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大黃附子湯加減治療痹證的典型病例

生(sheng)活(huo)百事通 2023-09-21 13:10:36

大(da)(da)黃(huang)附(fu)子湯出(chu)自《金匱(kui)要略·腹滿寒疝宿(su)食病(bing)脈證(zheng)治(zhi)》“脅下(xia)偏(pian)(pian)痛,發熱,其脈緊弦,此(ci)寒也,以溫藥下(xia)之,宜大(da)(da)黃(huang)附(fu)子湯”,文中明確(que)指出(chu)其針對病(bing)機(ji)為“寒”,即寒實證(zheng),大(da)(da)黃(huang)附(fu)子的(de)作(zuo)用是(shi)溫下(xia)。胡氏[1]認為,凡偏(pian)(pian)側(ce)痛用該方(fang)加(jia)減治(zhi)療均有效。受此(ci)啟發,筆者(zhe)近年來用此(ci)方(fang)加(jia)減治(zhi)療各(ge)類(lei)痹證(zheng)引起的(de)偏(pian)(pian)側(ce)關節腫痛取得(de)較好的(de)療效,特就(jiu)一些典型案例及其病(bing)機(ji)方(fang)藥作(zuo)一介(jie)紹(shao),以拋磚引玉。

1 方藥介紹

1.1 方藥組成(cheng)及用(yong)量

大黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)附子湯原方(fang)由大黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)三兩(約9 g),炮附子三枚(約15 g),細辛二兩(約6 g)組成,亦即(ji)附子、大黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)、細辛用(yong)(yong)量比例關系是5∶3∶2,其(qi)中附子、細辛用(yong)(yong)量之(zhi)和為(wei)21 g。根據其(qi)寒(han)熱藥(yao)劑量比例,溫熱藥(yao)為(wei)主導,主治病證(zheng)是寒(han)結(jie)。再則,根據組方(fang)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)及治病需要,非(fei)用(yong)(yong)大黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)則不能通(tong)下(xia),但大黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)又有寒(han)凝之(zhi)虞,故附子與(yu)細辛用(yong)(yong)量之(zhi)和倍于大黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)。全方(fang)取大黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)通(tong)下(xia)而(er)不助寒(han),用(yong)(yong)附子、細辛溫陽(yang)而(er)不燥化,諸(zhu)方(fang)相互(hu)為(wei)用(yong)(yong),以奏溫陽(yang)通(tong)下(xia)之(zhi)功(gong)。

1.2 適應證

中醫“痹證”屬(shu)現(xian)代醫學風濕病范(fan)疇,是人體(ti)正氣(qi)不足或臟腑(fu)(fu)功能失調(diao),風寒(han)濕熱燥等邪為(wei)患,痰(tan)濁(zhuo)瘀(yu)血留滯,引起經脈氣(qi)血不通不榮,出現(xian)以(yi)肢(zhi)體(ti)關(guan)(guan)節疼痛、重著麻木、腫(zhong)脹、屈伸不利,甚則關(guan)(guan)節變形、肢(zhi)體(ti)痿(wei)廢或累及臟腑(fu)(fu)為(wei)特征的(de)一類疾(ji)病的(de)總稱(cheng)。其病機(ji)(ji)多(duo)具有“實、結”特點。筆(bi)者借(jie)用大黃附子湯(tang)宣暢氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)、化(hua)結除實作(zuo)用,合(he)(he)用他方以(yi)相須相制(zhi),用于多(duo)種風濕病的(de)偏側疼痛。如夾(jia)氣(qi)滯,可(ke)與小柴胡湯(tang)合(he)(he)用。夾(jia)郁熱,病變以(yi)上肢(zhi)關(guan)(guan)節為(wei)主(zhu),與升降散合(he)(he)用;以(yi)下肢(zhi)關(guan)(guan)節為(wei)主(zhu)者,合(he)(he)四(si)妙散加減(jian)。夾(jia)瘀(yu)熱,合(he)(he)四(si)妙勇安湯(tang)加減(jian)。夾(jia)氣(qi)虛,合(he)(he)黃芪五物湯(tang)加減(jian)。夾(jia)血虛,與當歸散合(he)(he)用。

2 典型病例

案例1:患者,女(nv),48歲,2013年6月(yue)20日(ri)就診。患者4年前被確診為“系統性(xing)紅斑狼瘡(chuang)、慢(man)性(xing)乙型肝炎”,長(chang)期予(yu)強(qiang)的(de)松、羥氯喹、拉米呋定及(ji)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)等抗風濕、抗病(bing)毒治療(liao)。1周前出(chu)現右(you)手掌(zhang)指關(guan)節腫痛(tong),晨起輕僵滯,勞累時痛(tong)甚。查紅細(xi)(xi)胞沉降率(ESR)、補體C3和(he)C4、抗雙鏈DNA抗體、乙肝病(bing)毒基因等基本穩定。故建議暫(zan)不(bu)(bu)增(zeng)加強(qiang)的(de)松用(yong)量(liang),先以(yi)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)治療(liao)觀察。診見:右(you)手二、三掌(zhang)指關(guan)節腫痛(tong),晨僵,伴胸悶心悸,目(mu)干,口(kou)苦,寐差(cha),倦(juan)怠乏力,大便(bian)黏滯不(bu)(bu)暢、日(ri)一行,舌(she)黯紅,苔淡(dan)黃(huang)膩,脈細(xi)(xi)弦緊(jin)。辨為素體稟賦不(bu)(bu)足,復有濁邪內(nei)結,肝經(jing)郁熱,橫逆犯脾(pi),兼感(gan)風寒(han)濕邪,引動內(nei)濁之氣,痹阻經(jing)脈,不(bu)(bu)通則痛(tong)。治以(yi)調和(he)肝脾(pi)、化結通絡。方以(yi)小柴(chai)胡合大黃(huang)附子湯加減:炮附片5 g,細(xi)(xi)辛5 g,酒大黃(huang)3 g,干姜(jiang)5 g,柴(chai)胡12 g,黃(huang)芩10 g,法(fa)半夏(xia)10 g,黨參10 g,茯(fu)苓(ling)15 g,穿山龍30 g,大棗10 g,生姜(jiang)10 g,炙(zhi)甘草3 g。每日(ri)1劑,水煎服,并囑適當休息。服藥(yao)(yao)7劑后,患者關(guan)節腫痛(tong)有所改(gai)善,守方繼服14劑,關(guan)節腫痛(tong)緩解。

案(an)例2:患者(zhe),男,56歲,2014年2月(yue)(yue)(yue)17日(ri)(ri)就診(zhen)。反復發(fa)作(zuo)性(xing)膝(xi)(xi)、踝(huai)、手關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)腫(zhong)(zhong)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)8年,伴持(chi)續性(xing)雙(shuang)膝(xi)(xi)腫(zhong)(zhong)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)6個(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue),血(xue)尿酸520~650 μmol/L,X線片示“雙(shuang)膝(xi)(xi)多(duo)骨贅(zhui)形成,關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)間隙變窄”,ESR 67 mm/h,C-反應蛋白105 mg/L,確診(zhen)“痛(tong)(tong)(tong)風性(xing)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)炎(yan)(yan)、膝(xi)(xi)骨關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)炎(yan)(yan)”,曾予美洛(luo)昔康等(deng),療(liao)效(xiao)不(bu)佳。刻下(xia):右手二(er)、三掌(zhang)指關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)、左踝(huai)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)紅(hong)腫(zhong)(zhong)熱(re)(re)(re)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),雙(shuang)膝(xi)(xi)腫(zhong)(zhong)脹(zhang)酸痛(tong)(tong)(tong),屈伸(shen)不(bu)利,口苦,納呆,寐差,大便黏(nian)滯(zhi)不(bu)暢、日(ri)(ri)一(yi)行,舌黯,苔黃(huang)(huang)膩,脈弦緊。辨(bian)證:痰濕內蘊,郁而化(hua)熱(re)(re)(re),濁邪(xie)痹(bi)結(jie)經絡、筋骨,不(bu)通則痛(tong)(tong)(tong)。治以清熱(re)(re)(re)祛濕、化(hua)結(jie)解毒。方(fang)(fang)以大黃(huang)(huang)附(fu)子湯合(he)四妙散(san)加(jia)減(jian)(jian)(jian):炮附(fu)片5 g,細辛(xin)3 g,大黃(huang)(huang)5 g,蒼術10 g,黃(huang)(huang)柏10 g,川牛(niu)膝(xi)(xi)30 g,薏苡仁30 g,木(mu)瓜15 g,澤蘭15 g,土茯苓30 g,萆薢15 g,甘草(cao)5 g。每日(ri)(ri)1劑,水煎服。服藥(yao)7劑后,患者(zhe)右掌(zhang)指關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)、左踝(huai)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)紅(hong)腫(zhong)(zhong)熱(re)(re)(re)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)明顯減(jian)(jian)(jian)輕(qing),膝(xi)(xi)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)略減(jian)(jian)(jian),大便通暢、日(ri)(ri)一(yi)行。守(shou)方(fang)(fang)加(jia)減(jian)(jian)(jian)治療(liao)3個(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue),患者(zhe)發(fa)作(zuo)性(xing)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)腫(zhong)(zhong)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)未發(fa)生,手踝(huai)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)腫(zhong)(zhong)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)緩解,雙(shuang)膝(xi)(xi)腫(zhong)(zhong)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)明顯減(jian)(jian)(jian)輕(qing),可下(xia)蹲但較(jiao)困難(nan),上、下(xia)臺階仍有(you)(you)不(bu)適(shi)。守(shou)方(fang)(fang)減(jian)(jian)(jian)土茯苓合(he)金剛丸加(jia)減(jian)(jian)(jian)鞏(gong)固治療(liao)2個(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue),手踝(huai)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)腫(zhong)(zhong)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)消失,恢復日(ri)(ri)常工作(zuo)和(he)生活,天氣(qi)變化(hua)時雙(shuang)膝(xi)(xi)有(you)(you)輕(qing)酸痛(tong)(tong)(tong)。

案例3:患(huan)者,男,51歲(sui),2013年(nian)12月10日(ri)(ri)就診。患(huan)者長期從事鑿石(shi)、石(shi)磨職業,常有(you)(you)碎石(shi)嵌入(ru)手臂肌膚之中,未引以(yi)為意。近20年(nian)來反(fan)復(fu)(fu)右(you)肘酸痛(tong),天(tian)氣變化時(shi)明顯,自(zi)敷(fu)風(feng)濕(shi)膏(gao)可緩解。3年(nian)前,因發熱、少尿(niao),急(ji)進性(xing)(xing)腎(shen)功能(neng)損害曾于我院(yuan)(yuan)住院(yuan)(yuan)診為“系統性(xing)(xing)血(xue)(xue)管(guan)炎(yan)、急(ji)性(xing)(xing)腎(shen)衰竭(jie),高(gao)血(xue)(xue)壓(ya)病3級(ji),很高(gao)危”,經強的松、環磷酰胺、來氟米(mi)(mi)特及降(jiang)壓(ya)等治療,病情(qing)緩解后逐漸減強的松至10 mg/d、來氟米(mi)(mi)特10 mg/d,血(xue)(xue)肌酐(gan)340 μmol/L左右(you)。2 d前又出現右(you)肘關節(jie)疼(teng)痛(tong),不(bu)能(neng)屈(qu)伸(shen),自(zi)敷(fu)膏(gao)藥無效。診見:右(you)肘疼(teng)痛(tong),不(bu)能(neng)屈(qu)伸(shen),拒按,伴(ban)口苦,寐差(cha),大(da)便(bian)干結(jie)、兩日(ri)(ri)一行,舌黯,苔黃(huang)略膩,脈(mo)弦(xian)略緊。辨證:勞損體虛,復(fu)(fu)有(you)(you)濁邪內結(jie),兼感風(feng)濕(shi)時(shi)邪,外(wai)邪引動內濁之氣,痹阻(zu)經脈(mo),不(bu)通則痛(tong)。急(ji)則治其標,治以(yi)祛風(feng)除濕(shi)、化結(jie)通絡。方以(yi)大(da)黃(huang)附子湯合升降(jiang)散加減:炮附片5 g,細辛3 g,大(da)黃(huang)5 g,僵蠶10 g,蟬(chan)蛻5 g,姜黃(huang)10 g,絡石(shi)藤15 g,黃(huang)芪15 g,積雪草15 g,當歸(gui)6 g,炙甘草5 g。每日(ri)(ri)1劑,水煎服。患(huan)者服第1劑藥后關節(jie)疼(teng)痛(tong)明顯改善,屈(qu)伸(shen)如常,3劑后未再(zai)出現疼(teng)痛(tong)。

案例4:患者(zhe)(zhe),女,58歲,2013年10月(yue)7日(ri)(ri)就診(zhen)(zhen)。3年前,患者(zhe)(zhe)開始出現左肩(jian)(jian)(jian)酸(suan)痛,初未在意,自敷(fu)傷(shang)濕(shi)(shi)止痛膏等(deng)(deng)(deng),之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)痛漸加重(zhong),至抬手、梳頭、抓背(bei)困難,行頸椎、肩(jian)(jian)(jian)、胸等(deng)(deng)(deng)X線(xian)檢查未見異常(chang),診(zhen)(zhen)為“肩(jian)(jian)(jian)周炎(yan)”,曾(ceng)服雙(shuang)氯(lv)酚酸(suan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)消炎(yan)止痛藥及針灸治(zhi)(zhi)療,癥狀反復。診(zhen)(zhen)見:左肩(jian)(jian)(jian)酸(suan)痛,活動困難,喜暖畏(wei)冷,入夜尤甚,天氣變(bian)化(hua)時明(ming)顯,伴久臥(wo)后(hou)肢體麻木(mu)(mu)不適,體倦(juan)乏力(li),寐差,大便稀軟、日(ri)(ri)一行,舌黯(an),苔淡黃(huang)(huang)膩(ni),脈細弦。辨(bian)證:患者(zhe)(zhe)年過五(wu)旬,氣血(xue)虧(kui)虛,風濕(shi)(shi)寒雜至,濁邪痹結(jie)筋骨之(zhi)(zhi)間,阻(zu)礙氣血(xue),不通則(ze)痛。治(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)補益氣血(xue)、化(hua)結(jie)通絡。方以(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)芪五(wu)物(wu)合大黃(huang)(huang)附子湯加減:炮附片10 g,細辛(xin)5 g,酒大黃(huang)(huang)3 g,干姜(jiang)5 g,黃(huang)(huang)芪15 g,桂枝10 g,當歸10 g,白芍15 g,姜(jiang)黃(huang)(huang)10 g,雞血(xue)藤30 g,大棗10 g,生(sheng)姜(jiang)10 g,炙甘草5 g。每日(ri)(ri)1劑(ji),水煎1服,并(bing)囑日(ri)(ri)行“爬墻功”等(deng)(deng)(deng)適當活動肩(jian)(jian)(jian)關節(jie)。服藥7劑(ji)后(hou),患者(zhe)(zhe)左肩(jian)(jian)(jian)酸(suan)痛明(ming)顯改(gai)善,肢體麻木(mu)(mu)感(gan)亦減輕,守(shou)方繼服2個月(yue),諸癥均解。

案例5:患(huan)(huan)者(zhe),男,52歲,2013年(nian)8月(yue)(yue)5日就(jiu)診。2年(nian)前,患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)開(kai)始出(chu)現雙手(shou)腕、掌(zhang)指(zhi)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)酸(suan)(suan)痛(tong)、晨(chen)(chen)僵(jiang)、晨(chen)(chen)痛(tong),活(huo)動(dong)(dong)后可(ke)改善,曾在院外診為“類風(feng)(feng)(feng)濕(shi)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)炎”,治療不(bu)詳。1個(ge)月(yue)(yue)前癥狀加(jia)劇,伴雙肘關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)腫(zhong)痛(tong),活(huo)動(dong)(dong)受限(xian)。查類風(feng)(feng)(feng)濕(shi)因(yin)子480 IU/L,抗(kang)環(huan)瓜(gua)氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)肽抗(kang)體(ti)>200,動(dong)(dong)態ESR、C-反(fan)應(ying)蛋白均高,肝功能(neng)輕(qing)(qing)度損害。刻下:雙手(shou)、肘關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)紅腫(zhong)熱痛(tong),活(huo)動(dong)(dong)受限(xian),右側(ce)尤甚,畏風(feng)(feng)(feng)寒,天氣變化時明顯,口苦,納(na)呆,寐(mei)差,溲黃,大(da)便黏滯不(bu)暢、日一行(xing),舌黯,苔黃膩,脈細弦緊(jin)。辨證:感受風(feng)(feng)(feng)寒濕(shi)邪,濁邪痹(bi)結筋(jin)骨(gu)之間(jian),郁而化熱,熱入營(ying)分,瘀熱入絡,阻礙氣血,不(bu)通則痛(tong)。治以清熱涼營(ying)、化結通絡。方以四妙(miao)勇安合(he)大(da)黃附子湯加(jia)減:當(dang)(dang)歸30 g,金銀花30 g,玄參(can)30 g,甘(gan)草30 g,炮附片3 g,細辛3 g,大(da)黃3 g,鬼(gui)箭羽15 g。每(mei)日1劑,水煎服(fu)。服(fu)藥(yao)7劑后,患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)紅腫(zhong)熱痛(tong)減輕(qing)(qing),大(da)便通暢、日一行(xing)。守方加(jia)減繼(ji)服(fu)2個(ge)月(yue)(yue),關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)腫(zhong)痛(tong)明顯緩解,活(huo)動(dong)(dong)如常(chang),但仍晨(chen)(chen)僵(jiang),查肝功能(neng)恢復正常(chang),ESR、C-反(fan)應(ying)蛋白有所下降。守方減當(dang)(dang)歸、金銀花、玄參(can)、甘(gan)草量(liang),加(jia)穿山龍(long)繼(ji)續治療。4月(yue)(yue),自行(xing)停(ting)藥(yao),電話(hua)隨訪,訴(su)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)腫(zhong)痛(tong)均解,經常(chang)打乒乓球,建議其定期(qi)作抗(kang)環(huan)瓜(gua)氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)抗(kang)體(ti)、動(dong)(dong)態ESR、C-反(fan)應(ying)蛋白等相關(guan)(guan)檢查,適當(dang)(dang)藥(yao)物預防(fang)復發。

3 小結

筆者(zhe)(zhe)臨證(zheng)發現,關節(jie)腫(zhong)痛者(zhe)(zhe)多有(you)“脈緊弦”之(zhi)(zhi)“實(shi)(shi)、結(jie)(jie)”征,故(gu)治(zhi)療(liao)以(yi)(yi)“宣暢氣(qi)機(ji)、化(hua)結(jie)(jie)除(chu)實(shi)(shi)”為法。大(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)附(fu)子(zi)湯(tang)以(yi)(yi)附(fu)子(zi)、細(xi)(xi)辛溫陽化(hua)氣(qi)、宣暢氣(qi)機(ji),大(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)泄濁(zhuo)(zhuo)化(hua)結(jie)(jie)除(chu)實(shi)(shi),全方非常切(qie)合(he)此(ci)法。臨證(zheng)若能以(yi)(yi)此(ci)適當變化(hua)劑量,可通治(zhi)各(ge)類關節(jie)腫(zhong)痛。對其有(you)疑慮者(zhe)(zhe),在(zai)于附(fu)子(zi)、細(xi)(xi)辛之(zhi)(zhi)溫散(san)(san),大(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)之(zhi)(zhi)瀉(xie)下。如夾有(you)熱(re)象者(zhe)(zhe),可減少附(fu)子(zi)、細(xi)(xi)辛用(yong)量,增加大(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)用(yong)量,或與四妙勇安湯(tang)合(he)用(yong),或酌加黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩、薏苡仁、敗醬草等清熱(re)解毒之(zhi)(zhi)品以(yi)(yi)制之(zhi)(zhi);對脾胃虛弱(ruo)見大(da)(da)便稀(xi)溏(tang)者(zhe)(zhe),易大(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)為酒大(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang),酌加干姜甘草湯(tang)以(yi)(yi)溫脾防瀉(xie),可達通陽而(er)不助(zhu)熱(re)、泄濁(zhuo)(zhuo)而(er)不傷(shang)脾、散(san)(san)結(jie)(jie)除(chu)實(shi)(shi)祛病的(de)目的(de)。總之(zhi)(zhi),大(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)附(fu)子(zi)湯(tang)在(zai)風濕病治(zhi)療(liao)中具有(you)很(hen)好的(de)療(liao)效。

參考文獻:

[1] 胡希恕(shu).胡希恕(shu)金匱要略講座[M].北京(jing):學苑(yuan)出版社,2008:197-199.

本文來源(yuan):中(zhong)國中(zhong)醫藥(yao)信息 ? ?作者:邱明山

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