告子上(節選) 《孟子》
告子曰(yue):“性猶(you)杞柳也(ye),義猶(you)桮棬(quan)也(ye);以人性為仁義,猶(you)以杞柳為桮棬(quan)。”
孟子曰:“子能順杞柳之性(xing)而(er)以(yi)為桮棬(quan)乎?將(jiang)戕(qiang)賊(zei)杞柳而(er)后以(yi)為桮棬(quan)也?如將(jiang)戕(qiang)賊(zei)杞柳而(er)以(yi)為桮棬(quan),則亦(yi)將(jiang)戕(qiang)賊(zei)人(ren)以(yi)為仁義與?率天下之人(ren)而(er)禍(huo)仁義者(zhe),必子之言夫!”
告(gao)子曰:“性猶(you)湍水(shui)也,決諸(zhu)東(dong)方則東(dong)流,決諸(zhu)西(xi)方則西(xi)流。人性之無(wu)(wu)分于善(shan)不善(shan)也,猶(you)水(shui)之無(wu)(wu)分于東(dong)西(xi)也。”
孟(meng)子(zi)曰:“水(shui)(shui)(shui)信無分于(yu)東西,無分于(yu)上下(xia)乎?人性(xing)之(zhi)善(shan)(shan)也(ye),猶水(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)就(jiu)下(xia)也(ye)。人無有不善(shan)(shan),水(shui)(shui)(shui)無有不下(xia)。今夫水(shui)(shui)(shui),搏(bo)而躍之(zhi),可(ke)使過(guo)顙;激(ji)而行之(zhi),可(ke)使在山。是豈水(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)性(xing)哉?其勢則然也(ye)。人之(zhi)可(ke)使為不善(shan)(shan),其性(xing)亦猶是也(ye)。”
告子曰:“生之謂(wei)性(xing)。”
孟子曰:“生之謂性也,猶(you)白(bai)之謂白(bai)與?”
曰:“然。”
“白羽(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)白也(ye),猶(you)白雪之(zhi)(zhi)白;白雪之(zhi)(zhi)白猶(you)白玉之(zhi)(zhi)白與?”
曰:“然。”
“然則犬之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)猶(you)牛之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing),牛之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)猶(you)人之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)與(yu)?”
告子曰:“食色,性(xing)也(ye)(ye)。仁(ren),內(nei)也(ye)(ye),非外也(ye)(ye);義,外也(ye)(ye),非內(nei)也(ye)(ye)。”……
公都子(zi)(zi)曰:“告(gao)子(zi)(zi)曰:‘性(xing)無善(shan)(shan)無不(bu)善(shan)(shan)也。’或曰:‘性(xing)可(ke)以為(wei)善(shan)(shan),可(ke)以為(wei)不(bu)善(shan)(shan);是(shi)故(gu)文武興,則(ze)(ze)民(min)好(hao)善(shan)(shan);幽厲興,則(ze)(ze)民(min)好(hao)暴(bao)。’或曰:‘有(you)性(xing)善(shan)(shan),有(you)性(xing)不(bu)善(shan)(shan);是(shi)故(gu)以堯為(wei)君而(er)有(you)象;以瞽(gu)瞍為(wei)父而(er)有(you)舜;以紂(zhou)為(wei)兄之(zhi)子(zi)(zi),且以為(wei)君,而(er)有(you)微子(zi)(zi)啟、王(wang)子(zi)(zi)比干。’今曰‘性(xing)善(shan)(shan)’,然則(ze)(ze)彼皆非(fei)與?”
孟子曰(yue)(yue):“乃若其(qi)(qi)(qi)情(qing),則(ze)可以(yi)為善矣,乃所謂善也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若夫為不善,非(fei)(fei)才(cai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。惻隱(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin),人(ren)皆(jie)有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);羞惡(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin),人(ren)皆(jie)有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);恭敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin),人(ren)皆(jie)有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);是非(fei)(fei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin),人(ren)皆(jie)有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。惻隱(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin),仁也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);羞惡(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin),義也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);恭敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin),禮也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);是非(fei)(fei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin),智也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。仁義禮智,非(fei)(fei)由外(wai)鑠我(wo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),我(wo)固有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),弗思(si)耳矣。故(gu)曰(yue)(yue),‘求則(ze)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),舍則(ze)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。’或(huo)相倍蓰而無算者(zhe),不能盡其(qi)(qi)(qi)才(cai)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《詩》曰(yue)(yue),‘天生蒸民(min),有(you)物有(you)則(ze)。民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秉彝,好(hao)是懿(yi)德(de)。’孔子曰(yue)(yue):‘為此詩者(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)知道乎!故(gu)有(you)物必有(you)則(ze);民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秉彝也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)好(hao)是懿(yi)德(de)。’”
孟子(zi)曰(yue):“富(fu)歲(sui)(sui),子(zi)弟多賴(lai);兇歲(sui)(sui),子(zi)弟多暴,非天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)降才爾殊(shu)(shu)〔51〕也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),其(qi)所以陷(xian)溺(ni)〔52〕其(qi)心(xin)(xin)者(zhe)然(ran)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。今夫(fu)麥〔53〕,播(bo)種而(er)耰(you)〔54〕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)地(di)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),樹〔55〕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時又(you)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),浡然(ran)〔56〕而(er)生,至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)日至(zhi)〔57〕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,皆熟矣。雖(sui)有(you)(you)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),則地(di)有(you)(you)肥磽〔58〕,雨露之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)養、人(ren)事〔59〕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不齊〔60〕也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故凡同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)類(lei)(lei)者(zhe),舉〔61〕相似(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),何(he)(he)(he)獨至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)人(ren)而(er)疑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?圣人(ren),與我(wo)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)類(lei)(lei)者(zhe)。故龍(long)子(zi)〔62〕曰(yue):‘不知(zhi)足(zu)而(er)為(wei)屨〔63〕,我(wo)知(zhi)其(qi)不為(wei)蕢(kui)〔64〕也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。’屨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相似(si),天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)足(zu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。口之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)味,有(you)(you)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)耆〔65〕也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);易牙(ya)(ya)〔66〕先得我(wo)口之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所耆者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。如使口之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)味也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),其(qi)性與人(ren)殊(shu)(shu)〔67〕,若犬馬(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與我(wo)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)類(lei)(lei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),則天(tian)下何(he)(he)(he)耆皆從〔68〕易牙(ya)(ya)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)味也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)?至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)味,天(tian)下期〔69〕于(yu)(yu)易牙(ya)(ya),是天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)口相似(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。惟(wei)〔70〕耳(er)亦然(ran)。至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)聲(sheng),天(tian)下期于(yu)(yu)師曠〔71〕,是天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耳(er)相似(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。惟(wei)目(mu)(mu)亦然(ran)。至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)子(zi)都〔72〕,天(tian)下莫(mo)不知(zhi)其(qi)姣〔73〕也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。不知(zhi)子(zi)都之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姣者(zhe),無目(mu)(mu)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故曰(yue),口之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)味也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),有(you)(you)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)耆焉(yan);耳(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)聲(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),有(you)(you)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)聽(ting)焉(yan);目(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)色(se)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),有(you)(you)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)美焉(yan)。至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)心(xin)(xin),獨無所同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)然(ran)乎?心(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)然(ran)者(zhe)何(he)(he)(he)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)?謂理也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),義也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。圣人(ren)先得我(wo)心(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)然(ran)耳(er)。故理義之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)悅我(wo)心(xin)(xin),猶芻豢〔74〕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)悅我(wo)口。”
孟子曰:“牛山(shan)(shan)〔75〕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)木嘗(chang)(chang)美(mei)矣(yi)(yi),以(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)郊〔76〕于(yu)大國也(ye)(ye)(ye),斧(fu)(fu)斤〔77〕伐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)美(mei)〔78〕乎(hu)?是(shi)其(qi)(qi)日夜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)息〔79〕,雨(yu)露之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)潤,非無(wu)萌蘗(bo)〔80〕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)焉(yan),牛羊(yang)又從而(er)牧(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)〔81〕,是(shi)以(yi)(yi)若彼(bi)濯(zhuo)濯(zhuo)〔82〕也(ye)(ye)(ye)。人(ren)見(jian)其(qi)(qi)濯(zhuo)濯(zhuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye),以(yi)(yi)為(wei)未(wei)嘗(chang)(chang)有材〔83〕焉(yan),此豈(qi)山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性〔84〕也(ye)(ye)(ye)哉(zai)?雖存(cun)乎(hu)人(ren)〔85〕者,豈(qi)無(wu)仁義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)哉(zai)?其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)放其(qi)(qi)良心(xin)〔86〕者,亦猶斧(fu)(fu)斤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)木也(ye)(ye)(ye),旦(dan)(dan)旦(dan)(dan)〔87〕而(er)伐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)美(mei)乎(hu)?其(qi)(qi)日夜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)息〔88〕,平旦(dan)(dan)〔89〕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi),其(qi)(qi)好惡與人(ren)相近也(ye)(ye)(ye)者幾希〔90〕,則(ze)其(qi)(qi)旦(dan)(dan)晝〔91〕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)為(wei),有〔92〕梏〔93〕亡〔94〕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)(yi)。梏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)反覆,則(ze)其(qi)(qi)夜氣(qi)〔95〕不(bu)足(zu)以(yi)(yi)存(cun);夜氣(qi)不(bu)足(zu)以(yi)(yi)存(cun),則(ze)其(qi)(qi)違〔96〕禽獸不(bu)遠矣(yi)(yi)。人(ren)見(jian)其(qi)(qi)禽獸也(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)未(wei)嘗(chang)(chang)有才(cai)〔97〕焉(yan)者,是(shi)豈(qi)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情〔98〕也(ye)(ye)(ye)哉(zai)?故茍(gou)得其(qi)(qi)養〔99〕,無(wu)物不(bu)長;茍(gou)失其(qi)(qi)養,無(wu)物不(bu)消〔100〕。孔(kong)子曰:‘操〔101〕則(ze)存(cun),舍〔102〕則(ze)亡;出入無(wu)時,莫知其(qi)(qi)鄉〔103〕。’惟心(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)與〔104〕?”……
孟子曰:“魚,我(wo)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)欲(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye),熊掌亦(yi)(yi)我(wo)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)欲(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye);二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)可得(de)兼〔105〕,舍魚而(er)(er)取(qu)熊掌者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。生(sheng)(sheng)亦(yi)(yi)我(wo)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)欲(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye),義亦(yi)(yi)我(wo)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)欲(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye);二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)可得(de)兼,舍生(sheng)(sheng)而(er)(er)取(qu)義者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。生(sheng)(sheng)亦(yi)(yi)我(wo)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)欲(yu)(yu),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)欲(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)甚(shen)于(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),故不(bu)(bu)為茍得(de)〔106〕也(ye)(ye);死(si)(si)亦(yi)(yi)我(wo)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)惡,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)惡有(you)(you)甚(shen)于(yu)(yu)死(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),故患(huan)(huan)〔107〕有(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)辟(pi)(pi)〔108〕也(ye)(ye)。如使人之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)欲(yu)(yu)莫(mo)甚(shen)于(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng),則(ze)凡可以得(de)生(sheng)(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),何(he)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)也(ye)(ye)?使人之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)惡莫(mo)甚(shen)于(yu)(yu)死(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),則(ze)凡可以辟(pi)(pi)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),何(he)不(bu)(bu)為也(ye)(ye)?由是則(ze)生(sheng)(sheng)而(er)(er)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)也(ye)(ye),由是則(ze)可以辟(pi)(pi)患(huan)(huan)而(er)(er)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)為也(ye)(ye),是故所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)欲(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)甚(shen)于(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)惡有(you)(you)甚(shen)于(yu)(yu)死(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。非獨(du)賢(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)有(you)(you)是心也(ye)(ye),人皆(jie)有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi),賢(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)能(neng)勿喪(sang)耳。一(yi)(yi)簞(dan)〔109〕食,一(yi)(yi)豆〔110〕羹,得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)生(sheng)(sheng),弗得(de)則(ze)死(si)(si),嘑(hu)爾〔111〕而(er)(er)與之(zhi)(zhi)〔112〕,行道之(zhi)(zhi)人弗受(shou);蹴〔113〕爾而(er)(er)與之(zhi)(zhi),乞人〔114〕不(bu)(bu)屑也(ye)(ye);萬鐘(zhong)〔115〕則(ze)不(bu)(bu)辯禮義而(er)(er)受(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)。萬鐘(zhong)于(yu)(yu)我(wo)何(he)加〔116〕焉?為宮室之(zhi)(zhi)美、妻妾之(zhi)(zhi)奉(feng)、所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)識(shi)窮乏者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)得(de)我(wo)〔117〕與?鄉〔118〕為身(shen)死(si)(si)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)受(shou),今(jin)為宮室之(zhi)(zhi)美為之(zhi)(zhi);鄉為身(shen)死(si)(si)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)受(shou),今(jin)為妻妾之(zhi)(zhi)奉(feng)為之(zhi)(zhi);鄉為身(shen)死(si)(si)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)受(shou),今(jin)為所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)識(shi)窮乏者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)得(de)我(wo)而(er)(er)為之(zhi)(zhi),是亦(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)可以已〔119〕乎?此之(zhi)(zhi)謂失其本心。”
孟子曰(yue):“仁,人(ren)心(xin)(xin)也;義(yi),人(ren)路也。舍(she)其(qi)(qi)路而弗由〔120〕,放〔121〕其(qi)(qi)心(xin)(xin)而不知求(qiu),哀哉!人(ren)有(you)雞(ji)犬放,則知求(qiu)之;有(you)放心(xin)(xin)而不知求(qiu)。學問之道無他(ta),求(qiu)其(qi)(qi)放心(xin)(xin)〔122〕而已矣。”……
孟子(zi)曰:“人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)于身〔123〕也(ye)(ye),兼所愛〔124〕。兼所愛,則兼所養(yang)(yang)〔125〕也(ye)(ye)。無(wu)(wu)尺寸之(zhi)(zhi)膚不愛焉(yan)(yan),則無(wu)(wu)尺寸之(zhi)(zhi)膚不養(yang)(yang)也(ye)(ye)。所以考〔126〕其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)善不善者(zhe),豈(qi)有(you)他哉?于己取(qu)〔127〕之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)已矣(yi)。體有(you)貴(gui)(gui)賤〔128〕,有(you)小大(da)(da)〔129〕。無(wu)(wu)以小害大(da)(da),無(wu)(wu)以賤害貴(gui)(gui)。養(yang)(yang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)小者(zhe)為小人(ren),養(yang)(yang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)大(da)(da)者(zhe)為大(da)(da)人(ren)〔130〕。今有(you)場師〔131〕,舍其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)梧槚〔132〕,養(yang)(yang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)樲(er)棘(ji)〔133〕,則為賤場師焉(yan)(yan)。養(yang)(yang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一指而(er)失(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)肩背,而(er)不知也(ye)(ye),則為狼疾〔134〕人(ren)也(ye)(ye)。飲(yin)食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)〔135〕,則人(ren)賤之(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi),為其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)養(yang)(yang)小以失(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)也(ye)(ye)。飲(yin)食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)無(wu)(wu)有(you)失(shi)(shi)(shi)〔136〕也(ye)(ye),則口腹豈(qi)適為尺寸之(zhi)(zhi)膚哉〔137〕?”
公都子(zi)問(wen)曰:“鈞〔138〕是(shi)人也,或為(wei)大人,或為(wei)小人,何也?”
孟子曰:“從〔139〕其(qi)大體〔140〕為(wei)大人(ren),從其(qi)小體〔141〕為(wei)小人(ren)。”
曰:“鈞是人也,或(huo)從(cong)(cong)其(qi)大體,或(huo)從(cong)(cong)其(qi)小體,何也?”
曰(yue):“耳(er)目之官(guan)(guan)〔142〕不思(si)(si)〔143〕,而蔽于(yu)物(wu)〔144〕。物(wu)交物(wu)〔145〕,則引〔146〕之而已矣。心之官(guan)(guan)則思(si)(si),思(si)(si)則得之〔147〕,不思(si)(si)則不得也(ye)。此(ci)〔148〕天之所與我〔149〕者(zhe)(zhe)。先(xian)立(li)〔150〕乎其大者(zhe)(zhe)〔151〕,則其小(xiao)者(zhe)(zhe)不能奪〔152〕也(ye)。此(ci)為大人而已矣。”
孟(meng)子(zi)曰(yue):“有天爵(jue)(jue)〔153〕者(zhe),有人(ren)爵(jue)(jue)〔154〕者(zhe)。仁義忠(zhong)信,樂善不倦,此(ci)天爵(jue)(jue)也(ye);公卿大夫,此(ci)人(ren)爵(jue)(jue)也(ye)。古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)修〔155〕其天爵(jue)(jue),而(er)(er)人(ren)爵(jue)(jue)從之(zhi)(zhi)〔156〕。今之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)修其天爵(jue)(jue),以要〔157〕人(ren)爵(jue)(jue);既得人(ren)爵(jue)(jue),而(er)(er)棄其天爵(jue)(jue),則惑之(zhi)(zhi)甚(shen)〔158〕者(zhe)也(ye),終亦(yi)必亡而(er)(er)已矣。”
孟(meng)子曰:“欲貴(gui)(gui)者,人之(zhi)同(tong)心也(ye)。人人有貴(gui)(gui)于己〔159〕者,弗思耳矣。人之(zhi)所(suo)貴(gui)(gui)者〔160〕,非良貴(gui)(gui)〔161〕也(ye)。趙(zhao)孟(meng)〔162〕之(zhi)所(suo)貴(gui)(gui),趙(zhao)孟(meng)能賤之(zhi)〔163〕。《詩》云:‘既醉以酒,既飽(bao)(bao)以德。’言飽(bao)(bao)乎仁(ren)義〔164〕也(ye),所(suo)以不(bu)愿〔165〕人之(zhi)膏粱(liang)〔166〕之(zhi)味也(ye);令聞(wen)廣譽〔167〕施于身,所(suo)以不(bu)愿人之(zhi)文(wen)繡(xiu)〔168〕也(ye)。”
〔注釋〕性(xing)(xing)(xing):人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。杞(qǐ)柳(liu)(liu):一種(zhong)柳(liu)(liu)樹(shu)(shu),枝(zhi)(zhi)條細長(chang)柔韌,可編織箱筐(kuang)等器物。義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi):義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li),此指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)理(li)。桮(bēi)棬:木(mu)質(zhi)飲(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)器具(ju)。桮,同(tong)(tong)(tong)“杯”;棬,以(yi)木(mu)制成胎(tai)坯。以(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)仁義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi):把人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)納(na)入仁義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。為(wei)(wei)(wei):制作(zuo)。戕(qiāng)賊杞柳(liu)(liu):毀害(hai)杞柳(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。戕,與(yu)(yu)賊同(tong)(tong)(tong)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。則(ze)(ze)亦將戕賊人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)仁義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)與(yu)(yu):那(nei)(nei)么(me)也(ye)(ye)要(yao)殘害(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)性(xing)(xing)(xing)而(er)(er)(er)使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)仁義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)嗎(ma)(ma)。率:帶領。禍:危害(hai)。必子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)夫:一定是(shi)(shi)你的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)學說(shuo)(shuo)了。言(yan),言(yan)論,此指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學說(shuo)(shuo);夫,表示(shi)感(gan)嘆(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)助詞(ci)。湍(tuān)水(shui)(shui)(shui):勢(shi)急而(er)(er)(er)旋(xuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。決:沖決、沖開。無(wu)分:不(bu)(bu)分。信:誠然(ran)(ran)、的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確。就:趨向(xiang)。搏:拍(pai)打。躍:跳起、彈起。顙(sang):額(e)頭(tou)、腦(nao)門。激(ji):阻擋水(shui)(shui)(shui)勢(shi)。其勢(shi)則(ze)(ze)然(ran)(ran):形(xing)勢(shi)使它(ta)如(ru)此。其性(xing)(xing)(xing)亦猶(you)是(shi)(shi):本(ben)(ben)(ben)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改變也(ye)(ye)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂性(xing)(xing)(xing):天(tian)(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資質(zhi)就稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。猶(you)白之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂白與(yu)(yu):就像一切(qie)東西的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白色叫做白嗎(ma)(ma)。然(ran)(ran)則(ze)(ze):那(nei)(nei)么(me)。猶(you):猶(you)如(ru)。食(shi)色:飲(yin)食(shi)男女(nv)。為(wei)(wei)(wei):使。文(wen)武:周(zhou)文(wen)王(wang)、周(zhou)武王(wang)。幽(you)厲:周(zhou)幽(you)王(wang)、周(zhou)厲王(wang),兩王(wang)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)暴(bao)(bao)君。非:錯。乃若:發語助詞(ci),至于。情(qing):實情(qing),指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資質(zhi)。才(cai):也(ye)(ye)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資質(zhi)。鑠:滲入、授予。弗思:沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)意識到。倍蓰(xi):倍,一倍;蓰(xi),五倍。無(wu)算(suan):無(wu)法(fa)計算(suan)。盡其才(cai):充分發揮他(ta)們(men)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)本(ben)(ben)(ben)質(zhi)。蒸:眾。則(ze)(ze):法(fa)則(ze)(ze)、規律(lv)。秉:持、把握。彝:常道(dao)、常規。懿德:美(mei)德。富歲:豐年(nian)。賴:通“懶”,懶惰。兇歲:荒年(nian)。暴(bao)(bao):強(qiang)暴(bao)(bao)、暴(bao)(bao)戾(li)。天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)降(jiang)才(cai):天(tian)(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資質(zhi)。爾(er):如(ru)此。〔51〕殊:不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。〔52〕陷溺:墮落、陷入。〔53〕(móu)麥(mai):大(da)麥(mai)。〔54〕耰(yōu):古代農具(ju),此作(zuo)動(dong)(dong)詞(ci),覆蓋。〔55〕樹(shu)(shu):種(zhong)植。〔56〕浡然(ran)(ran):茂盛(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣子(zi)(zi)(zi)。〔57〕日至:夏至。〔58〕磽(qiāo):土(tu)地堅硬(ying)貧瘠。肥(fei)磽:肥(fei)瘦(shou)。〔59〕人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi):人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工管理(li)。〔60〕不(bu)(bu)齊:不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。〔61〕舉(ju):皆,都(dou)(dou)。〔62〕龍(long)子(zi)(zi)(zi):古賢人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。〔63〕屨(jù):用麻葛(ge)制成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鞋(xie)。〔64〕蕢(kui)(kuì):裝土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)筐(kuang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。〔65〕耆(qi):通“嗜”。喜好(hao)。〔66〕易牙(ya):春秋時(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),擅長(chang)烹(peng)飪。〔67〕其性(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)殊:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)果各人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口味生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)來(lai)就與(yu)(yu)別人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。〔68〕從(cong):追(zhui)隨。〔69〕期:期望、希望。〔70〕惟:語氣詞(ci),無(wu)意義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。〔71〕師曠:春秋晉國著(zhu)名(ming)樂師,善(shan)(shan)于辨(bian)音。〔72〕子(zi)(zi)(zi)都(dou)(dou):古代著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)男子(zi)(zi)(zi)。〔73〕姣:容(rong)貌(mao)美(mei)麗(li)。〔74〕芻豢(huan):吃(chi)草的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)家(jia)畜叫芻,如(ru)牛羊等;吃(chi)谷類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)叫豢(huan),如(ru)豬狗等。〔75〕牛山:在今山東臨淄縣南(nan)。〔76〕郊(jiao):邑外為(wei)(wei)(wei)郊(jiao)。此作(zuo)動(dong)(dong)詞(ci)用,指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處于大(da)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)郊(jiao)野。〔77〕斤:斧(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。〔78〕美(mei):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)茂盛(sheng)。〔79〕息(xi)(xi):生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)息(xi)(xi)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。〔80〕蘗(bo):砍伐過或倒下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)木(mu)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi)(zhi)芽。萌蘗(bo):萌芽、嫩芽。〔81〕牛羊又(you)從(cong)而(er)(er)(er)牧(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):即(ji)“從(cong)而(er)(er)(er)牧(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)牛羊”句式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化。從(cong)而(er)(er)(er),接著(zhu);牧(mu)(mu),放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)。〔82〕濯濯:草木(mu)光禿禿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣子(zi)(zi)(zi)。〔83〕材:樹(shu)(shu)木(mu)。〔84〕性(xing)(xing)(xing):本(ben)(ben)(ben)性(xing)(xing)(xing),此指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)來(lai)面貌(mao)。〔85〕存(cun)乎(hu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren):在人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身上。〔86〕放(fang):放(fang)佚(yi)、喪(sang)失(shi)(shi);良心(xin)(xin):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)善(shan)(shan)心(xin)(xin)、善(shan)(shan)念。放(fang)其良心(xin)(xin):喪(sang)失(shi)(shi)他(ta)原有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)善(shan)(shan)心(xin)(xin)。〔87〕旦旦:天(tian)(tian)天(tian)(tian)。〔88〕息(xi)(xi):生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)息(xi)(xi)、滋(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。所息(xi)(xi):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)滋(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)出來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)善(shan)(shan)心(xin)(xin)。〔89〕平旦:凌晨、清晨。〔90〕幾希,極少、相差甚微。〔91〕旦晝:明天(tian)(tian)白天(tian)(tian)。〔92〕有(you)(you)(you):同(tong)(tong)(tong)“又(you)”。〔93〕梏:原指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戒(jie)具(ju),此作(zuo)圈圍、圈禁(jin),意指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)讓善(shan)(shan)心(xin)(xin)流布。〔94〕亡:喪(sang)失(shi)(shi)。即(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)性(xing)(xing)(xing)受到圈禁(jin)而(er)(er)(er)喪(sang)失(shi)(shi),不(bu)(bu)能(neng)發出。〔95〕夜氣:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夜里滋(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)善(shan)(shan)心(xin)(xin)。〔96〕違:離開。〔97〕才(cai):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)(shan)良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資質(zhi)。〔98〕情(qing):本(ben)(ben)(ben)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。〔99〕養(yang):滋(zi)養(yang)、培(pei)養(yang)。〔100〕消:消亡、消失(shi)(shi)。〔101〕操:把握。〔102〕舍:放(fang)棄。〔103〕鄉:即(ji)“向(xiang)”,趨向(xiang)。〔104〕惟心(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂與(yu)(yu):這(zhe)(zhe)就是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)而(er)(er)(er)言(yan)吧。〔105〕得(de)(de)兼:同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)得(de)(de)到。〔106〕茍得(de)(de):茍且偷生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。〔107〕患:禍害(hai)。〔108〕辟:躲避。〔109〕簞(dan):盛(sheng)飯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓形(xing)竹筐(kuang)。〔110〕豆:古代一種(zhong)盛(sheng)食(shi)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器皿。〔111〕 嘑(hù)爾(er):呵斥。〔112〕與(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):給(gei)他(ta)。〔113〕蹴:踢、踏(ta)。〔114〕乞(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren):乞(qi)丐。〔115〕萬(wan)鐘(zhong):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)萬(wan)鐘(zhong)俸祿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高官(guan)(guan)職(zhi)務。〔116〕加(jia):增添(tian)、增加(jia)。〔117〕得(de)(de)我(wo):感(gan)激(ji)我(wo)。〔118〕鄉:即(ji)“曏”,以(yi)前、過去。〔119〕已:停(ting)止。〔120〕由(you):經由(you)、經過。〔121〕放(fang):喪(sang)失(shi)(shi)、放(fang)佚(yi)。〔122〕求(qiu)其放(fang)心(xin)(xin):找(zhao)回喪(sang)失(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良心(xin)(xin)。〔123〕人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于身:人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)對(dui)于身體(ti)(ti)。〔124〕兼所愛(ai)(ai):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)所有(you)(you)(you)部分都(dou)(dou)愛(ai)(ai)護。〔125〕養(yang):愛(ai)(ai)護、護養(yang)。〔126〕考(kao)(kao)(kao):考(kao)(kao)(kao)察。〔127〕取(qu)(qu):取(qu)(qu)是(shi)(shi)獲取(qu)(qu),此作(zuo)注重(zhong)、關注。〔128〕貴(gui)(gui)賤(jian)(jian):貴(gui)(gui)重(zhong)與(yu)(yu)低賤(jian)(jian)。〔129〕小(xiao)大(da):與(yu)(yu)前貴(gui)(gui)賤(jian)(jian)意同(tong)(tong)(tong)。朱熹疏(shu)釋貴(gui)(gui)賤(jian)(jian)大(da)小(xiao)說(shuo)(shuo):“賤(jian)(jian)而(er)(er)(er)小(xiao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),口腹也(ye)(ye);貴(gui)(gui)而(er)(er)(er)大(da)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),心(xin)(xin)志也(ye)(ye)。”〔130〕大(da)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren):君子(zi)(zi)(zi)。〔131〕場師:園藝師。〔132〕梧槚(jià):梧桐和楸樹(shu)(shu),都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)上等木(mu)料(liao)。〔133〕樲(èr)棘:酸棗和荊棘,都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)下等木(mu)材。〔134〕狼疾:昏亂、糊(hu)涂。〔135〕飲(yin)食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren):貪(tan)圖吃(chi)喝而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)顧(gu)思想(xiang)品德培(pei)養(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。〔136〕無(wu)有(you)(you)(you)失(shi)(shi):無(wu)損于(思想(xiang)品德的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)養(yang))。〔137〕則(ze)(ze)口腹豈適為(wei)(wei)(wei)尺寸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)膚哉:口腹,吃(chi)喝;豈,豈止;適同(tong)(tong)(tong)“啻(chi)”,僅僅;尺寸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)膚,指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)(yu)吃(chi)喝關連(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那(nei)(nei)部分。〔138〕鈞:同(tong)(tong)(tong)“均(jun)”,同(tong)(tong)(tong)。〔139〕從(cong):順從(cong)。〔140〕大(da)體(ti)(ti):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)志。〔141〕小(xiao)體(ti)(ti):指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)口腹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)欲。〔142〕官(guan)(guan):器官(guan)(guan)。〔143〕思:思考(kao)(kao)(kao)。〔144〕蔽于物:被外物所蒙(meng)蔽。〔145〕物交物:物與(yu)(yu)物相交,前一物指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耳目(mu),后(hou)一物指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外物。〔146〕引:引誘,即(ji)上文(wen)所說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蒙(meng)蔽。〔147〕得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):“之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”即(ji)上文(wen)“求(qiu)則(ze)(ze)得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),舍則(ze)(ze)失(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)“固有(you)(you)(you)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“仁義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)禮(li)智(zhi)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“才(cai)”(善(shan)(shan)良本(ben)(ben)(ben)性(xing)(xing)(xing))。〔148〕此:指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)。〔149〕我(wo):泛指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類。〔150〕立:樹(shu)(shu)立。〔151〕大(da)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe):即(ji)上文(wen)所說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“大(da)體(ti)(ti)”。〔152〕奪:奪取(qu)(qu)(善(shan)(shan)性(xing)(xing)(xing))。〔153〕天(tian)(tian)爵:自然(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爵位,即(ji)后(hou)文(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“仁、義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、忠、信、樂善(shan)(shan)不(bu)(bu)倦(juan)”。〔154〕人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)爵:人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爵位。〔155〕修(xiu):修(xiu)養(yang)。〔156〕從(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):隨它(ta)(天(tian)(tian)爵)而(er)(er)(er)來(lai)。〔157〕要(yao):同(tong)(tong)(tong)“邀”,求(qiu)、追(zhui)求(qiu)。〔158〕惑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甚:太(tai)糊(hu)涂。甚,表示(shi)程度厲害(hai)。〔159〕貴(gui)(gui)于己(ji):對(dui)自己(ji)說(shuo)(shuo)來(lai)可尊(zun)貴(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。〔160〕人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所貴(gui)(gui)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe):別人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所加(jia)予的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊(zun)貴(gui)(gui)。〔161〕良貴(gui)(gui):真正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊(zun)貴(gui)(gui)。〔162〕趙(zhao)孟(meng):春秋時(shi)晉國正(zheng)卿趙(zhao)盾,字孟(meng),其子(zi)(zi)(zi)孫也(ye)(ye)都(dou)(dou)稱趙(zhao)孟(meng)。〔163〕能(neng)賤(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):(同(tong)(tong)(tong)樣)能(neng)使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卑(bei)賤(jian)(jian)。〔164〕言(yan)飽(bao)乎(hu)仁義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye):這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)說(shuo)(shuo)仁義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)已經富足(zu)。〔165〕不(bu)(bu)愿:不(bu)(bu)愿意、不(bu)(bu)羨慕。〔166〕膏粱:膏,肥(fei)肉(rou);粱,精米(mi)。〔167〕令聞(wen):好(hao)名(ming)聲(sheng)。令聞(wen)廣譽:好(hao)名(ming)聲(sheng)廣為(wei)(wei)(wei)傳播。〔168〕文(wen)繡(xiu):古代有(you)(you)(you)爵位人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)能(neng)穿(chuan)帶有(you)(you)(you)繡(xiu)花紋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)(guan)服(fu),這(zhe)(zhe)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)繡(xiu)是(shi)(shi)官(guan)(guan)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思。
(燕永成)
〔鑒賞〕中國古代的(de)戰國中期(qi)曾經(jing)出現一場(chang)(chang)關于人性(xing)問題的(de)大論爭。這(zhe)場(chang)(chang)被后世稱(cheng)為“人性(xing)善(shan)惡之辯”延續了很長一段時間(jian),一直(zhi)到漢代還不斷有人持(chi)其中一說而發(fa)表(biao)一通見(jian)解(jie)。這(zhe)場(chang)(chang)爭論最(zui)集中體現在《孟(meng)子》的(de)《告子》篇中。
據《告(gao)子上》記載,孟子的弟子公都子在講到(dao)當時這場(chang)爭論時,曾經列(lie)舉(ju)了四種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同的觀(guan)點(dian):第一種(zhong)(zhong),認(ren)為(wei)(wei)“性(xing)無善(shan)(shan)無不(bu)善(shan)(shan)”,即主(zhu)張(zhang)人(ren)性(xing)無所謂善(shan)(shan)惡。告(gao)子就是這種(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)張(zhang)的代表者。第二種(zhong)(zhong),認(ren)為(wei)(wei)“性(xing)可以(yi)為(wei)(wei)善(shan)(shan),可以(yi)為(wei)(wei)不(bu)善(shan)(shan)”,主(zhu)張(zhang)人(ren)性(xing)本(ben)身(shen)包含善(shan)(shan)與不(bu)善(shan)(shan)兩個方面。第三種(zhong)(zhong),認(ren)為(wei)(wei)“有性(xing)善(shan)(shan),有性(xing)不(bu)善(shan)(shan)”,人(ren)的天生本(ben)性(xing)有的人(ren)善(shan)(shan)良(liang),有的人(ren)不(bu)善(shan)(shan)良(liang)。第四種(zhong)(zhong),主(zhu)張(zhang)人(ren)性(xing)善(shan)(shan),以(yi)孟子為(wei)(wei)代表。由于公都子想(xiang)詢問他的老師孟子“性(xing)善(shan)(shan)論”的理論依據,所以(yi)只(zhi)列(lie)舉(ju)了與性(xing)善(shan)(shan)論相關的幾(ji)種(zhong)(zhong)觀(guan)點(dian)。當然春秋戰國時期的人(ren)性(xing)主(zhu)張(zhang)還(huan)不(bu)只(zhi)是這幾(ji)種(zhong)(zhong)。
《告(gao)子(zi)(zi)上》是以告(gao)子(zi)(zi)與孟子(zi)(zi)論辯(bian)為發(fa)端(duan)。告(gao)子(zi)(zi),生(sheng)卒(zu)年(nian)不(bu)詳(xiang),名不(bu)害(據東漢趙岐(qi)說),曾受教于墨子(zi)(zi),提出“性無善無不(bu)善”說。但無著作傳世(shi),唯有《孟子(zi)(zi)·告(gao)子(zi)(zi)》篇可供(gong)研究(jiu)。告(gao)子(zi)(zi)和孟子(zi)(zi)的辯(bian)論,圍繞著三(san)個問題(ti)展(zhan)開(kai)。我(wo)們不(bu)妨按順序加以考察。
第一個(ge)問題,關于人性善(shan)惡的形(xing)成問題。
告子認為(wei)人(ren)(ren)性(xing)只(zhi)能(neng)是為(wei)后(hou)天道德(de)行為(wei)提(ti)供的(de)一種素材(cai),這(zhe)種天生的(de)素材(cai)是無所謂善(shan)惡(e)的(de)。他說:“性(xing)猶杞柳也,義(yi)猶桮(bei)棬(quan)(quan)也;以(yi)人(ren)(ren)性(xing)為(wei)仁義(yi),猶以(yi)杞柳為(wei)桮(bei)棬(quan)(quan)。”他認為(wei)人(ren)(ren)性(xing)與仁義(yi)之間不(bu)能(neng)劃等號;猶如杞柳可以(yi)彎曲編(bian)制成(cheng)桮(bei)棬(quan)(quan)之類的(de)器具(ju),而不(bu)能(neng)就(jiu)此(ci)認為(wei)“杞柳”即是“桮(bei)棬(quan)(quan)”。他又以(yi)湍水為(wei)喻,“決(jue)諸東方(fang)則東流,決(jue)諸西(xi)方(fang)則西(xi)流”,水流無分于東西(xi),說明“人(ren)(ren)性(xing)之無分于善(shan)不(bu)善(shan)”。
孟子認為(wei)人性(xing)本來就(jiu)具(ju)有(you)“善端”,所以“能順杞柳之性(xing)”編制成(cheng)桮棬,順著善端而修養(yang)成(cheng)仁義品德。他說,水固(gu)然沒(mei)有(you)東流(liu)西流(liu)的(de)定向,可是水總是向下流(liu)的(de),“人性(xing)之善也(ye),猶水之就(jiu)下也(ye)”。水流(liu)沒(mei)有(you)不向下的(de),人性(xing)沒(mei)有(you)不善的(de)。
在辯論中(zhong),雙方的(de)(de)(de)(de)見解各(ge)有其合(he)理(li)成(cheng)分。告子(zi)主張(zhang)人性本無所謂(wei)善惡(e),善惡(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)后天形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)無疑(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)。孟子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性善論,盡管他(ta)所說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)先天就有的(de)(de)(de)(de)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)個“善端”,從總體(ti)上(shang)說(shuo)這(zhe)種理(li)論是(shi)(shi)(shi)先驗主義的(de)(de)(de)(de)。人的(de)(de)(de)(de)倫(lun)理(li)道(dao)德(de)觀念決不是(shi)(shi)(shi)與生(sheng)俱來的(de)(de)(de)(de)。但在孟子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)論辯中(zhong),也包(bao)含一些(xie)合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)因素。例如(ru):他(ta)承認人的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)可塑的(de)(de)(de)(de);他(ta)認為人的(de)(de)(de)(de)惡(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)后天形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de);他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)見解中(zhong)還含有人類道(dao)德(de)發展具(ju)有積(ji)極(ji)向上(shang)趨向的(de)(de)(de)(de)思想(xiang)。這(zhe)些(xie)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)可取的(de)(de)(de)(de)。
第(di)二(er)個問題(ti),關于人的自然屬性和社(she)會屬性問題(ti)。
告子在論(lun)辯中(zhong)為(wei)了守住不(bu)承(cheng)認人(ren)(ren)與生俱來的先(xian)天的道德屬(shu)性(xing)(xing)這(zhe)一立場,提(ti)出(chu)了“生之(zhi)謂性(xing)(xing)”與“食色,性(xing)(xing)也”的見(jian)解。他把(ba)作為(wei)生物(wu)的人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)本(ben)能(neng),也即以生存、繁殖(zhi)為(wei)基本(ben)欲求的自(zi)然(ran)屬(shu)性(xing)(xing),視為(wei)人(ren)(ren)的本(ben)質(zhi)屬(shu)性(xing)(xing)。告子這(zhe)一觀點(dian)雖然(ran)曾(ceng)經(jing)啟迪了以后的進步思想家并以此為(wei)反對(dui)禁欲主義(yi)的思想武器,但是它(ta)的根本(ben)缺陷在于混同了人(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)與獸性(xing)(xing),抹煞了兩者的根本(ben)區別。
孟(meng)子抓住(zhu)了告(gao)子這一(yi)缺(que)陷進行駁難:如(ru)果“生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)謂性(xing)”是(shi)對(dui)的,把生(sheng)存(cun)、繁殖(zhi)等自然(ran)(ran)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)當(dang)作是(shi)人(ren)的本(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing),那(nei)么“犬(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)猶(you)牛之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing),牛之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)猶(you)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)與?”這個(ge)質(zhi)(zhi)問還是(shi)有力的。對(dui)于人(ren)的自然(ran)(ran)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing),孟(meng)子并非加以抹煞。他(ta)說(shuo)過(guo)“形(xing)色,天(tian)性(xing)也”(《孟(meng)子·盡心(xin)上(shang)》)。不過(guo)他(ta)認為自然(ran)(ran)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)不是(shi)人(ren)的本(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing),它是(shi)受人(ren)的社會(hui)道(dao)德屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)制約(yue)的。在這一(yi)方面,孟(meng)子要比告(gao)子高(gao)明(ming)一(yi)些。
第三(san)個(ge)問題,關于告子提(ti)出的(de)“仁內義外(wai)”說(shuo)。辯(bian)論雙方都沒有(you)提(ti)出充足的(de)論據。讀(du)者可不予深究。其中爭(zheng)論恭敬心是內在的(de)還是外(wai)在的(de),孟(meng)子在下文(wen)中還將(jiang)提(ti)及(ji)。
《告子上(shang)》以孟(meng)、告論辯為(wei)發端,轉而折入(ru)孟(meng)子和(he)公(gong)都(dou)子之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)師生答(da)問。前者記述了(le)二千多年(nian)前一(yi)場關于人(ren)性(xing)問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)論辯,歷(li)來為(wei)學人(ren)所矚目。實際上(shang)這(zhe)不過是(shi)本(ben)文(wen)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)引子。后者,師生答(da)問才(cai)是(shi)本(ben)篇的(de)(de)(de)主干(gan)。因為(wei)它(ta)集(ji)中呈現(xian)了(le)孟(meng)子“性(xing)善論”的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)觀(guan)點。了(le)解了(le)這(zhe)些觀(guan)點即是(shi)把(ba)握了(le)孟(meng)子思想體(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)核心內容。下面根據本(ben)篇孟(meng)子的(de)(de)(de)答(da)問,作簡要介紹與分析。
(一) “善(shan)端(duan)(duan)”說(shuo)。孟子(zi)并不認(ren)(ren)為人(ren)生下來(lai)即(ji)具(ju)有(you)(you)完善(shan)的(de)道德觀(guan)念(nian)與行為。他認(ren)(ren)為與生俱來(lai)的(de)只是一種潛在的(de)為善(shan)能力,即(ji)“善(shan)端(duan)(duan)”。具(ju)體說(shuo)來(lai),有(you)(you)四種:“惻(ce)隱之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)”(同情(qing)心(xin))、“羞(xiu)惡(e)之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)”(羞(xiu)恥(chi)心(xin))、“恭敬之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)”與“是非(fei)之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)”。由此“四端(duan)(duan)”形成為“四德”——“仁、義、禮(li)、智”。
(二) “同(tong)(tong)類”說。孟(meng)子從人(ren)類都具有(you)(you)先天固有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然屬性,推(tui)論(lun)出(chu)人(ren)類也(ye)應該有(you)(you)先天固有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)倫理(li)屬性。既(ji)然,人(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)口(kou)、耳、目等(deng)感(gan)官對于(yu)美味、美聲、美色都有(you)(you)共同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)知(zhi),那么“至于(yu)心,獨無所同(tong)(tong)然乎(hu)?”“故理(li)義之悅我心,猶芻(chu)豢之悅我口(kou)”。他不(bu)(bu)了(le)解人(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)倫理(li)道德觀念是后天形成的(de)(de)(de)(de),不(bu)(bu)了(le)解不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)階級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道德觀念是不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de),甚(shen)至是對立的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在孟(meng)子看來,“善”是人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)本性,而“惡”卻不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)了(le)。
(三(san)) “惡”產(chan)生(sheng)的根(gen)源。既然(ran)人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)都有善端(duan),那(nei)么又怎(zen)么會產(chan)生(sheng)“惡”呢?孟子是從外(wai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)環境(jing)與(yu)內在(zai)(zai)(zai)修(xiu)養兩方面來考察。他舉(ju)例(li)說(shuo):“富歲,子弟多(duo)賴;兇歲,子弟多(duo)暴。”自然(ran)環境(jing)的驟變會造(zao)成人(ren)(ren)的道德心變壞。他又以(yi)(yi)齊國(guo)臨淄牛山的樹木(mu)為(wei)例(li),它們曾經也是枝茂(mao)葉(xie)盛(sheng)的,現在(zai)(zai)(zai)卻是光(guang)禿的。這并非(fei)是樹木(mu)本(ben)性(xing)如此(ci),而是人(ren)(ren)們以(yi)(yi)斧斤伐之(zhi)、牛羊牧之(zhi)所(suo)造(zao)成的。再說(shuo)到人(ren)(ren),有些人(ren)(ren)晚(wan)上其“良心”還是好的,清晨與(yu)常人(ren)(ren)也沒有差異,但在(zai)(zai)(zai)白天所(suo)作所(suo)為(wei)與(yu)禽獸不(bu)遠了。其原因(yin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于自身缺乏修(xiu)養,使“夜氣不(bu)足以(yi)(yi)存”。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)“茍得其養,無(wu)物不(bu)長(chang);茍失其養,無(wu)物不(bu)消”。
(四) 養(yang)心(xin)的(de)成敗(bai)得失在(zai)于(yu)己(ji)。孟(meng)子(zi)非常(chang)重(zhong)視修(xiu)養(yang)中的(de)主觀努力。一(yi)(yi)(yi)是修(xiu)養(yang)要堅持不(bu)懈(xie)。如果“一(yi)(yi)(yi)日暴之,十(shi)日寒之”是不(bu)可能成功的(de)。二是要“專(zhuan)心(xin)致志”。同時二人(ren)(ren)向棋圣奕秋(qiu)學棋,一(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)專(zhuan)心(xin)致志,另一(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)“一(yi)(yi)(yi)心(xin)以(yi)為(wei)有(you)鴻鵠將至(zhi)”,顯然二人(ren)(ren)所學的(de)本領(ling)大不(bu)相同。修(xiu)養(yang)之成敗(bai),除了主觀努力與(yu)否之外(wai),還有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個問(wen)題(ti),孟(meng)子(zi)認為(wei)十(shi)分重(zhong)要:識“大體(ti)”與(yu)“小體(ti)”。
(五) “大(da)(da)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”與“小(xiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”說。孟(meng)子(zi)把人體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)器(qi)官(guan)分為(wei)(wei)“大(da)(da)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”與“小(xiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”兩種。“小(xiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”指的(de)是“耳目之官(guan)”,“大(da)(da)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”指的(de)是“心(xin)之官(guan)”。心(xin)之官(guan)能思(si)索,而耳目之官(guan)不會(hui)思(si)索,會(hui)受(shou)外物的(de)蒙蔽,被引入迷途。所以(yi)他(ta)說:“從其大(da)(da)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)人,從其小(xiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)為(wei)(wei)小(xiao)人。”從大(da)(da)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de),發揮(hui)人的(de)道德理性的(de)作用,有可能成為(wei)(wei)君(jun)子(zi);從小(xiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de),追求感官(guan)刺(ci)激、物欲享受(shou),甚至使人與禽獸無異。
(六) “良貴(gui)”說。孟子堅持(chi)每(mei)個人(ren)都(dou)有其(qi)尊貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)價值,只是不去思考罷(ba)了。“人(ren)之所(suo)貴(gui)”的(de)(de)(de),往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)是權勢者(zhe)所(suo)給予的(de)(de)(de)爵位,而這是可以被剝(bo)奪(duo)的(de)(de)(de)。“人(ren)人(ren)有貴(gui)于(yu)己者(zhe)”,是“良貴(gui)”,才是人(ren)所(suo)自有的(de)(de)(de)尊貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)價值。
孟子的思想(xiang)體系是(shi)建立在“性善”論的基礎之上的。《告(gao)子上》又是(shi)孟子性善論重要(yao)觀點的集中(zhong)論述,其重要(yao)性是(shi)不(bu)言(yan)而喻(yu)了。
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