
[39]簡公:齊簡公,名壬,公元前484年至481年在位,為左相(xiang)田常所(suo)殺。
[40]兆:事情發(fa)生前(qian)的(de)征候(hou)或跡象(xiang)。
[41]鮑(bao)(bao)叔:姓鮑(bao)(bao)名叔牙,史稱(cheng)鮑(bao)(bao)叔。春秋時期齊國(guo)的著名大(da)夫。其生卒年不詳(xiang),以(yi)善于(yu)知人、薦賢(xian)、讓賢(xian)著稱(cheng)于(yu)世。
[42]固(gu):副詞,確實。
[43]顧:轉(zhuan)折連詞(ci),但是。
[44]舜:傳說伏羲氏族(zu)社會后(hou)期部落(luo)聯盟領袖。姚姓,有虞氏,名重華,史稱虞舜。
[45]四兇:舊傳(chuan)共(gong)工(古代的(de)世族官)、鱹兜(人名(ming))、三(san)苗(古族名(ming),這(zhe)里指其族首(shou)領)、鯀(人名(ming))為堯時的(de)四兇。
[46]少(shao)正卯(mao):復姓少(shao)正,名卯(mao)。春(chun)秋(qiu)時期(qi)魯國大夫(fu),傳說他聚徒講(jiang)學,使得(de)孔(kong)門三盈三虛,因而得(de)罪孔(kong)子,孔(kong)子任魯國司寇,少(shao)正卯(mao)被殺。
[47]非人情:做事情不合乎人的情理。
[48]徒:僅僅,只。
[49]彈冠而(er)相慶(qing):彈去帽子上的灰塵互相慶(qing)賀,多為貶(bian)義,指壞(huai)人(ren)得(de)意時的樣(yang)子。
[50]縶(zhí):栓,捆。
[51]匹(pi)夫:無(wu)知識(shi),無(wu)勇謀的人(ren),含輕蔑之意。
[52]悉(xi)數:盡(jin)數,全部。
[53]五霸:春秋時期(qi)先后稱霸的五個(ge)諸侯,即齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)、晉文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)、楚莊(zhuang)王(wang)(wang)、宋襄王(wang)(wang)、秦穆公(gong)(gong)(gong)。一(yi)說齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)、晉文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)、楚莊(zhuang)王(wang)(wang)、吳王(wang)(wang)闔閭、越王(wang)(wang)勾踐。
[54]不肖:不賢德(de),不正派。
[55]老成(cheng)人:德高望重之人。
[56]賓(bin)胥無:春秋時期齊國大夫(fu)。
[57]疏:分條陳述。
[58]逆知:預先知曉(xiao)。
[59]誕謾:荒誕虛妄。
[60]史鰌(qīu):字子(zi)魚(yu)。春秋時期衛國大夫,以中直敢諫著稱。
[61]蘧(qu)(qú)伯(bo)玉:春秋時期衛國(guo)的(de)大(da)夫,有賢名。
[62]彌(mi)子瑕:春秋時期衛國大夫,善奉承,受衛靈公寵(chong)幸。
[63]身后(hou)之諫(jian):死后(hou)以尸(shi)體相諫(jian)。據《孔(kong)子家語》記載(zai),史鰌死前對(dui)兒(er)(er)子說:“吾仕(shi)衛(wei)不能(neng)進(jin)蘧伯玉(yu)退彌子瑕,是吾生不能(neng)正君,死無(wu)以成禮,汝至尸(shi)牖下,于我避矣。”他的(de)兒(er)(er)子照(zhao)此辦(ban)理(li),終使衛(wei)靈公醒(xing)悟過來。
[64]曹(cao)參:漢初大臣,從(cong)劉邦起義屢立戰功,后繼(ji)蕭何(he)為丞(cheng)相。
【譯文】
管仲做(zuo)丞(cheng)相輔佐桓(huan)(huan)公,稱霸于諸(zhu)侯(hou),抵御夷、狄等(deng)異(yi)族(zu)的進攻,終其(qi)一生使(shi)齊國(guo)富(fu)強,諸(zhu)侯(hou)不(bu)敢背叛。管仲死后,豎刁、易牙、開方被(bei)重(zhong)用。桓(huan)(huan)公死于宮廷內(nei)亂,五位公子爭搶君(jun)位,此(ci)禍蔓(man)延,直到齊簡公,齊國(guo)無一年安寧。
功業的(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)成,不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成功于(yu)(yu)(yu)完(wan)成之日,必然由(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)因素而(er)引起;禍(huo)亂的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生,不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)發于(yu)(yu)(yu)作亂之時,也必有(you)其根源和預兆。因此,齊國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安定強盛,我不(bu)(bu)(bu)說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)鮑叔。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)齊國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)禍(huo)亂,我不(bu)(bu)(bu)說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)豎(shu)刁(diao)(diao)、易(yi)牙、開方(fang)(fang),而(er)說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。為什(shen)么呢?豎(shu)刁(diao)(diao)、易(yi)牙、開方(fang)(fang)三人本就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亂國(guo)者,但重用他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齊桓(huan)公。有(you)了舜才知道去流放(fang)四兇,有(you)了仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尼然后才知道要(yao)殺(sha)掉(diao)少(shao)正卯,那桓(huan)公是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什(shen)么人,回頭看來,使桓(huan)公重用這三個人的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)啊!管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)病危時,桓(huan)公向他詢問丞相(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人選。此時,我想管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)將(jiang)推薦天(tian)下最賢(xian)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)人,但他的(de)(de)(de)(de)話不(bu)(bu)(bu)過是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“豎(shu)刁(diao)(diao)、易(yi)牙、開方(fang)(fang)三個人,不(bu)(bu)(bu)講人情(qing),不(bu)(bu)(bu)能親近”罷了。
唉,管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)為桓公(gong)(gong)果(guo)(guo)然能夠不(bu)用(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)嗎(ma)?管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)桓公(gong)(gong)相(xiang)處這(zhe)(zhe)么(me)多(duo)年了(le)(le),應該知道他(ta)(ta)的(de)為人(ren)(ren)(ren)了(le)(le)吧。桓公(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)個音(yin)樂不(bu)停(ting)歇(xie)于(yu)耳,美色不(bu)能離(li)開(kai)眼的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。如果(guo)(guo)沒有(you)(you)此三(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren),就無法滿足他(ta)(ta)的(de)欲望(wang)。他(ta)(ta)開(kai)始(shi)不(bu)重用(yong)他(ta)(ta)們(men),只是(shi)(shi)由于(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在,一旦管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)沒了(le)(le),這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)就彈冠相(xiang)慶了(le)(le)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)為自己的(de)遺言就能夠束縛桓公(gong)(gong)嗎(ma)?齊國不(bu)怕有(you)(you)這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren),而是(shi)(shi)怕沒有(you)(you)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有(you)(you)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在,那(nei)這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)只是(shi)(shi)普通人(ren)(ren)(ren)罷了(le)(le)。若(ruo)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣,天下難道缺少跟這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)一樣的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)嗎(ma)?即使桓公(gong)(gong)僥幸(xing)而聽了(le)(le)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)話,殺了(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)個人(ren)(ren)(ren),但(dan)其余的(de)這(zhe)(zhe)類人(ren)(ren)(ren),管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能一個也不(bu)剩地(di)除(chu)掉他(ta)(ta)們(men)嗎(ma)?唉!管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)懂得從(cong)根本(ben)上著眼的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)啊!如果(guo)(guo)他(ta)(ta)乘著齊桓公(gong)(gong)詢問(wen)時,推(tui)薦(jian)天下賢人(ren)(ren)(ren)來(lai)代替自己,那(nei)么(me)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)雖死,齊國也不(bu)算(suan)是(shi)(shi)失去(qu)了(le)(le)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)又有(you)(you)什么(me)可怕的(de),就是(shi)(shi)不(bu)提他(ta)(ta)們(men)也可以(yi)啊!
五霸中沒有比齊(qi)桓公、晉(jin)(jin)文(wen)公再強的了。晉(jin)(jin)文(wen)公的才(cai)能比不上(shang)齊(qi)桓公,他的大臣也都趕不上(shang)管仲(zhong)。晉(jin)(jin)靈公暴虐(nve),不如齊(qi)孝公寬厚。可晉(jin)(jin)文(wen)公死(si)(si)后,諸(zhu)侯不敢背叛晉(jin)(jin)國。晉(jin)(jin)國承襲(xi)文(wen)公的余威,還(huan)能在一百年里充當盟主(zhu)(zhu)。為什么呢(ni)?因(yin)為它的君主(zhu)(zhu)雖不賢明(ming),但是還(huan)有老成練達的大臣存在。桓公死(si)(si)后,齊(qi)國一敗涂地,這沒有什么疑問啊(a)!他僅(jin)依靠一個(ge)管仲(zhong),管仲(zhong)卻死(si)(si)了。
天下并(bing)(bing)非無賢(xian)人(ren)(ren),確實(shi)是(shi)有(you)(you)賢(xian)臣而(er)(er)沒有(you)(you)明(ming)君。桓公在世時,就說(shuo)天下再沒有(you)(you)管(guan)仲(zhong)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)。我不相(xiang)信。管(guan)仲(zhong)的(de)(de)書里有(you)(you)記載他(ta)將(jiang)死(si)(si)時論及鮑叔(shu)牙、賓胥無的(de)(de)為(wei)人(ren)(ren),并(bing)(bing)列出他(ta)們各(ge)自(zi)的(de)(de)短處(chu)。這(zhe)是(shi)由于他(ta)心中(zhong)認為(wei)這(zhe)幾個(ge)人(ren)(ren)都不能托以(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)重(zhong)任,而(er)(er)且預料(liao)自(zi)己將(jiang)死(si)(si)。這(zhe)部(bu)書實(shi)在是(shi)太荒誕了(le),不值得相(xiang)信。我看史(shi)鰍,因(yin)為(wei)活著不能薦(jian)用(yong)蘧(qu)伯玉和斥(chi)退彌子瑕,為(wei)此(ci)有(you)(you)身后(hou)勸諫之事。蕭何臨死(si)(si),推薦(jian)曹(cao)參代替自(zi)己。大臣的(de)(de)用(yong)心,本來(lai)應(ying)該如此(ci)啊!國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)因(yin)一(yi)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)興盛(sheng),一(yi)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)滅亡。賢(xian)人(ren)(ren)不悲痛自(zi)己的(de)(de)死(si)(si)亡,而(er)(er)憂慮國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)衰敗。因(yin)此(ci)必須再推選(xuan)出賢(xian)明(ming)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)來(lai),然后(hou)才(cai)(cai)可(ke)以(yi)放心死(si)(si)去。那(nei)管(guan)仲(zhong),憑什么可(ke)以(yi)死(si)(si)掉呢?
【解析】
本文系蘇(su)洵(xun)的(de)(de)(de)一篇精彩(cai)的(de)(de)(de)翻案之(zhi)作。管仲是(shi)歷(li)史(shi)上的(de)(de)(de)名相(xiang)之(zhi)一,他輔佐(zuo)齊桓(huan)公(gong)尊周室,攘(rang)夷狄,九合諸侯(hou),一匡天下。他的(de)(de)(de)功績一向為人稱道,連孔子對(dui)他都給(gei)予了很高的(de)(de)(de)評價。但是(shi)蘇(su)洵(xun)卻嘗試著(zhu)從(cong)一個全新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)視(shi)角(jiao)去審視(shi)這位歷(li)史(shi)人物。對(dui)于齊國的(de)(de)(de)這場政治(zhi)悲(bei)(bei)劇,蘇(su)洵(xun)認為管仲負有不可推卸的(de)(de)(de)責任,他認為真正的(de)(de)(de)賢(xian)(xian)者(zhe)是(shi)“不悲(bei)(bei)其身之(zhi)死(si),而憂其國之(zhi)衰,故必復有賢(xian)(xian)者(zhe),而后可以(yi)死(si)”。而管仲在(zai)臨死(si)前未能薦賢(xian)(xian)自(zi)代,以(yi)致在(zai)他死(si)后齊國發(fa)生了內(nei)亂。
本(ben)文筆法犀利,邏(luo)輯嚴密,從一(yi)個新的(de)(de)視(shi)角論述,讓人耳目一(yi)新。第一(yi)段(duan)概括管仲(zhong)生(sheng)前對齊(qi)(qi)國強盛所作的(de)(de)貢獻以(yi)及(ji)死(si)后對齊(qi)(qi)國禍(huo)亂(luan)的(de)(de)責任;第二(er)段(duan)直述齊(qi)(qi)國之(zhi)亂(luan),并直言禍(huo)起管仲(zhong);第三段(duan)指(zhi)出管仲(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)明(ming)白治國的(de)(de)根本(ben)是什么;第四段(duan)接著以(yi)晉文公(gong)來對比(bi)齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong),進一(yi)步說明(ming)齊(qi)(qi)國敗亂(luan)是因為管仲(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)舉薦賢(xian)才;第五(wu)段(duan)總結管仲(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)薦賢(xian)的(de)(de)教訓,垂誡后人。作者借古證今,通過(guo)對比(bi)的(de)(de)藝術手法層層深入(ru),闡明(ming)選賢(xian)舉能對防止(zhi)奸佞的(de)(de)重(zhong)要作用。細讀本(ben)文,可(ke)以(yi)發現蘇洵的(de)(de)確非常(chang)有(you)見地,見解精(jing)辟且論據有(you)力,語言十分(fen)鋒利,具有(you)雄辯(bian)的(de)(de)說服力。
本文地址://n85e38t.cn/sici/44592.html.
聲明: 我(wo)們(men)(men)致力(li)于保護作(zuo)者(zhe)版權,注重分享,被刊用文(wen)章因無法核實真實出(chu)(chu)處(chu),未能及時(shi)與作(zuo)者(zhe)取得聯系,或有版權異議的,請聯系管理員(yuan),我(wo)們(men)(men)會(hui)立即處(chu)理,本站部分文(wen)字與圖片資(zi)源(yuan)來(lai)自于網(wang)絡(luo),轉(zhuan)載(zai)是出(chu)(chu)于傳(chuan)遞更多信息之目的,若(ruo)有來(lai)源(yuan)標注錯誤(wu)或侵(qin)犯了您的合法權益(yi),請立即通知我(wo)們(men)(men)(管理員(yuan)郵箱:),情況(kuang)屬(shu)實,我(wo)們(men)(men)會(hui)第一時(shi)間(jian)予以刪除,并(bing)同時(shi)向您表示歉(qian)意(yi),謝謝!
上(shang)一篇: 桃花的樣(yang)子作文(wen)50個字,寫一篇桃花的···