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知北游·《莊子》原文翻譯注釋與鑒賞

大道(dao)家園 2023-07-16 02:21:19

知北游 《莊子

知北游于玄水之上,登隱弅之丘,而適遭無為謂焉。知謂無為謂曰:“予欲有問乎若:何思何慮則知道?何處何服則安道?何從何道則得道?”三問而無為謂不答也。非不答,不知答也。知不得問,反于白水之南,登狐闋之丘,而睹狂屈焉。知以之言也問乎狂屈。狂屈曰:“唉!予知之,將語若。”中欲言而忘其所欲言。知不得問,反于帝宮,見黃帝而問焉。黃帝曰:“無思無慮(lv)始知道,無處無服始安道,無從無道始得道。”

知(zhi)(zhi)問黃帝曰(yue)(yue):“我與(yu)若(ruo)知(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),彼與(yu)彼不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),其(qi)孰(shu)是(shi)邪?”黃帝曰(yue)(yue):“彼無(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)謂(wei)真(zhen)是(shi)也(ye)(ye),狂(kuang)屈(qu)似之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),我與(yu)汝終(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)近(jin)也(ye)(ye)。夫知(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan),言(yan)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)行不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教。道不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可致,德不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可至。仁(ren)可為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye),義可虧也(ye)(ye),禮(li)相偽也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)(gu)曰(yue)(yue):‘失道而(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)德,失德而(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)仁(ren),失仁(ren)而(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)義,失義而(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)禮(li)。’禮(li)者(zhe),道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)華而(er)(er)亂(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)首也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)(gu)曰(yue)(yue):‘為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)道者(zhe)日損,損之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)又損之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)至于無(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。無(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)無(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)。’今已為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物也(ye)(ye),欲復歸根,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)亦(yi)難乎(hu)(hu)!其(qi)易也(ye)(ye)其(qi)唯(wei)大人(ren)(ren)乎(hu)(hu)!生(sheng)也(ye)(ye)死之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu),死也(ye)(ye)生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始,孰(shu)知(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)紀!人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng),氣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)聚(ju)也(ye)(ye)。聚(ju)則(ze)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng),散則(ze)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)死。若(ruo)死生(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)徒(tu),吾(wu)又何患!故(gu)(gu)萬物一也(ye)(ye)。是(shi)其(qi)所美(mei)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)神(shen)奇,其(qi)所惡(e)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)臭(chou)腐。臭(chou)腐復化為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)神(shen)奇,神(shen)奇復化為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)臭(chou)腐。故(gu)(gu)曰(yue)(yue):‘通天下一氣耳。’圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)故(gu)(gu)貴一。”知(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)黃帝曰(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)問無(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)謂(wei),無(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)謂(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)應我,非不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)我應,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)應我也(ye)(ye);吾(wu)問狂(kuang)屈(qu),狂(kuang)屈(qu)中欲告(gao)我而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)我告(gao),非不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)我告(gao),中欲告(gao)而(er)(er)忘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye);今予問乎(hu)(hu)若(ruo),若(ruo)知(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),奚(xi)故(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)近(jin)?”黃帝曰(yue)(yue):“彼其(qi)真(zhen)是(shi)也(ye)(ye),以(yi)其(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye);此其(qi)似之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),以(yi)其(qi)忘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye);予與(yu)若(ruo)終(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)近(jin)也(ye)(ye),以(yi)其(qi)知(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。”狂(kuang)屈(qu)聞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)黃帝為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)知(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)。

天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)有(you)(you)大(da)美而(er)不言(yan),四(si)時(shi)有(you)(you)明(ming)法(fa)而(er)不議,萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)有(you)(you)成(cheng)理(li)而(er)不說(shuo)。圣人者,原天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)美而(er)達(da)萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)理(li)。是(shi)故(gu)至人無為(wei),大(da)圣不作(zuo),觀(guan)于天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)也。今彼神(shen)明(ming)至精,與彼百(bai)化。物(wu)已(yi)死生(sheng)方圓(yuan),莫知其(qi)(qi)根也。扁然而(er)萬(wan)(wan)物(wu),自古以(yi)固(gu)存(cun)。六合為(wei)巨(ju),未離其(qi)(qi)內;秋(qiu)毫為(wei)小,待之(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)體;天(tian)(tian)(tian)下莫不沉浮,終身不故(gu);陰陽四(si)時(shi)運(yun)行,各得其(qi)(qi)序;惛然若(ruo)亡而(er)存(cun);油(you)然不形(xing)而(er)神(shen);萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)畜而(er)不知:此之(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)本根,可以(yi)觀(guan)于天(tian)(tian)(tian)矣(yi)!

齧缺(que)(que)問道乎(hu)被(bei)衣(yi)(yi),被(bei)衣(yi)(yi)曰:“若(ruo)正汝(ru)形(xing),一汝(ru)視,天和將至(zhi);攝汝(ru)知(zhi)(zhi),一汝(ru)度,神將來舍。德將為(wei)汝(ru)美,道將為(wei)汝(ru)居。汝(ru)瞳焉如新生之犢,而無求(qiu)其故。”言(yan)未卒,齧缺(que)(que)睡寐(mei)。被(bei)衣(yi)(yi)大(da)說,行歌而去(qu)之,曰:“形(xing)若(ruo)槁骸(hai),心若(ruo)死灰,真其實知(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)以故自持(chi)。媒(mei)媒(mei)晦晦,無心而不(bu)可(ke)與(yu)謀。彼何人哉!”

舜問(wen)乎(hu)丞(cheng)曰:“道(dao)可(ke)得而(er)有(you)(you)(you)乎(hu)?”曰:“汝(ru)身非(fei)汝(ru)有(you)(you)(you)也(ye)(ye),汝(ru)何得有(you)(you)(you)夫道(dao)!”舜曰:“吾身非(fei)吾有(you)(you)(you)也(ye)(ye),孰有(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)哉(zai)?”曰:“是(shi)天地(di)(di)之(zhi)委形也(ye)(ye);生非(fei)汝(ru)有(you)(you)(you),是(shi)天地(di)(di)之(zhi)委和也(ye)(ye);性命(ming)非(fei)汝(ru)有(you)(you)(you),是(shi)天地(di)(di)之(zhi)委順也(ye)(ye);孫子非(fei)汝(ru)有(you)(you)(you),是(shi)天地(di)(di)之(zhi)委蛻也(ye)(ye)。故行(xing)不(bu)知所(suo)往,處不(bu)知所(suo)持,食不(bu)知所(suo)味,天地(di)(di)之(zhi)彊陽(yang)氣也(ye)(ye),又胡(hu)可(ke)得而(er)有(you)(you)(you)邪(xie)!”

孔子(zi)問(wen)(wen)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)老(lao)聃曰(yue):“今日(ri)晏閑(xian),敢問(wen)(wen)至道(dao)。”老(lao)聃曰(yue):“汝齊戒,疏而(er)心(xin)(xin),澡(zao)雪而(er)精(jing)神,掊擊而(er)知。夫(fu)道(dao)窅然難言(yan)哉!將為汝言(yan)其崖(ya)略:夫(fu)昭昭生(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)冥(ming)冥(ming),有(you)倫生(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)無(wu)形,精(jing)神生(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)道(dao),形本(ben)生(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)精(jing),而(er)萬物(wu)以形相生(sheng)。故九竅(qiao)(qiao)者(zhe)胎生(sheng)。八竅(qiao)(qiao)者(zhe)卵生(sheng)。其來(lai)無(wu)跡,其往(wang)無(wu)崖(ya),無(wu)門無(wu)房,四達(da)之(zhi)皇皇也。邀于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)者(zhe),四肢(zhi)彊,思慮恂達(da),耳目(mu)聰明。其用(yong)心(xin)(xin)不勞(lao),其應(ying)物(wu)無(wu)方,天不得不高,地不得不廣,日(ri)月不得不行,萬物(wu)不得不昌,此(ci)其道(dao)與(yu)(yu)!且夫(fu)博(bo)之(zhi)不必知,辯之(zhi)不必慧,圣人(ren)以斷之(zhi)矣!若(ruo)(ruo)夫(fu)益(yi)之(zhi)而(er)不加益(yi),損之(zhi)而(er)不加損者(zhe),圣人(ren)之(zhi)所(suo)保也。淵淵乎其若(ruo)(ruo)海,巍(wei)巍(wei)乎其終(zhong)則(ze)復始也。運量萬物(wu)而(er)不匱,則(ze)君子(zi)之(zhi)道(dao),彼其外與(yu)(yu)!萬物(wu)皆(jie)往(wang)資焉而(er)不匱。此(ci)其道(dao)與(yu)(yu)!

中(zhong)國有(you)人焉,非(fei)陰非(fei)陽,處于天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,直且(qie)為(wei)人,將(jiang)反(fan)于宗(zong)。自本觀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),生者,喑醷物也(ye)。雖有(you)壽夭(yao),相(xiang)去幾何?須臾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說也(ye),奚足以(yi)為(wei)堯、桀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)非(fei)!果蓏有(you)理(li),人倫雖難,所以(yi)相(xiang)齒。圣人遭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)不(bu)違,過之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)不(bu)守。調(diao)而(er)應之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),德也(ye);偶而(er)應之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),道也(ye)。帝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所興,王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所起也(ye)。

人生天地之(zhi)間,若(ruo)白駒之(zhi)過(guo)郤,忽然(ran)(ran)(ran)而(er)已(yi)。注然(ran)(ran)(ran)勃然(ran)(ran)(ran),莫不出焉(yan)(yan);油(you)然(ran)(ran)(ran)漻然(ran)(ran)(ran),莫不入焉(yan)(yan)。已(yi)化而(er)生,又(you)化而(er)死。生物哀之(zhi),人類(lei)悲之(zhi)。解其(qi)天弢(tao),墮其(qi)天。紛乎(hu)宛乎(hu),魂(hun)魄將往,乃身從之(zhi)。乃大歸乎(hu)!不形(xing)(xing)之(zhi)形(xing)(xing),形(xing)(xing)之(zhi)不形(xing)(xing),是(shi)人之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)同知(zhi)也,非將至(zhi)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)務也,此眾人之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)同論(lun)也。彼至(zhi)則(ze)不論(lun),論(lun)則(ze)不至(zhi);明見(jian)無(wu)值,辯(bian)不若(ruo)默;道(dao)不可聞,聞不若(ruo)塞:此之(zhi)謂大得。”

東(dong)郭(guo)子(zi)(zi)問于(yu)莊(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)道,惡乎(hu)(hu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)?”莊(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“無(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)。”東(dong)郭(guo)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“期〔51〕而(er)后可。”莊(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“在(zai)(zai)(zai)螻蟻。”曰(yue):“何(he)(he)其(qi)下邪?”曰(yue):“在(zai)(zai)(zai)稊稗〔52〕。”曰(yue):“何(he)(he)其(qi)愈下邪?”曰(yue):“在(zai)(zai)(zai)瓦甓〔53〕。”曰(yue):“何(he)(he)其(qi)愈甚邪?”曰(yue):“在(zai)(zai)(zai)屎溺〔54〕。”東(dong)郭(guo)子(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)應。莊(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“夫子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)問也,固不(bu)(bu)及質。正獲(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)問于(yu)監市履(lv)狶〔55〕也,每下愈況。汝(ru)唯莫必,無(wu)(wu)(wu)乎(hu)(hu)逃物(wu)。至(zhi)道若是(shi),大(da)言亦然。周、遍、咸(xian)三者(zhe),異名(ming)同(tong)(tong)實,其(qi)指一(yi)也。嘗相與(yu)游(you)乎(hu)(hu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)何(he)(he)有之(zhi)(zhi)宮,同(tong)(tong)合(he)而(er)論,無(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)終(zhong)(zhong)窮乎(hu)(hu)嘗相與(yu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)為乎(hu)(hu)!澹(dan)〔56〕而(er)靜乎(hu)(hu)!漠(mo)〔57〕而(er)清(qing)乎(hu)(hu)!調〔58〕而(er)間(jian)乎(hu)(hu)!寥已吾(wu)志,無(wu)(wu)(wu)往(wang)焉而(er)不(bu)(bu)知其(qi)所(suo)(suo)至(zhi),去(qu)而(er)來而(er)不(bu)(bu)知其(qi)所(suo)(suo)止(zhi)。吾(wu)已往(wang)來焉而(er)不(bu)(bu)知其(qi)所(suo)(suo)終(zhong)(zhong),彷徨(huang)乎(hu)(hu)馮閎〔59〕,大(da)知入(ru)〔60〕焉而(er)不(bu)(bu)知其(qi)所(suo)(suo)窮。物(wu)物(wu)者(zhe)〔61〕與(yu)物(wu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)際(ji),而(er)物(wu)有際(ji)者(zhe),所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)物(wu)際(ji)者(zhe)也。不(bu)(bu)際(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)際(ji),際(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)際(ji)者(zhe)也。謂(wei)盈虛(xu)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)殺〔62〕,彼(bi)為盈虛(xu)非(fei)(fei)盈虛(xu),彼(bi)為衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)殺非(fei)(fei)衰(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)殺,彼(bi)為本末非(fei)(fei)本末,彼(bi)為積散(san)非(fei)(fei)積散(san)也。”

妸荷甘與神農同(tong)學于老(lao)龍(long)吉。神農(nong)隱(yin)幾,闔戶晝瞑〔63〕。妸荷甘日中奓(she)〔64〕戶而(er)(er)(er)入,曰:“老(lao)龍(long)死(si)矣!”神農(nong)隱(yin)幾擁杖而(er)(er)(er)起,嚗〔65〕然放(fang)杖而(er)(er)(er)笑,曰:“天(tian)知予(yu)僻陋慢〔66〕,故(gu)棄予(yu)而(er)(er)(er)死(si)。已矣,夫子無所(suo)發(fa)予(yu)之狂(kuang)言(yan)而(er)(er)(er)死(si)矣夫!”弇吊聞之,曰:“夫體道(dao)者(zhe),天(tian)下之君(jun)子所(suo)系焉。今于道(dao),秋豪之端萬分未得處(chu)一焉,而(er)(er)(er)猶知藏其狂(kuang)言(yan)而(er)(er)(er)死(si),又況夫體道(dao)者(zhe)乎!視(shi)之無形,聽之無聲,于人之論者(zhe),謂之冥冥〔67〕,所(suo)以論道(dao)而(er)(er)(er)非道(dao)也。”

于是(shi)(shi)(shi)泰清(qing)問(wen)(wen)(wen)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)窮(qiong),曰(yue)(yue):“子(zi)知(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)?”無(wu)(wu)(wu)窮(qiong)曰(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)(wu)不知(zhi)(zhi)。”又問(wen)(wen)(wen)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei),無(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)曰(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)(wu)知(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。”曰(yue)(yue):“子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),亦有(you)數〔68〕乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)?”曰(yue)(yue):“有(you)。”曰(yue)(yue):“其數若(ruo)何(he)?”無(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)曰(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)(wu)知(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)可以(yi)(yi)貴,可以(yi)(yi)賤(jian),可約〔69〕,可以(yi)(yi)散,此吾(wu)(wu)所以(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)數也(ye)。”泰清(qing)以(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)也(ye)問(wen)(wen)(wen)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)始(shi)(shi),曰(yue)(yue):“若(ruo)是(shi)(shi)(shi),則無(wu)(wu)(wu)窮(qiong)之(zhi)(zhi)弗(fu)(fu)知(zhi)(zhi)與無(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi),孰是(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)孰非乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)?”無(wu)(wu)(wu)始(shi)(shi)曰(yue)(yue):“不知(zhi)(zhi)深矣(yi),知(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)淺矣(yi);弗(fu)(fu)知(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)矣(yi),知(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)矣(yi)。”于是(shi)(shi)(shi)泰清(qing)中而(er)(er)嘆曰(yue)(yue):“弗(fu)(fu)知(zhi)(zhi)乃知(zhi)(zhi)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),知(zhi)(zhi)乃不知(zhi)(zhi)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)!孰知(zhi)(zhi)不知(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)?”無(wu)(wu)(wu)始(shi)(shi)曰(yue)(yue):“道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)不可聞(wen)(wen),聞(wen)(wen)而(er)(er)非也(ye);道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)不可見,見而(er)(er)非也(ye);道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)不可言(yan),言(yan)而(er)(er)非也(ye)!知(zhi)(zhi)形〔70〕形之(zhi)(zhi)不形乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)!道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)不當(dang)名。”無(wu)(wu)(wu)始(shi)(shi)曰(yue)(yue):“有(you)問(wen)(wen)(wen)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)應(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)者,不知(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye);雖問(wen)(wen)(wen)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)者,亦未(wei)聞(wen)(wen)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)無(wu)(wu)(wu)問(wen)(wen)(wen),問(wen)(wen)(wen)無(wu)(wu)(wu)應(ying)。無(wu)(wu)(wu)問(wen)(wen)(wen)問(wen)(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)問(wen)(wen)(wen)窮(qiong)也(ye);無(wu)(wu)(wu)應(ying)應(ying)之(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)內(nei)〔71〕也(ye)。以(yi)(yi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)內(nei)待問(wen)(wen)(wen)窮(qiong),若(ruo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)者,外(wai)不觀乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)宇宙,內(nei)不知(zhi)(zhi)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)太初〔72〕。是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)不過乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)昆(kun)侖,不游乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)太虛。”

光曜問(wen)乎(hu)無(wu)(wu)有(you)曰(yue)(yue):“夫子有(you)乎(hu)?其(qi)(qi)無(wu)(wu)有(you)乎(hu)?”光曜不(bu)(bu)得問(wen),而(er)孰(shu)視(shi)其(qi)(qi)狀貌:窅(yao)然空(kong)然。終日視(shi)之而(er)不(bu)(bu)見,聽之而(er)不(bu)(bu)聞(wen),搏〔73〕之而(er)不(bu)(bu)得也(ye)。光曜曰(yue)(yue):“至矣,其(qi)(qi)孰(shu)能(neng)至此乎(hu)!予(yu)能(neng)有(you)無(wu)(wu)矣,而(er)未能(neng)無(wu)(wu)無(wu)(wu)也(ye)。及為(wei)無(wu)(wu)有(you)矣,何(he)從至此哉!”

大馬〔74〕之捶鉤者(zhe),年(nian)八(ba)十(shi)矣(yi),而不(bu)失豪(hao)芒〔75〕。大馬曰:“子巧與!有(you)道與?”曰:“臣有(you)守〔76〕也。臣之年(nian)二(er)十(shi)而好捶鉤,于物無視也,非鉤無察也。”是用之者(zhe)假不(bu)用者(zhe)也,以(yi)長(chang)得其用,而況乎無不(bu)用者(zhe)乎!物孰(shu)不(bu)資〔77〕焉!

冉(ran)求(qiu)問于仲尼(ni)曰(yue):“未有(you)天(tian)(tian)地(di)可知(zhi)邪?”仲尼(ni)曰(yue):“可。古(gu)猶(you)(you)今(jin)(jin)也。”冉(ran)求(qiu)失(shi)問而退。明日(ri)復見,曰(yue):“昔者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)吾(wu)(wu)問,‘未有(you)天(tian)(tian)地(di)可知(zhi)乎(hu)?’夫子(zi)曰(yue):‘可。古(gu)猶(you)(you)今(jin)(jin)也。’昔日(ri)吾(wu)(wu)昭(zhao)(zhao)然(ran)(ran)〔78〕,今(jin)(jin)日(ri)吾(wu)(wu)昧(mei)然(ran)(ran)〔79〕。敢問何謂也?”仲尼(ni)曰(yue):“昔之(zhi)昭(zhao)(zhao)然(ran)(ran)也,神〔80〕者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)先(xian)受(shou)之(zhi);今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)昧(mei)然(ran)(ran)也,且又為(wei)不神者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)求(qiu)邪!無(wu)古(gu)無(wu)今(jin)(jin),無(wu)始無(wu)終。未有(you)子(zi)孫(sun)而有(you)子(zi)孫(sun)可乎(hu)?”冉(ran)求(qiu)未對。仲尼(ni)曰(yue):“已(yi)(yi)矣,未應矣!不以生生死,不以死死生。死生有(you)待(dai)〔81〕邪?皆(jie)有(you)所一(yi)體。有(you)先(xian)天(tian)(tian)地(di)生者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)物(wu)邪?物(wu)物(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)非物(wu),物(wu)出不得先(xian)物(wu)也,猶(you)(you)其(qi)有(you)物(wu)也;猶(you)(you)其(qi)有(you)物(wu)也無(wu)已(yi)(yi)!圣人之(zhi)愛人也終無(wu)已(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)乃(nai)取于是者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也。”

顏淵(yuan)問乎仲尼曰(yue)(yue):“回嘗聞諸夫子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):‘無有所(suo)將〔82〕,無有所(suo)迎(ying)。’回敢問其游(you)〔83〕。”仲尼曰(yue)(yue):“古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)外化(hua)(hua)(hua)而(er)內〔84〕不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)化(hua)(hua)(hua),今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)內化(hua)(hua)(hua)而(er)外不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。與(yu)(yu)物(wu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe),一不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。安(an)化(hua)(hua)(hua)安(an)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)?安(an)與(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相靡(mi)〔85〕?必與(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)莫多。狶韋氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)囿,黃(huang)帝(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圃,有虞氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宮(gong),湯武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)。君子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),若儒(ru)墨者(zhe)師,故以是非相〔86〕也(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)況今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)乎!圣人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)處物(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)傷物(wu)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)傷物(wu)者(zhe),物(wu)亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)傷也(ye)(ye)(ye)。唯無所(suo)傷者(zhe),為能(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)相將迎(ying)。山林與(yu)(yu),皋壤〔87〕與(yu)(yu),使我欣欣然(ran)而(er)樂與(yu)(yu)!樂未畢也(ye)(ye)(ye),哀(ai)(ai)又繼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。哀(ai)(ai)樂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來,吾不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)御,其去弗(fu)能(neng)(neng)止。悲(bei)夫,世人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)直為物(wu)逆旅〔88〕耳(er)!夫知(zhi)遇而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)遇,知(zhi)能(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)。無知(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)者(zhe),固人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)免也(ye)(ye)(ye)。夫務免乎人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)免者(zhe),豈(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)亦(yi)悲(bei)哉!至(zhi)言去言,至(zhi)為去為。齊知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)知(zhi),則淺〔89〕矣!”


〔注釋〕隱弅:高丘隆(long)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。遭:巧(qiao)遇。致:獲(huo)得。偽(wei):欺騙。華:偽(wei)飾。根(gen):根(gen)本(ben),這(zhe)里(li)指(zhi)道(dao)。大(da)(da)人:圣人。徒:空(kong)。紀(ji):始。一(yi):氣。明(ming)法:指(zhi)四季的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規律。成(cheng)理:一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規律。原:推(tui)究。百化(hua):無數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)。方(fang)圓:形容死生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)。扁然(ran)(ran):即翩然(ran)(ran),自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)而然(ran)(ran)。六合:天地四方(fang)。故:常。惛然(ran)(ran):懵(meng)懂(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。一(yi):集中。攝:收斂。度:態度。舍:停留。瞳:無知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。槁骸:枯骨。媒(mei)(mei)媒(mei)(mei)晦晦:懵(meng)懂(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。媒(mei)(mei),通(tong)“昧”。委:給(gei)。和(he):自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)氣,指(zhi)陰陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結合統一(yi)。彊陽(yang):彊,通(tong)“強”,運(yun)動。晏(yan)閑:閑暇無事。疏瀹:洗滌。澡雪:洗凈。窅(yǎo)然(ran)(ran):窅,深遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。崖略:大(da)(da)概。有(you)倫(lun):指(zhi)社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秩序及倫(lun)常。皇皇:廣(guang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。邀:順(shun)。恂達:通(tong)達。保:保護、愛護。運(yun)量(liang):運(yun)用(yong)量(liang)度。直且(qie):姑且(qie)。喑醷(yìn yì):氣聚合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。蓏(luǒ):草(cao)本(ben)植物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果實。相齒:以年齡(ling)大(da)(da)小為(wei)序。郤:通(tong)“隙(xi)”,孔。注然(ran)(ran):形容自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)而然(ran)(ran)興(xing)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。油然(ran)(ran):自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)而然(ran)(ran)歸去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。弢(tāo):弓囊。齏(zhì):衣囊。值:遇。〔51〕期(qi):一(yi)定。〔52〕稊稗(tí bài):均指(zhi)雜草(cao)。〔53〕甓:磚(zhuan)。〔54〕尿(niao)溺:尿(niao),糞;溺,小便(bian)。〔55〕狶:豬,這(zhe)里(li)指(zhi)豬價(jia)。〔56〕澹:安靜(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。〔57〕漠:清凈。〔58〕調(diao):協調(diao)、調(diao)和(he)。〔59〕馮閎(hong):空(kong)虛(xu)廣(guang)闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。〔60〕入:懂(dong)得、明(ming)白。〔61〕物物者(zhe):這(zhe)里(li)指(zhi)道(dao)。〔62〕衰殺(sha):增益、減損。〔63〕瞑:通(tong)“眠(mian)”,小睡。〔64〕奓:推(tui)開(kai)(kai)。〔65〕嚗(bao)(bó):象(xiang)聲詞,形容放下手杖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲音。〔66〕慢:放誕。〔67〕冥冥:昏昏然(ran)(ran)、不明(ming)白。〔68〕數:規律、法則(ze)。〔69〕約:集中。〔70〕形:產生、創造。〔71〕無內(nei):指(zhi)心中無道(dao)。〔72〕太初(chu):指(zhi)宇宙萬物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)始。〔73〕搏:捕捉。〔74〕大(da)(da)馬(ma):大(da)(da)司馬(ma)。〔75〕豪芒:毫厘(li)。〔76〕守:道(dao)。〔77〕資:供給(gei)、取用(yong)。〔78〕昭(zhao)然(ran)(ran):明(ming)白。〔79〕昧然(ran)(ran):糊涂。〔80〕神:精神。〔81〕待:對(dui)偶,指(zhi)相輔相成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)立面。〔82〕將:送。〔83〕游(you):理由、原因。〔84〕內(nei):思想。〔85〕靡:順(shun)。〔86〕煁(xiè):和(he)、響(xiang)應。〔87〕皋(gao)壤:平(ping)原。〔88〕逆旅:客舍、旅館。〔89〕淺(qian):淺(qian)陋。

(饒玲一)

〔鑒賞〕《知北游》是《莊子》外雜篇中最富有哲理性的篇目之一,也是《莊子》與《老子》之(zhi)聯(lian)系最為(wei)密切的篇目之(zhi)一。

“道(dao)(dao)(dao)家(jia)”言(yan)“道(dao)(dao)(dao)”,本是題中應有之(zhi)義,當(dang)無(wu)可厚非。然而(er)(er),道(dao)(dao)(dao)家(jia),特別(bie)是老與莊,其關(guan)于“道(dao)(dao)(dao)”的內(nei)在(zai)(zai)屬性(xing)的規定(ding),又使(shi)“道(dao)(dao)(dao)”之(zhi)言(yan)說(shuo),根本沒(mei)有可能,“道(dao)(dao)(dao)可道(dao)(dao)(dao)”者,“非常道(dao)(dao)(dao)”也。視之(zhi)不見,聽之(zhi)不聞,搏之(zhi)不得,無(wu)可言(yan)說(shuo),無(wu)可名狀(zhuang),無(wu)可奉告。然而(er)(er),道(dao)(dao)(dao)家(jia)們(men)又確信(xin)其有,確信(xin)其存在(zai)(zai),甚至確信(xin)其無(wu)所不包的偉大作用:“道(dao)(dao)(dao),沖而(er)(er)用之(zhi)或不盈,淵兮似萬物之(zhi)宗”(《老子》四(si)章)。——正是這(zhe)一(yi)近(jin)乎“二律背反(fan)”性(xing)質的信(xin)念,使(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)家(jia)學者們(men)不可避免地(di)陷入了(le)永(yong)無(wu)止(zhi)境地(di)追求(qiu),而(er)(er)又永(yong)遠得不到解(jie)決(jue)的矛盾之(zhi)中。

《知北(bei)游(you)》一篇,正是莊子對(dui)這一問題苦(ku)苦(ku)跟蹤,窮追不(bu)舍的記錄。

老子(zi)曰(yue):“道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)可道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),非(fei)常道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。”(《老子(zi)》一章)——這一表述(shu),是(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)家(jia)關于“道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”的(de)(de)最原始的(de)(de)規定,也是(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)家(jia)關于“道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”的(de)(de)最權威(wei)的(de)(de)本質性界定。依通常理解(jie),“道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”之可以言(yan)說者(zhe)(zhe),即非(fei)永(yong)恒之道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。換(huan)句話(hua)說,既為“永(yong)恒之道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”,自亦無(wu)可言(yan)說。故老子(zi)又(you)曰(yue):“知(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)言(yan),言(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)。”(《老子(zi)》五十(shi)六章)——至(zhi)于“知(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)”既然“不(bu)言(yan)”,又(you)何以表明(ming)其為“知(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)”,世人似乎難以曉知(zhi)(zhi)。

莊(zhuang)(zhuang)子不(bu)愧為老(lao)(lao)子的(de)(de)(de)第一繼承(cheng)人,不(bu)愧為老(lao)(lao)子思想學(xue)說之“真諦”的(de)(de)(de)傳承(cheng)者(zhe)。在《知(zhi)北(bei)游》中,莊(zhuang)(zhuang)子先后設定了“知(zhi)”與(yu)無為謂的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)話(hua),“知(zhi)”與(yu)狂屈的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)話(hua),“知(zhi)”與(yu)黃(huang)帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)話(hua),齧缺與(yu)被衣的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)話(hua),舜與(yu)丞的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)話(hua),孔子與(yu)老(lao)(lao)聃的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)話(hua),東郭子與(yu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)子的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)話(hua)等(deng)等(deng),對(dui)(dui)(dui)道之所(suo)以為道,多(duo)角度,多(duo)方位,反復申說,無止無休,使出(chu)了渾身的(de)(de)(de)“解數”。

后韓(han)非(fei)對(dui)《老子》“上(shang)德(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)而無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”曾有(you)一(yi)段絕妙的解(jie)說:“所以貴無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)思(si)(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)者(zhe),謂(wei)(wei)其意(yi)(yi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所制(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。夫無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)術者(zhe),故(gu)(gu)以無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)思(si)(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。夫故(gu)(gu)以無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)思(si)(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)者(zhe),其意(yi)(yi)常(chang)不忘虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu),是制(zhi)于為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)者(zhe),謂(wei)(wei)其意(yi)(yi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所制(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。今制(zhi)于為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu),是不虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)者(zhe)之(zhi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye),不以無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)常(chang),不以無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)常(chang)則虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu),虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)則德(de)盛,德(de)盛之(zhi)謂(wei)(wei)上(shang)德(de)。”(《韓(han)非(fei)子·解(jie)老》)——韓(han)非(fei)對(dui)《老子》的理解(jie)可謂(wei)(wei)“入木三分”,所謂(wei)(wei)“無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)思(si)(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)”,并非(fei)主體的主觀追求。若刻意(yi)(yi)追求“無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)思(si)(si)”,此反(fan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)思(si)(si)”所牽制(zhi),實乃(nai)在(zai)(zai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),在(zai)(zai)思(si)(si),正是“制(zhi)于為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)”,故(gu)(gu)其實質乃(nai)“不虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。——這是何等深思(si)(si)捷辯也(ye)(ye)(ye)!

再看莊子(zi)對無(wu)為(wei)謂(wei)、狂屈(qu)、黃(huang)帝三者(zhe)(zhe)回(hui)答的(de)判斷,其先(xian)借黃(huang)帝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)口曰:“彼(bi)無(wu)為(wei)謂(wei)真(zhen)是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye),狂屈(qu)似之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),我(wo)與(yu)汝(‘知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)’)終不(bu)(bu)近也(ye)(ye)。夫知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)(yan),言(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)圣(sheng)人行不(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教。”后又曰:“彼(bi)其真(zhen)是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye),以其不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye);此其似之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),以其忘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye);予與(yu)若(ruo)(‘知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)’)終不(bu)(bu)近也(ye)(ye),以其知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。”(見《莊子(zi)·知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)北游》)由于“道”不(bu)(bu)可言(yan)(yan)(yan),故(gu)(gu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。由此進而(er)推知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):無(wu)為(wei)謂(wei)“不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)答”,故(gu)(gu)其“真(zhen)是(shi)(shi)”知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“道”;狂屈(qu)欲(yu)答而(er)忘言(yan)(yan)(yan),故(gu)(gu)狂屈(qu)“近似”知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“道”;而(er)黃(huang)帝直(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)“無(wu)思無(wu)慮始知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道”,則反而(er)“終不(bu)(bu)近”于“道”也(ye)(ye)。

莊子的這一系列(lie)邏輯推論,與韓(han)非之(zhi)解可(ke)謂有異曲(qu)同工之(zhi)妙(miao)。

既(ji)要追求(qiu)“道(dao)”,又永(yong)遠(yuan)不可接近或取得“道(dao)”,這就(jiu)是道(dao)家永(yong)遠(yuan)追索(suo)又永(yong)無結果的命題。

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