南方與北(bei)方(節(jie)選)南方與北(bei)方(節(jie)選)
林語堂
所(suo)謂“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)”,在吾(wu)(wu)人(ren)心中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),不(bu)(bu)過為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)籠統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抽象(xiang)(xiang)觀念(nian)(nian)。撇開(kai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)性不(bu)(bu)講——文(wen)(wen)(wen)化是(shi)把中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)結(jie)合為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)整體(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基本要素。南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)在其(qi)脾氣上、體(ti)格上、習(xi)慣上,大(da)(da)(da)(da)抵異(yi)于(yu)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min),適如(ru)(ru)歐(ou)(ou)洲(zhou)(zhou)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)海(hai)沿岸居民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)異(yi)于(yu)諾(nuo)爾(er)曼民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)。幸(xing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軌跡內(nei),只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)省(sheng)(sheng)域觀念(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)存在,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)未有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)族(zu)(zu)(zu)觀念(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)抬頭,因而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)在專制(zhi)帝政(zheng)統(tong)治(zhi)下(xia),賡續①數世紀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)久,得以(yi)(yi)相安無(wu)(wu)(wu)事。歷(li)(li)史上復遺(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)下(xia)來(lai)(lai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寶貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普遍法式——文(wen)(wen)(wen)字,它(ta)(ta)用(yong)至為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簡單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法,解決了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)語(yu)言統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)困(kun)難。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)融和性,因能(neng)經數世紀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)漸進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安靜(jing)播植,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)同(tong)(tong)(tong)化比較溫順之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)土(tu)(tu)著民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)。這替中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建立(li)下(xia)“四(si)海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)皆兄(xiong)弟也(ye)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)友愛精(jing)神,雖歐(ou)(ou)洲(zhou)(zhou)今(jin)日猶(you)求之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)得者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。就是(shi)口說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)語(yu)言所(suo)顯現之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)困(kun)難,亦不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)今(jin)日歐(ou)(ou)洲(zhou)(zhou)分歧錯雜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甚。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)歐(ou)(ou)洲(zhou)(zhou)籍人(ren)倘旅(lv)經西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)邊境(jing)如(ru)(ru)云南(nan)(nan)(nan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),雖略(lve)費麻(ma)煩,仍可(ke)(ke)(ke)使(shi)(shi)其(qi)意(yi)思(si)表達而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)所(suo)懂,語(yu)言的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技巧在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)使(shi)(shi)其(qi)拓植事業(ye)逐漸擴展,其(qi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)部(bu)蓋(gai)獲(huo)助于(yu)書寫(xie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)字,此(ci)(ci)乃(nai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)顯見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標識(shi)(shi)。此(ci)(ci)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)化力(li),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)時令吾(wu)(wu)人(ren)忘卻(que)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)部(bu)尚有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)族(zu)(zu)(zu)歧異(yi)、血統(tong)歧異(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)存在。仔細觀察,則抽象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)”意(yi)識(shi)(shi)消(xiao)逝,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)浮現出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)族(zu)(zu)(zu)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)印象(xiang)(xiang)。他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度(du)(du)、脾氣,理解各(ge)個(ge)(ge)(ge)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong),顯然(ran)(ran)(ran)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)痕跡可(ke)(ke)(ke)尋。假(jia)使(shi)(shi)吾(wu)(wu)們(men)用(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)籍貫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指揮官來(lai)(lai)駕馭北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)籍貫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)隊,那(nei)(nei)時立(li)即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)使(shi)(shi)吾(wu)(wu)們(men)感覺二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)性之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)存在。因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面,吾(wu)(wu)們(men)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min),他(ta)們(men)服習(xi)于(yu)簡單(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)思(si)想與艱苦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)活,個(ge)(ge)(ge)子(zi)結(jie)實(shi)高(gao)大(da)(da)(da)(da),筋強力(li)壯,性格誠(cheng)懇而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)忭急②,喜(xi)啖大(da)(da)(da)(da)蔥,不(bu)(bu)辭其(qi)臭,愛滑稽,常有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)天(tian)真爛(lan)漫(man)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)態,他(ta)們(men)在各(ge)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面是(shi)近于(yu)蒙古(gu)族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)且(qie)比較聚居于(yu)上海(hai)附近之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min),腦筋來(lai)(lai)得保守,因之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)他(ta)們(men)對于(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)族(zu)(zu)(zu)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衰頹,如(ru)(ru)不(bu)(bu)甚關心者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。他(ta)們(men)便是(shi)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)拳匪(fei),山(shan)東大(da)(da)(da)(da)盜,以(yi)(yi)及篡爭(zheng)皇(huang)位之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。此(ci)(ci)輩供(gong)給中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歷(li)(li)代(dai)皇(huang)朝以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)少材料,使(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)許多舊小說(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)描寫(xie)戰爭(zheng)與俠義者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)均得應(ying)用(yong)其(qi)人(ren)物。循揚(yang)子(zi)江(jiang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)至東南(nan)(nan)(nan)海(hai)岸,情景便迥(jiong)然(ran)(ran)(ran)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong),其(qi)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)生(sheng)(sheng)活之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)典(dian)型大(da)(da)(da)(da)異(yi)。他(ta)們(men)習(xi)于(yu)安逸,文(wen)(wen)(wen)質彬彬,巧作詐(zha)偽,智力(li)發達而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)體(ti)格衰退,愛好幽雅韻(yun)事,靜(jing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)少動(dong)。男子(zi)則潤澤而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)矮(ai)小,婦女(nv)則苗條而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)纖弱。燕(yan)窩(wo)蓮子(zi),玉碗(wan)金(jin)杯(bei),烹調極滋味之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美,飲食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)享豐沃(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樂。懋遷(qian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)(wu)(wu)③,則精(jing)明(ming)伶(ling)俐;執戟(ji)荷戈(ge),則退縮不(bu)(bu)前(qian);詩(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)優美,具天(tian)賦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長才;臨敵不(bu)(bu)斗,呼(hu)媽媽而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)踣④仆。當清(qing)廷末季,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)屏息(xi)于(yu)韃靼⑤民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)盤踞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),挾其(qi)詩(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)美藝(yi)渡江(jiang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)入仕者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),固多江(jiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)望族(zu)(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)孫(sun)。復南(nan)(nan)(nan)下(xia)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)至廣(guang)東,則人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)又別具一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風格,那(nei)(nei)里種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)族(zu)(zu)(zu)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)濃郁,顯而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)易(yi)見(jian),其(qi)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)飲食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)愧(kui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)男子(zi),工(gong)作亦不(bu)(bu)愧(kui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)男子(zi);富事業(ye)精(jing)神,少掛(gua)慮,豪(hao)爽好斗,不(bu)(bu)顧情面,揮金(jin)如(ru)(ru)土(tu)(tu),冒險而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)進(jin)取。又有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)奇俗,蓋(gai)廣(guang)東人(ren)猶(you)承受著古(gu)代(dai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)蛇(she)土(tu)(tu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)性,故(gu)嗜食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)蛇(she),由此(ci)(ci)可(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)廣(guang)東人(ren)含有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)古(gu)代(dai)華南(nan)(nan)(nan)居民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)“百越”民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)強度(du)(du)混合血胤⑥。至漢(han)口南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei),所(suo)謂華中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)分,居住有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)狂噪咒罵而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)好詐(zha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)居民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)向有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“天(tian)上九頭鳥,地(di)下(xia)湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)佬”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)俗諺(yan),蓋(gai)湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)人(ren)精(jing)明(ming)強悍(han),頗(po)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)胡椒(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辣,猶(you)不(bu)(bu)夠(gou)刺激,尚須爆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)油(you),然(ran)(ran)(ran)后(hou)煞癮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)概,故(gu)譬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)神秘(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)九頭鳥。至湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)人(ren)則勇(yong)武(wu)耐勞苦,湘軍(jun)固已聞名全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),蓋(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)古(gu)時楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)戰士之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)裔(yi),具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)可(ke)(ke)(ke)喜(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特(te)性。因往來(lai)(lai)貿易(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)遷(qian)徙,與科舉時代(dai)應(ying)試及第(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士子(zi)被遣出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)省(sheng)(sheng)服仕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)結(jie)果,自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)然(ran)(ran)(ran)稍稍促進(jin)異(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)混合,省(sheng)(sheng)與省(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差異(yi)性乃(nai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)見(jian)緩(huan)和,然(ran)(ran)(ran)大(da)(da)(da)(da)體(ti)上仍繼續存在著。蓋(gai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)頗(po)堪注意(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事實(shi),即(ji)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)人(ren)長于(yu)戰斗,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)人(ren)長于(yu)貿易(yi),歷(li)(li)代(dai)創業(ye)帝王(wang),幾從(cong)無(wu)(wu)(wu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)自(zi)(zi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)江(jiang)以(yi)(yi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。相傳(chuan)(chuan)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)米之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)人(ren),無(wu)(wu)(wu)福拱登龍座,只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)讓那(nei)(nei)啖饃饃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)人(ren)來(lai)(lai)享受。實(shi)際(ji)上除卻(que)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)二例(li)外,如(ru)(ru)唐周二代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創業(ye)帝王(wang),出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)自(zi)(zi)甘肅東北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu),故(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)土(tu)(tu)耳族(zu)(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嫌疑,其(qi)余(yu)各(ge)大(da)(da)(da)(da)皇(huang)朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帝王(wang),蓋(gai)莫不(bu)(bu)起自(zi)(zi)比較阻塞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)陵地(di)帶,靠(kao)近隴(long)海(hai)鐵路(lu),此(ci)(ci)地(di)帶包括東部(bu)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan),南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei),西(xi)部(bu)山(shan)東和北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)安徽。這個(ge)(ge)(ge)開(kai)業(ye)帝王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)(sheng)地(di)帶,倘以(yi)(yi)隴(long)海(hai)鐵路(lu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心點(dian),它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幅(fu)徑距(ju)離不(bu)(bu)難測知。漢(han)高(gao)祖(zu)起于(yu)沛縣,即(ji)現在之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徐州;晉室始祖(zu)起于(yu)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan);宋室始祖(zu)起于(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)涿縣;明(ming)太祖(zu)朱(zhu)洪武(wu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)安徽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鳳(feng)陽。直到如(ru)(ru)今(jin),除了(le)蔣介(jie)石將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)身(shen)于(yu)浙江(jiang)——他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)家族(zu)(zu)(zu)譜(pu)系尚待考——大(da)(da)(da)(da)半將(jiang)(jiang)帥(shuai),多出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)自(zi)(zi)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)、山(shan)東、安徽、河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan),也(ye)以(yi)(yi)隴(long)海(hai)鐵路(lu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心點(dian)。山(shan)東產生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)吳佩孚、張宗昌(chang)、孫(sun)傳(chuan)(chuan)芳、盧(lu)永祥;河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)產生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)齊燮元、李景林、張之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)江(jiang)、鹿鍾麟;河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)產生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)袁(yuan)世凱;安徽產生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)馮玉祥、段(duan)祺瑞。江(jiang)蘇不(bu)(bu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)將(jiang)(jiang),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)產生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)幾位出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旅(lv)館侍(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。五(wu)十年前(qian),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)位曾(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藩,這個(ge)(ge)(ge)好像是(shi)例(li)外,但(dan)是(shi)足以(yi)(yi)證明(ming)上述之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)律:因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)曾(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藩是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)位第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)學者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),同(tong)(tong)(tong)時也(ye)是(shi)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)等大(da)(da)(da)(da)將(jiang)(jiang),但(dan)他(ta)既系出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)長江(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)南(nan)(nan)(nan),是(shi)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)米者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)啖饃饃者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),從(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命運注定(ding)應(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)貴(gui)顯大(da)(da)(da)(da)臣,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)開(kai)創一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇(huang)朝。因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)開(kai)創帝業(ye)這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)作,需要一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粗厲(li)豪(hao)放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度(du)(du),要具備一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)淳樸而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)令人(ren)可(ke)(ke)(ke)愛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)賴漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特(te)性,要有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)愛好戰爭(zheng),不(bu)(bu)厭(yan)勞動(dong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)善于(yu)自(zi)(zi)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)才——藐視學問與孔(kong)(kong)教倫理學,直至大(da)(da)(da)(da)局底南(nan)(nan)(nan)面稱(cheng)皇(huang),那(nei)(nei)時孔(kong)(kong)教的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊皇(huang)思(si)想始有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)于(yu)他(ta),然(ran)(ran)(ran)后(hou)大(da)(da)(da)(da)模大(da)(da)(da)(da)樣大(da)(da)(da)(da)講其(qi)尊孔(kong)(kong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)。作于(yu)1933—1934年選自(zi)(zi)《吾(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與吾(wu)(wu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)》
〔注釋〕 ①賡續(xu):繼續(xu)。 ②忭(biàn):喜悅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣子(zi)。 ③懋遷有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu):“懋”通(tong)“貿(mao)(mao)”,貿(mao)(mao)易。買賣貨物,互(hu)通(tong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)。語(yu)出(chu)(chu)《尚(shang)書(shu)·益稷》:“懋遷有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu),化(hua)居。” ④踣(bó):向(xiang)前仆倒。 ⑤韃靼(da):此特(te)指清朝統(tong)治(zhi)者(zhe)。 ⑥血胤(yìn):血統(tong)。〔鑒賞〕 林(lin)(lin)(lin)語(yu)堂創(chuang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)生涯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鼎盛時(shi)期,是(shi)(shi)從他(ta)用(yong)(yong)英語(yu)寫(xie)(xie)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)開始的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。他(ta)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)壇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)名作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),即是(shi)(shi)這部《吾(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)吾(wu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)》(My country and my people)。1934年(nian)(nian)(nian),林(lin)(lin)(lin)語(yu)堂應美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)家賽珍(zhen)(zhen)珠(zhu)(其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)取材于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小說(shuo)《大(da)(da)地(di)(di)(di)(di)》獲諾貝(bei)爾文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)獎(jiang))之約(yue),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)廬山(shan)牯嶺用(yong)(yong)英語(yu)寫(xie)(xie)就此書(shu)。1935年(nian)(nian)(nian),由美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)紐約(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)翰·黛(John Day)公司(si)出(chu)(chu)版(ban)(ban),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)面(mian)世(shi)即登上(shang)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)暢(chang)銷書(shu)排行第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)名,“其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)可(ke)謂(wei)空前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯要”(林(lin)(lin)(lin)語(yu)堂《從異(yi)教(jiao)徒(tu)到(dao)(dao)基(ji)(ji)督徒(tu)——林(lin)(lin)(lin)語(yu)堂自(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)》)。賽珍(zhen)(zhen)珠(zhu)譽(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)忠實、最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)巨麗(li)、最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)完備、最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)重要”(《吾(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)吾(wu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)》賽珍(zhen)(zhen)珠(zhu)序)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)本(ben)(ben)關于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)。這本(ben)(ben)為(wei)(wei)(wei)寫(xie)(xie)給(gei)(gei)(gei)外國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)看(kan)(kan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)當(dang)時(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功搭建(jian)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)了(le)(le)解(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)道。林(lin)(lin)(lin)語(yu)堂一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生著(zhu)(zhu)述(shu)頗(po)豐,誠如臺灣《聯合報》在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)逝世(shi)后(hou)載文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)所(suo)言:“他(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢(gong)獻(xian),則應該是(shi)(shi),而(er)且(qie)(qie)也公認(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溝通(tong)。”(萬平近(jin)《林(lin)(lin)(lin)語(yu)堂評(ping)傳(chuan)(chuan)》)因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)、求(qiu)學(xue)背景,林(lin)(lin)(lin)語(yu)堂形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己“兩腳踏東西(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)心(xin)(xin)評(ping)宇宙文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)章”(林(lin)(lin)(lin)語(yu)堂《從異(yi)教(jiao)徒(tu)到(dao)(dao)基(ji)(ji)督徒(tu)——林(lin)(lin)(lin)語(yu)堂自(zi)(zi)(zi)傳(chuan)(chuan)》)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨(du)特(te)風格(ge),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)把中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)介紹給(gei)(gei)(gei)世(shi)界(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)位(wei)(wei)使(shi)者(zhe)。橫跨東西(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生活(huo)(huo)背景給(gei)(gei)(gei)了(le)(le)他(ta)冷靜、客(ke)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視角(jiao),讓他(ta)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)賽珍(zhen)(zhen)珠(zhu)所(suo)尋覓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那(nei)位(wei)(wei)既能用(yong)(yong)英語(yu)寫(xie)(xie)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),又(you)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)致跟本(ben)(ben)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)隔(ge)膜太遠有(you)(you)(you)(you)若異(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”,而(er)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)又(you)“立于(yu)客(ke)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)位(wei)(wei),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)客(ke)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程度(du)足以(yi)(yi)領悟全部人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旨趣”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)家(《吾(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)吾(wu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)》賽珍(zhen)(zhen)珠(zhu)序)。《吾(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)吾(wu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)》全面(mian)介紹和(he)(he)(he)闡述(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua),涉及中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)格(ge)、心(xin)(xin)靈、理想、生活(huo)(huo)、政(zheng)治(zhi)、社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)、藝術等(deng)(deng)(deng)各(ge)個(ge)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian),內容(rong)豐富(fu)且(qie)(qie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)乏精(jing)彩篇(pian)(pian)章。但此書(shu)未(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)語(yu)堂自(zi)(zi)(zi)己撰(zhuan)寫(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)版(ban)(ban),后(hou)來所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)版(ban)(ban)均(jun)(jun)出(chu)(chu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)他(ta)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)翻譯,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)1936年(nian)(nian)(nian)黃(huang)(huang)嘉德(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)譯本(ben)(ben)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)早且(qie)(qie)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)通(tong)行。本(ben)(ben)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)及《陰性(xing)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三位(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)體》,均(jun)(jun)選自(zi)(zi)(zi)黃(huang)(huang)嘉德(de)譯本(ben)(ben)。《南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)》是(shi)(shi)《吾(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)吾(wu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)篇(pian)(pian)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)首篇(pian)(pian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),林(lin)(lin)(lin)語(yu)堂提(ti)出(chu)(chu)何謂(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。然(ran)(ran)而(er)他(ta)馬(ma)上(shang)冷靜意識到(dao)(dao),“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵(han)極為(wei)(wei)(wei)復(fu)雜,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)包含的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)性(xing)要遠遠大(da)(da)于(yu)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)性(xing)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)之寬廣,環境(jing)(jing)之迥異(yi),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口之眾(zhong)多,使(shi)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)性(xing)格(ge)、體魄、習(xi)俗等(deng)(deng)(deng)眾(zhong)多方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)呈現(xian)出(chu)(chu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)來,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)典(dian)型(xing),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)程度(du)堪比歐洲地(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)海人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)日(ri)耳(er)曼人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)別。南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)由來已久,有(you)(you)(you)(you)學(xue)者(zhe)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)可(ke)追(zhui)溯(su)至(zhi)春(chun)秋時(shi)代(dai)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)長(chang)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)(li)史積(ji)累過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),這種看(kan)(kan)起來并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)精(jing)密的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian),得到(dao)(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普遍認(ren)(ren)同(tong)(tong)(tong),且(qie)(qie)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)認(ren)(ren)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般心(xin)(xin)理。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)20世(shi)紀(ji)30年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai),南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話題(ti)也并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)新鮮(xian),常為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)談論。當(dang)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)海出(chu)(chu)版(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《新生命》月(yue)刊,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)1930年(nian)(nian)(nian)第(di)三卷第(di)十(shi)二(er)號發(fa)(fa)表過梁園東的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)篇(pian)(pian)長(chang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)《現(xian)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)》,分(fen)(fen)析南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)由來與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)表現(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。1934年(nian)(nian)(nian),魯迅發(fa)(fa)表《北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),闡述(shu)了(le)(le)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看(kan)(kan)法。林(lin)(lin)(lin)語(yu)堂受中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)影(ying)響(xiang),對(dui)于(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)持認(ren)(ren)同(tong)(tong)(tong)態度(du),更(geng)(geng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己獨(du)到(dao)(dao)而(er)細致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)察。對(dui)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)界(jie)(jie)線(xian),長(chang)期以(yi)(yi)來沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)精(jing)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劃分(fen)(fen)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian),地(di)(di)(di)(di)理學(xue)家張相(xiang)(xiang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)首次提(ti)出(chu)(chu)“北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)嶺淮水”為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)分(fen)(fen)界(jie)(jie)線(xian)”(見張相(xiang)(xiang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)《新撰(zhuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)》),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)嶺即現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦嶺。自(zi)(zi)(zi)此,南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)以(yi)(yi)秦嶺、淮河(he)為(wei)(wei)(wei)界(jie)(jie)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)識。這條界(jie)(jie)線(xian),首先是(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理、氣(qi)候上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)界(jie)(jie)線(xian),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)歷(li)(li)(li)史長(chang)河(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進而(er)也發(fa)(fa)展成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)界(jie)(jie)線(xian),社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)、經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)界(jie)(jie)線(xian),最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)終形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)柔(rou)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)剛、南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)經北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)政(zheng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)世(shi)界(jie)(jie)上(shang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家,各(ge)個(ge)地(di)(di)(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)格(ge)特(te)征和(he)(he)(he)生活(huo)(huo)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式。如林(lin)(lin)(lin)語(yu)堂文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)提(ti)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),廣東人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)冒險(xian)進取,湖北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)精(jing)明強悍,湖南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)勇武耐(nai)勞等(deng)(deng)(deng),時(shi)常為(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)津津樂道。從性(xing)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)過程來看(kan)(kan),地(di)(di)(di)(di)理環境(jing)(jing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)促(cu)(cu)使(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)特(te)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)理素質和(he)(he)(he)性(xing)格(ge)特(te)點上(shang),是(shi)(shi)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)不(bu)(bu)(bu)容(rong)忽視的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素。因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)氣(qi)候和(he)(he)(he)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理環境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殊別,決定了(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)獨(du)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生活(huo)(huo)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式,如北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)游牧民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農業、臨(lin)海地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漁業等(deng)(deng)(deng)。經濟生活(huo)(huo)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)異(yi),又(you)進而(er)演變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)政(zheng)治(zhi)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)俗等(deng)(deng)(deng)多方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)別。要了(le)(le)解(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui),了(le)(le)解(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),對(dui)于(yu)這種廣泛(fan)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能不(bu)(bu)(bu)談。但是(shi)(shi),另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們心(xin)(xin)目中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian),也存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)著(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)夠科學(xue)經不(bu)(bu)(bu)起推敲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)(fen)。如在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)問題(ti)上(shang),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歷(li)(li)(li)史上(shang)很長(chang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)段時(shi)期里,存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)著(zhu)(zhu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種重北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)輕南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)。這對(dui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)影(ying)響(xiang)極深,以(yi)(yi)至(zhi)于(yu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)語(yu)堂之類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)都(dou)表現(xian)出(chu)(chu)認(ren)(ren)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傾向(xiang)。如歷(li)(li)(li)代(dai)帝(di)王多出(chu)(chu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),推斷南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)管理國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)才能,即是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)典(dian)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)經北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),有(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)(yin)。從歷(li)(li)(li)史自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)環境(jing)(jing)來看(kan)(kan),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)生活(huo)(huo)環境(jing)(jing)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)惡劣(lie),南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)能夠自(zi)(zi)(zi)給(gei)(gei)(gei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)足生活(huo)(huo)富(fu)裕。北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)需要征服南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)來滿足自(zi)(zi)(zi)己需要,而(er)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)富(fu)裕自(zi)(zi)(zi)足傾向(xiang)于(yu)滿足小康即安的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)子(zi)。兩種不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)心(xin)(xin)理,促(cu)(cu)使(shi)了(le)(le)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)控制南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)現(xian)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)。簡單地(di)(di)(di)(di)斷定北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)優于(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),終是(shi)(shi)站(zhan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)住腳。看(kan)(kan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)近(jin)現(xian)代(dai)歷(li)(li)(li)史,就給(gei)(gei)(gei)出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)明。任何區(qu)域(yu)(yu)造(zao)就的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)格(ge),都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)優點和(he)(he)(he)缺點。魯迅曾引(yin)相(xiang)(xiang)書(shu)“北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)相(xiang)(xiang),南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)相(xiang)(xiang)者(zhe)貴”解(jie)釋說(shuo),南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)靈加上(shang)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)重,才是(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)理想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)格(ge)。隨著(zhu)(zhu)現(xian)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷發(fa)(fa)展,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)動(dong)、經濟貿(mao)(mao)易的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)往來日(ri)益頻繁(fan),但是(shi)(shi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)看(kan)(kan)到(dao)(dao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)特(te)征的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變更(geng)(geng)仍(reng)然(ran)(ran)是(shi)(shi)極為(wei)(wei)(wei)艱難的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情。然(ran)(ran)而(er)誠如魯迅所(suo)言,不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)之中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)應該汲取各(ge)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)長(chang)處兼收(shou)并(bing)蓄(xu)而(er)非分(fen)(fen)什(shen)么高(gao)下。
有誰知道我國南方和北方的人文特點?歷史地理是歷史文化的一個載體和基礎。作為巨大復雜的文化實體,中國文化中的地域性差別是非常大的。對這種差別最簡單的劃分是把中國劃分為南北兩大塊。按照自然地理,以秦嶺淮河一線為界(淮河是中國結冰的河流中最靠南的一條大河)。而按照文化地理,那么明清以來以長江為界大概更為合理,更有說服力。
巴克爾說:有四個主要自然因素決定著人類的生活和命運,這就是:氣候、食物、土壤、地形。除此之外,長期性的文化基因傳承和沉淀也極大地影響了中國南北文化的差異。民國大學者劉申叔說:“大抵北方之地,土厚水深,民生其間,多尚實際。南方之地,水勢浩洋,民生其間,多尚虛無。”北方遼闊的黃土地和黑土地,景色壯麗,氣候干燥寒冷,天空高曠凄涼,植被貧乏,在這種環境下,人物的性情多厚重、強悍、豪爽、嚴謹。而南方水流縱橫,山色清華,植物華麗,氣候溫暖濕潤,云霞低垂清靈,在這種環境下,人物的性情多柔婉、細膩、靈捷、浪漫、精明。北方人的主食是高粱、大豆與白面,所以培育出了北方人魁偉與剛健的體魄,同時,這些作物的耕作需要人們之間的協作,所以人與人之間的合作精神與政治意識就突出出來了。
而南方人以稻米為主食,所以有著靈巧的心性,同時,“水稻栽培往往促進分散的離心力而不是合作的向心力”(喬伊斯·懷特語),所以南方人散淡的漠視政治的個性就較為突出。魯迅曾說:北人的優點是厚重,南人的優點是機靈,但厚重之弊在愚,機靈之弊在狡,從相貌上看,北人長南相或南人長北相者為佳。王國維對南人和北人的評價是:“南方人性冷而遁世,北方人性熱而入世,南方人善幻想,北方人重實行。”
下面林語堂的這段話,是比較能抓住南北人文差異特點的:“北方的中國人,習慣于簡單質樸的思維和艱苦的生活,身材高大健壯、性格熱情幽默,喜歡吃大蔥,愛開玩笑。他們是自然之子。從各方面來講更像蒙古人,與上海浙江一帶人相比則更為保守,他們沒有失掉自己種族的活力。他們致使中國產生了一代又一代的地方割據王國。他們也為描寫中國戰爭與冒險的小說提供了人物素材。
在東南邊疆,長江以南,人們會看到另一種人:他們習慣于安逸,勤于修養,老于世故,頭腦發達,身體退化,喜愛詩歌,喜歡舒適。他們是圓滑但發育不全的男人,苗條但神經衰弱的女人。他們喝燕窩湯,吃蓮子。他們是精明的商人,出色的文學家,戰場上的膽小鬼,隨時準備在伸出的拳頭落在自己頭上之前就翻滾在地,哭爹喊娘。他們是晉代末年帶著自己的書籍和畫卷渡江南下的有教養的中國大家族的后代。
那時,中國北方被野蠻部落所侵犯。”感覺中,北方文化像高山一樣崇高、莊嚴、敦厚、樸實、壯闊,南方文化像流水一樣靈秀、柔情、細膩、飄逸、夢幻。這實際上是同一文化的兩種異質,就像一個英偉豪爽的大丈夫和一個溫婉美麗的柔女子,組成了一個完美的家庭。若以區域文化詳細劃分中國文化的話,可以劃分出很多,主要類型有燕趙文化、三秦文化、三晉文化、吳越文化、齊魯文化、關東文化、荊楚文化、草原文化、嶺南文化、青藏文化、巴蜀文化、滇云文化、西域文化、臺灣文化等。在本書中,我們將對其中一些具有典型性和代表性的區域文化進行一次深度的觀照及巡禮。
歷史名人與文化地理一則幽默說:讓來自不同國家的人以大象為論題寫一篇文章,德國人寫的是《大象的思維》,法國人寫的是《大象的情愛》,俄國人寫的是《俄羅斯的大象是世界上最偉大的大象》,中國人寫的則是《大象的倫理道德》。另一則幽默說:一幢雜居著各種民族的大樓在失火后,猶太人首先背出了錢袋,法人立即搶救情人,中國人則奮不顧身地到處尋找老母。這兩則幽默形象地把隱藏在心靈世界中那種濃郁的民族文化特質渲染出來了。一方水土養一方人,近朱者赤近墨者黑。
淮河以南的柑樹能結出又大又甜的柑果,移栽到淮河以北后只能結出又小又酸的枳果。作為人文地理秘密塑造出的涂滿油彩的標志性個體,歷史名人從來就不外在于人文地理的母胎。如果把歷史名人喻為魚,人文地理就是水,如果把歷史名人喻為樹,人文地理就是土地。離開一定區域的自然與社會交匯的總體背景去奢談歷史名人,無異于緣木求魚。歷史名人恰恰是區域性人文地理深境中“民族精神最大標記”的一種充分體現,同時它也進一步修補和深化了人文環境的外部功能。19世紀末年,泰納·勃蘭克斯等風頭強勁的文化歷史學派認為,種族、環境和時代是決定人文地理深境中民族文化的三大要素,其中特別突出的是種族因素,他們斷言種族因素中的天賦、情欲、本能、直觀是決定民族文化特征的“永恒沖動”。
20世紀前期,弗洛伊德的高足奧地利心理學家榮格一生都在強調“集體無意識”的巨大影響力。在他看來,每個人一生的行為都受到背后一只無形大手的控制,這支大手就是長期以來積淀在傳統中具有文化同構特征的綜合價值觀念,它是人文地理的一個重要組成部分。以齊魯文化為例,盡管如劉禹錫所說,齊魯人也有著較為明顯的地區差異,“鄒人東近沂泅,多質實;南近騰魚,多豪俠;西近濟寧,多浮華;北近滋曲,多儉嗇”,但從總的角度來看齊魯人給人的印象是壯實英偉、淳樸厚道、耿直重情、富有同情心,潛含著英雄主義的陽剛豪灑之氣。在今天,齊魯人被認為是保留中國北方傳統風尚最多的群落,提到北方人人們最先想到的首先是他們。在中國文化的主流思潮中,在早期儒家文化中我們更多地看到的是北方文化的特質。(節選)
附:原文
為什么江浙一帶多美女?天府之地為什么多文人?——“一方水土一方人”是中國人所熟知的常識,但是真要系統回答“人與地”的深層關系卻不是很簡單的事,為什么說陜西關中自古帝王洲?為什么紅色湖南鬧革命?為什么江浙一帶多美女?天府之地為什么多文人呢?哪個地方出梟雄?哪個地方出圣人?———由天津社會科學院出版社出版的《中國地脈》就是這樣一門老祖宗的“水土產人學”。
國外大家對中國人文精神的點評今天,中國民族精神的根脈和深境在很大程度上已被遮隱。從當代文明的角度看,中國傳統文化的缺陷、糟粕和種種價值體系的弊端是不容置疑的,但對于兩次世界大戰后深受物質文明泛濫之苦的人類來講,中國人文精神中那種與自然同體的世界主義的東西,無疑對未來的世界有著極大的啟示,因為對人類來說,“世界必須穩定下來,這才是避免陷于悲慘結局的惟一道路”(湯因比語)。
400多年前,意大利出版了一本轟動整個歐洲的書,這就是門多薩用西班牙文寫的《中華大帝國史》,該書用理想化的筆調,對中國這個“沉靜而有才智的民族”作了政治、經濟和文化上盡善盡美的描寫。現在看來,該書顯然不盡正確,甚至荒謬之處頗多,但書中對中國人文精神的頌詞,卻很值得引起注意。
在歐洲歷史上,伏爾泰、盧梭、黑格爾、康德、謝林、亞當·斯密、威爾斯、托爾斯泰、沙畹、雅斯貝爾斯、弗賴、托尼、李約瑟等等一些大思想家大歷史學家都高度關注過中國人文精神。湯因比是這些人中的代表,當有人問及如果允許他在世界歷史的某一瞬間重新降生,他愿選擇何時何地時,他毫不猶豫地帶著向往的神情說愿意降生于公元前一世紀的中國新疆(也就是那條剛剛興盛起來的聞名世界的絲綢商道上)。
湯因比生前曾多次提及,中國在未來將扮演人類文化主軸的角色,他之所以這樣說,主要是基于以下幾個方面的考慮:第一,中華民族的經驗。在已過去的21個世紀中,中國始終保持了邁向全世界的帝國實體,成為名副其實的地區性國家的榜樣。
第二,在漫長的中國歷史長河中,中華民族逐步培育起來的世界精神。
第三,儒教世界觀中存在的人道主義。
第四,儒教和佛教所具有的合理主義。
第五,東亞人對宇宙的神秘性懷有一種敬畏,認為人要想支配宇宙就要遭致挫敗。這是道德帶來的最寶貴的直感。
第六,這種直感是佛教、道教與中國所有哲學流派共同具有的(除去已滅絕的法家)。人的目的不是狂妄地支配自己以外的自然,而是有一種必須和自然保持協調而生存的信念。
第七,以往在軍事和非軍事兩方面,西方人雖然在把科學應用于技術的競爭中占有優勢,但東亞各國將可以戰勝他們。
湯因比所強調的中國文化所具有的世界精神一點不假,有一件事情足以證明這一點:著名的意大利耶穌會教士利瑪竇于明朝萬歷年間來到中國時,他發現明朝軍隊是他周游世界所見到的數量最龐大、裝備最精良的軍隊,與此同時他還發現這支強大的軍隊完全是防御性的,中國人沒有想到過要用強大的武裝來侵略別國(見利瑪竇《中國札記》)。黑格爾認為世界歷史開始于中國。
萊布尼茨認為中國人的兩大特點是愛好和平與敬神尊祖。費正清強調中國的人文主義特點是:忍耐、愛好和平、講調和、守中庸、保守知足、崇拜祖先、尊敬老人與有學問的人等等,這一切體現了以人而不是以神為中心的人本主義;而與山水自然融為一體的“采菊東籬下,悠然見南山”式的保守安逸生活,正是中國人理想中的生活。另一個大漢學家李約瑟則認為中國人的特征是道德倫理觀念較重,具有恭敬的自謙性處世心態和人道主義精神,另外,中國人的世界主義和大同思想也是非常突出的。在歌德看來,中國是一個在一切方面都保持節制的民族,這正是它的文化從不間斷地維持了幾千年之久的原因。
這一點,湯因比和池田大作也深刻地認識到了。在眾多點評中國民族精神的大家中,印度大學者出身的總統拉達克里希南的一段話值得注意:“中國人是愛美的。整個國家就是一座巨大的藝術宮殿。一切物體———城市與廟宇、田野與花園、桌子與椅子、小小的茶杯與筷子等等,中國人都想使它們變得美麗。最貧窮的仆人也以美的方式吃光剩飯。美是他們生活的面紗,是他們田園的色彩。”透過中國人文精神那陳舊靜美的闊大面龐,穿過中國深厚而古老的傳統大地,驀然回眸,我們實際上已經察覺到,無論是燦爛的榮光,還是沉重的恥辱,中國文化最動人之處,在于人與自然之間神秘而敞開的親密交流,以及這種交流所形成的生活和文化。對中國人來說,靈魂的拯救不是來自于上界的神,而是來自于腳下的大地。正所謂:“云煙影里見真身,始悟形骸為桎梏;禽鳥聲中體自性,方知情識是戈矛。”南人與北人
歷史地理是歷史文化的一個載體和基礎。作為巨大復雜的文化實體,中國文化中的地域性差別是非常大的。對這種差別最簡單的劃分是把中國劃分為南北兩大塊。按照自然地理,以秦嶺淮河一線為界(淮河是中國結冰的河流中最靠南的一條大河)。而按照文化地理,那么明清以來以長江為界大概更為合理,更有說服力。
巴克爾說:有四個主要自然因素決定著人類的生活和命運,這就是:氣候、食物、土壤、地形。除此之外,長期性的文化基因傳承和沉淀也極大地影響了中國南北文化的差異。民國大學者劉申叔說:“大抵北方之地,土厚水深,民生其間,多尚實際。南方之地,水勢浩洋,民生其間,多尚虛無。”北方遼闊的黃土地和黑土地,景色壯麗,氣候干燥寒冷,天空高曠凄涼,植被貧乏,在這種環境下,人物的性情多厚重、強悍、豪爽、嚴謹。而南方水流縱橫,山色清華,植物華麗,氣候溫暖濕潤,云霞低垂清靈,在這種環境下,人物的性情多柔婉、細膩、靈捷、浪漫、精明。北方人的主食是高粱、大豆與白面,所以培育出了北方人魁偉與剛健的體魄,同時,這些作物的耕作需要人們之間的協作,所以人與人之間的合作精神與政治意識就突出出來了。
而南方人以稻米為主食,所以有著靈巧的心性,同時,“水稻栽培往往促進分散的離心力而不是合作的向心力”(喬伊斯·懷特語),所以南方人散淡的漠視政治的個性就較為突出。魯迅曾說:北人的優點是厚重,南人的優點是機靈,但厚重之弊在愚,機靈之弊在狡,從相貌上看,北人長南相或南人長北相者為佳。王國維對南人和北人的評價是:“南方人性冷而遁世,北方人性熱而入世,南方人善幻想,北方人重實行。”
下面林語堂的這段話,是比較能抓住南北人文差異特點的:“北方的中國人,習慣于簡單質樸的思維和艱苦的生活,身材高大健壯、性格熱情幽默,喜歡吃大蔥,愛開玩笑。他們是自然之子。從各方面來講更像蒙古人,與上海浙江一帶人相比則更為保守,他們沒有失掉自己種族的活力。他們致使中國產生了一代又一代的地方割據王國。他們也為描寫中國戰爭與冒險的小說提供了人物素材。
在東南邊疆,長江以南,人們會看到另一種人:他們習慣于安逸,勤于修養,老于世故,頭腦發達,身體退化,喜愛詩歌,喜歡舒適。他們是圓滑但發育不全的男人,苗條但神經衰弱的女人。他們喝燕窩湯,吃蓮子。他們是精明的商人,出色的文學家,戰場上的膽小鬼,隨時準備在伸出的拳頭落在自己頭上之前就翻滾在地,哭爹喊娘。他們是晉代末年帶著自己的書籍和畫卷渡江南下的有教養的中國大家族的后代。
那時,中國北方被野蠻部落所侵犯。”感覺中,北方文化像高山一樣崇高、莊嚴、敦厚、樸實、壯闊,南方文化像流水一樣靈秀、柔情、細膩、飄逸、夢幻。這實際上是同一文化的兩種異質,就像一個英偉豪爽的大丈夫和一個溫婉美麗的柔女子,組成了一個完美的家庭。若以區域文化詳細劃分中國文化的話,可以劃分出很多,主要類型有燕趙文化、三秦文化、三晉文化、吳越文化、齊魯文化、關東文化、荊楚文化、草原文化、嶺南文化、青藏文化、巴蜀文化、滇云文化、西域文化、臺灣文化等。在本書中,我們將對其中一些具有典型性和代表性的區域文化進行一次深度的觀照及巡禮。
歷史名人與文化地理一則幽默說:讓來自不同國家的人以大象為論題寫一篇文章,德國人寫的是《大象的思維》,法國人寫的是《大象的情愛》,俄國人寫的是《俄羅斯的大象是世界上最偉大的大象》,中國人寫的則是《大象的倫理道德》。另一則幽默說:一幢雜居著各種民族的大樓在失火后,猶太人首先背出了錢袋,法人立即搶救情人,中國人則奮不顧身地到處尋找老母。這兩則幽默形象地把隱藏在心靈世界中那種濃郁的民族文化特質渲染出來了。一方水土養一方人,近朱者赤近墨者黑。
淮河以南的柑樹能結出又大又甜的柑果,移栽到淮河以北后只能結出又小又酸的枳果。作為人文地理秘密塑造出的涂滿油彩的標志性個體,歷史名人從來就不外在于人文地理的母胎。如果把歷史名人喻為魚,人文地理就是水,如果把歷史名人喻為樹,人文地理就是土地。離開一定區域的自然與社會交匯的總體背景去奢談歷史名人,無異于緣木求魚。歷史名人恰恰是區域性人文地理深境中“民族精神最大標記”的一種充分體現,同時它也進一步修補和深化了人文環境的外部功能。19世紀末年,泰納·勃蘭克斯等風頭強勁的文化歷史學派認為,種族、環境和時代是決定人文地理深境中民族文化的三大要素,其中特別突出的是種族因素,他們斷言種族因素中的天賦、情欲、本能、直觀是決定民族文化特征的“永恒沖動”。
20世紀前期,弗洛伊德的高足奧地利心理學家榮格一生都在強調“集體無意識”的巨大影響力。在他看來,每個人一生的行為都受到背后一只無形大手的控制,這支大手就是長期以來積淀在傳統中具有文化同構特征的綜合價值觀念,它是人文地理的一個重要組成部分。以齊魯文化為例,盡管如劉禹錫所說,齊魯人也有著較為明顯的地區差異,“鄒人東近沂泅,多質實;南近騰魚,多豪俠;西近濟寧,多浮華;北近滋曲,多儉嗇”,但從總的角度來看齊魯人給人的印象是壯實英偉、淳樸厚道、耿直重情、富有同情心,潛含著英雄主義的陽剛豪灑之氣。在今天,齊魯人被認為是保留中國北方傳統風尚最多的群落,提到北方人人們最先想到的首先是他們。在中國文化的主流思潮中,在早期儒家文化中我們更多地看到的是北方文化的特質。
傳統儒(ru)家(jia)文(wen)化(hua)的(de)正脈(mo)發跡于(yu)齊魯(lu),除了(le)文(wen)化(hua)圣人(ren)(ren)孔(kong)(kong)子以(yi)外(wai),早期主要人(ren)(ren)物(wu)絕大(da)多數(shu)都出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai),諸(zhu)(zhu)如(ru)孟子、子思(si)、曾(ceng)參、顏回(hui)(hui)(hui)、子路、子貢、曾(ceng)皙、公(gong)冶長、原憲(xian)、伏生、主父(fu)偃、孔(kong)(kong)融(rong)等(deng)等(deng)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)精英群體在(zai)齊魯(lu)文(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)應運而(er)(er)生并非偶然(ran)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象,只有(you)(you)適合(he)于(yu)營造儒(ru)家(jia)思(si)想(xiang)的(de)人(ren)(ren)文(wen)地(di)理模(mo)式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切才可(ke)能(neng)發生。另外(wai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)不(bu)(bu)爭的(de)事實是(shi),齊魯(lu)自古出(chu)(chu)賢相(xiang)(xiang)。諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮、管(guan)仲、晏(yan)嬰、王猛、王導(dao)、房玄(xuan)齡等(deng)歷史上重量級賢相(xiang)(xiang)都是(shi)山(shan)東人(ren)(ren)。齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)建(jian)立者姜子牙和(he)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)建(jian)立者周公(gong)旦也(ye)是(shi)兩個(ge)充滿傳奇色(se)彩的(de)賢相(xiang)(xiang)。另外(wai),有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)推(tui)斷商代著名(ming)的(de)賢相(xiang)(xiang)伊(yi)尹也(ye)是(shi)山(shan)東人(ren)(ren)。山(shan)東歷史上賢相(xiang)(xiang)輩出(chu)(chu)的(de)情(qing)況與唐代以(yi)前這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)發達的(de)經濟、深厚的(de)儒(ru)家(jia)氣脈(mo)、雄(xiong)渾的(de)人(ren)(ren)文(wen)情(qing)貌是(shi)分不(bu)(bu)開的(de)。“文(wen)章不(bu)(bu)療山(shan)水癖(pi)、身(shen)心每被野(ye)云羈”。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)本關于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)區域(yu)文(wen)化(hua)的(de)閑(xian)書,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)本圖文(wen)并茂的(de)文(wen)化(hua)隨筆集。書中(zhong)(zhong)浮現(xian)(xian)(xian)著的(de)正是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)那(nei)無比古老、碩大(da)漫長的(de)鮮活(huo)身(shen)影。讀者手持(chi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)冊,坐于(yu)斗室帷幄之中(zhong)(zhong),而(er)(er)能(neng)在(zai)綜羅百代的(de)廣(guang)博細微中(zhong)(zhong)餐霞飲月(yue)、燕閑(xian)清(qing)賞,則本書的(de)目的(de)也(ye)就(jiu)達到了(le)。此(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)深意,如(ru)清(qing)初文(wen)人(ren)(ren)張潮所說(shuo)(shuo):能(neng)閑(xian)世人(ren)(ren)之所忙者,方能(neng)忙世人(ren)(ren)之所閑(xian)。瞄準“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)區域(yu)文(wen)化(hua)”這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)靶心,我們大(da)可(ke)以(yi)施展身(shen)手,因為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)實在(zai)是(shi)太大(da)了(le),名(ming)山(shan)大(da)川(chuan)多得不(bu)(bu)得了(le),而(er)(er)歷史更是(shi)長得令人(ren)(ren)目瞪(deng)口呆。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)和(he)喜歡回(hui)(hui)(hui)憶(yi)歷史的(de)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)大(da)不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同,美國(guo)(guo)(guo)歷史就(jiu)算(suan)從1776年(nian)算(suan)起,到今(jin)天也(ye)只有(you)(you)200多年(nian),難(nan)怪法國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)譏諷說(shuo)(shuo),美國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)喜歡回(hui)(hui)(hui)憶(yi)歷史,但一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)憶(yi)到他們祖父(fu)的(de)父(fu)親那(nei)里(li)就(jiu)再也(ye)回(hui)(hui)(hui)憶(yi)不(bu)(bu)下(xia)去了(le)。
中國的北方和南方有什么區別?南方和北方在氣候(南方濕熱,北方干冷)、住房(南方屋頂高而尖,北方多為平頂)、語言(北方語言單一,南方語言繁雜)、地形(北方平坦,南方崎嶇)、飲食(南方人愛米飯,北方人喜面食)、交通(南方以船為主,北方以馬為主)、經濟(北方以重工業為主,南方輕工業相對比較發達)、政治(北方軍事、政治活動活躍,南方經濟、文化發達)等方面有著明顯的差異。
1、氣候:
南方不僅雨季歷時長,而且由于夏秋季節降水集中,因而常常出現洪澇災害。
而華北、西北降水較少,再加上墾殖、放牧過度,蓄水抗旱能力差,所以面臨嚴重的“水荒”。
2、住房:
南方屋頂高而尖,原因是南方的年降水量大,氣候又炎熱,高而尖的屋頂既利于排水,又利于通風散熱。北方由于降水較少,所以屋頂多建成平頂,這樣既可節省建筑材料,還可兼作晾曬作物的場所。
3、語言:
南方語言繁雜,北方語言比較單一。我國北方廣大地區都屬北方方言區,從哈爾濱到昆明直線距離3000多千米,兩地語言雖有區別,但通話、交流并沒有太大障礙。
而南方即使在同一方言區內,如閩方言區內,還分福州話、廈門話、莆田話、閩西話等,彼此差異極大,甚至聽不懂。
4、地形:
北方多地勢平坦的高原和平原,南方多丘陵山地,地形崎嶇,交通閉塞。
5、飲食:
南方人愛米飯,北方人喜面食。我國南方的氣候高溫多雨、耕地多以水田為主,所以當地的農民因地制宜種植生長習性喜高溫多雨的水稻。
而我國北方降水較少,氣溫較低,耕地多為旱地,適合喜干耐寒的小麥生長。所謂“種啥吃啥”,長此以往,便養成了南米北面的飲食習慣。
6、交通:
南船北馬我國古代的交通運輸方式是南方以船為主,北方以馬為主。
其原因是南方氣候濕潤,降水豐富,地表河網密布,因此為適應“水鄉”的船舶運輸便應運而生。而北方多干旱、半干旱氣候,草場廣布,畜牧業發達,馬匹除了提供乳肉產品外,又以其耐力好、速度快而被北方人民馴化為代步工具,成為北方大地的交通工具。
7、經濟:
我國北方以重工業為主,南方輕工業相對比較發達。
造成這一現象的原因主要是:我國北方煤炭、石油、鐵礦石等礦產資源豐富,因而逐漸形成以采礦、冶金、機械制造等重工業為主的工業結構。而東南沿海地區資源貧乏,但交通便捷、資金技術力量雄厚,所以便揚長避短,發展原料、燃料消耗少的工業類型,因而輕工業相對比較發達。
8、政治:
我國北方軍事、政治活動活躍,南方經濟、文(wen)化發達。
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