中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)炭(tan)劑是運用(yong)(yong)傳統(tong)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)炮制(zhi)法加工的(de)一類飲片，通常是用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)片或(huo)原藥(yao)材(cai)，經(jing)高溫(wen)（200~300°C)處(chu)理后，使藥(yao)材(cai)外(wai)部(bu)炭(tan)化，內部(bu)存性(xing)，不可全部(bu)焦炭(tan)化。這樣(yang)既(ji)保留了(le)藥(yao)材(cai)的(de)固有性(xing)能(neng)，又能(neng)增強止血、收斂、消食(shi)等作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，亦能(neng)消減藥(yao)物(wu)的(de)毒(du)性(xing)和偏性(xing)；因而(er)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)醫臨床(chuang)中(zhong)(zhong)應用(yong)(yong)較廣泛(fan)，尤其在(zai)婦科(ke)臨床(chuang)中(zhong)(zhong)應用(yong)(yong)更為多見。

在炭劑的(de)制作過(guo)程中，必須強(qiang)調“存性(xing)”的(de)問題.亦(yi)即(ji)藥(yao)物的(de)外部(bu)(bu)雖(sui)已炭化，但內(nei)部(bu)(bu)依然保留著固有的(de)性(xing)能。如燒成灰燼(jin)，則(ze)藥(yao)力全(quan)失(shi)，就不合乎(hu)炭劑的(de)制作要求和臨床(chuang)使(shi)用。

中藥制炭的目的主要有兩個：一是增強原(yuan)來藥物的藥效；二是消(xiao)減其(qi)毒(du)性或偏(pian)性。

增強(qiang)藥效(xiao)是指藥物(wu)經制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)炭后(hou)其原有(you)的作用得到了(le)提高。如山楂、神曲等炒焦制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)炭后(hou)，其消(xiao)食(shi)健胃的功效(xiao)更為顯著。又如槐花、大薊等止血(xue)藥物(wu)，既能生用，又能制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)炭。現(xian)經實驗證實制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)炭后(hou)對(dui)出血(xue)時(shi)間(jian)的縮短較生藥明(ming)顯，故槐花炭、大薊炭的止血(xue)效(xiao)果比(bi)生藥有(you)了(le)提高。

炭(tan)(tan)(tan)劑還(huan)(huan)能(neng)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)減(jian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)原有的毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和偏(pian)(pian)(pian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，烏頭(tou)、附子(zi)須經火(huo)炮后才能(neng)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)減(jian)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，干(gan)姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)制(zhi)(zhi)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)后可減(jian)緩其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)刺(ci)激性(xing)(xing)(xing)。至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)制(zhi)(zhi)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)法來消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)減(jian)或(huo)糾正藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)的偏(pian)(pian)(pian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)更有意義。中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的偏(pian)(pian)(pian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)相當于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)現代藥(yao)(yao)(yao)理中的副作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。一(yi)(yi)味(wei)中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，往(wang)往(wang)有多項作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，臨床(chuang)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)時(shi)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)僅用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)兩項作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong).其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)余(yu)的作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)為偏(pian)(pian)(pian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。有些(xie)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)某一(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)的作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)過(guo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)猛烈，亦稱(cheng)偏(pian)(pian)(pian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。實質上中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的偏(pian)(pian)(pian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)亦系中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)，僅在應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)時(shi)有所(suo)側重和偏(pian)(pian)(pian)廢而已(yi)(yi)。中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)經過(guo)各種(zhong)炮制(zhi)(zhi)后，則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)可突(tu)出或(huo)加強(qiang)該藥(yao)(yao)(yao)某項作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)減(jian)或(huo)糾正其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)他不適當的作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。如姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)的不同(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)劑即是一(yi)(yi)例。前人云：“生(sheng)姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)走而不守，干(gan)姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)能(neng)走能(neng)守，炮姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)守而不走。”生(sheng)姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)溫(wen)，長(chang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)發散(san)，尤能(neng)溫(wen)中散(san)寒(han)(han)而止嘔，多用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)外(wai)感風(feng)寒(han)(han)及胃中寒(han)(han)飲(yin)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)癥(zheng)(zheng)；干(gan)姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)熱，因干(gan)燥(zao)后發散(san)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)減(jian)弱(ruo)，而偏(pian)(pian)(pian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治內寒(han)(han)之癥(zheng)(zheng)，故(gu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)祛寒(han)(han)溫(wen)中回陽為主；炮姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)是通(tong)過(guo)炮制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)味(wei)變為苦溫(wen)，已(yi)(yi)乏辛散(san)的作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，故(gu)專注(zhu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)溫(wen)里。姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)的不同(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)劑，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)與性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)也發生(sheng)了變化，生(sheng)姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、干(gan)姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、炮姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)發散(san)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)依(yi)次減(jian)弱(ruo)，而溫(wen)中的作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)逐(zhu)漸加強(qiang)，炮姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)并具有溫(wen)中止血的作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。此外(wai)，如地(di)(di)黃的各種(zhong)制(zhi)(zhi)劑，生(sheng)地(di)(di)、熟(shu)地(di)(di)和生(sheng)熟(shu)地(di)(di)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)功用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)亦有所(suo)不同(tong)，生(sheng)地(di)(di)養陰(yin)涼(liang)血，熟(shu)地(di)(di)滋陰(yin)養血，而生(sheng)、熟(shu)地(di)(di)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)除上述的功效外(wai)還(huan)(huan)具有止血的作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，每(mei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)婦女(nv)崩漏等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)病癥(zheng)(zheng)。又如香附制(zhi)(zhi)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)后其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行氣之力已(yi)(yi)減(jian)，而止痛(tong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)尚存，且又能(neng)制(zhi)(zhi)血，故(gu)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)妊(ren)娠腹(fu)痛(tong)下血等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)病癥(zheng)(zheng)。

有(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)藥物制(zhi)(zhi)炭(tan)后(hou)，其固(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)藥性發生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)變(bian)化(hua)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)甚至(zhi)發生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)作用(yong)(yong)相(xiang)反(fan)的(de)(de)改(gai)變(bian)。如生(sheng)(sheng)蒲黃能活血(xue)(xue)祛瘀，而(er)蒲黃炭(tan)則(ze)能收斂止(zhi)血(xue)(xue)；茜草能行(xing)(xing)血(xue)(xue)化(hua)瘀，婦科臨床上有(you)(you)(you)(you)“通經行(xing)(xing)血(xue)(xue)茜草宜(yi)先(xian)”之說，而(er)茜草炭(tan)則(ze)能涼血(xue)(xue)止(zhi)血(xue)(xue)。此(ci)外，大黃、丹皮均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)清熱行(xing)(xing)血(xue)(xue)散疲之功，但制(zhi)(zhi)炭(tan)后(hou)其行(xing)(xing)血(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)減(jian)弱，而(er)化(hua)瘀止(zhi)血(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)較為(wei)(wei)突出。總之，中藥制(zhi)(zhi)炭(tan)后(hou)，其藥理作用(yong)(yong)發生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)變(bian)化(hua)較為(wei)(wei)微(wei)妙，可(ke)意會(hui)而(er)不可(ke)言達(da)，這些(xie)復雜的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)是(shi)為(wei)(wei)了(le)與臨床上復雜的(de)(de)病(bing)癥相(xiang)適應。

因為各種病癥(zheng)，其寒(han)熱(re)(re)虛(xu)(xu)實之證不(bu)會單純出現，往往表現為虛(xu)(xu)中有(you)實、實中有(you)虛(xu)(xu)、真(zhen)寒(han)假(jia)熱(re)(re)、真(zhen)熱(re)(re)假(jia)寒(han)，或本(ben)虛(xu)(xu)標實、里(li)熱(re)(re)外寒(han)等。如(ru)素(su)體陰(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)的(de)婦女發生(sheng)(sheng)暴崩或久漏，以致(zhi)氣陰(yin)(yin)大虧，內有(you)虛(xu)(xu)熱(re)(re)，外又形寒(han)畏冷，舌質(zhi)微紅，而(er)苔(tai)卻(que)薄白。出現一派寒(han)熱(re)(re)夾(jia)雜的(de)證候，治療(liao)當(dang)以溫中又需兼顧(gu)陰(yin)(yin)虛(xu)(xu)，養陰(yin)(yin)又當(dang)防其抑陽，可取交加散(san)法(fa)，用生(sheng)(sheng)地炭(tan)(tan)合(he)炮(pao)姜(jiang)(jiang)炭(tan)(tan)。生(sheng)(sheng)地制炭(tan)(tan)后其苦寒(han)之性已減，而(er)止(zhi)血(xue)(xue)之力反增；干姜(jiang)(jiang)炮(pao)炭(tan)(tan)后辛散(san)之力逐減，又增溫中止(zhi)血(xue)(xue)之功，兩(liang)藥(yao)合(he)用，相輔相成，既能(neng)養陰(yin)(yin)涼血(xue)(xue)清虛(xu)(xu)熱(re)(re)，又能(neng)溫中暖宮祛寒(han)而(er)止(zhi)血(xue)(xue)作用尤強(qiang)。如(ru)辨證明確，往往能(neng)應手取效。

又如(ru)經(jing)血(xue)(xue)(xue)與產(chan)(chan)后惡露，原為(wei)生理產(chan)(chan)物(wu)(wu)，但(dan)若(ruo)出血(xue)(xue)(xue)過多(duo)(duo)或(huo)(huo)時(shi)間過長，且有瘀(yu)塊(kuai)者，則(ze)為(wei)病態(tai)，若(ruo)專事止(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)塞流，唯恐閉門留寇，殘瘀(yu)為(wei)患，且一味止(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)也不一定能(neng)達(da)到目的，臨(lin)床上每用蒲黃炭(tan)(tan)、熟軍炭(tan)(tan)、丹皮炭(tan)(tan)、煅花蕊石(shi)等化瘀(yu)止(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)有止(zhi)(zhi)，止(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)有行(xing)(xing)，行(xing)(xing)其(qi)(qi)當(dang)行(xing)(xing)，止(zhi)(zhi)所當(dang)止(zhi)(zhi)。活血(xue)(xue)(xue)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)制(zhi)炭(tan)(tan)的大多(duo)(duo)本(ben)于(yu)此(ci)意。此(ci)外，中(zhong)藥(yao)中(zhong)另一類(lei)炭(tan)(tan)劑(ji)(ji)并(bing)非用原藥(yao)炮制(zhi)法加工，如(ru)釜臍(qi)墨(mo)(mo)、百草霜。兩種藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)取(qu)材(cai)于(yu)鍋底或(huo)(huo)煙囪中(zhong)的黑灰(hui)，其(qi)(qi)作(zuo)用為(wei)收斂(lian)(lian)止(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)；又如(ru)純墨(mo)(mo)（或(huo)(huo)京墨(mo)(mo)等），取(qu)材(cai)于(yu)寫宇(yu)用的墨(mo)(mo)，其(qi)(qi)作(zuo)用可止(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)收斂(lian)(lian)，然釜胳墨(mo)(mo)與純墨(mo)(mo)實質上均系炭(tan)(tan)灰(hui)，入(ru)藥(yao)后則(ze)歸入(ru)炭(tan)(tan)劑(ji)(ji)。伏龍肝又名灶心土(tu)，是土(tu)灶內的焦黃土(tu)，久(jiu)經(jing)爐火鍛(duan)烤，其(qi)(qi)性能(neng)亦(yi)如(ru)炭(tan)(tan)劑(ji)(ji)，有收斂(lian)(lian)止(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)、止(zhi)(zhi)吐作(zuo)用。

炭(tan)(tan)(tan)劑(ji)的(de)藥理作用(yong)(yong)(yong)主要有二(er)。一為炭(tan)(tan)(tan)劑(ji)質(zhi)地疏松(song)有明顯的(de)吸附收斂作用(yong)(yong)(yong)；二(er)因炭(tan)(tan)(tan)色(se)純黑(hei)，前人(ren)有“血(xue)(xue)遇熱(re)則(ze)行，得(de)黑(hei)即止(zhi)”之說，故炭(tan)(tan)(tan)劑(ji)一般均(jun)有止(zhi)血(xue)(xue)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)，其(qi)理亦(yi)即在此。此外，炭(tan)(tan)(tan)劑(ji)焦苦(ku)，當(dang)有健胃消食之功。炭(tan)(tan)(tan)劑(ji)止(zhi)血(xue)(xue)的(de)著名(ming)代表方劑(ji)為十(shi)(shi)灰散，是由(you)大薊(ji)、小薊(ji)、茅(mao)根、側柏葉、茜(qian)(qian)草、丹皮、陳棕、熟軍、荷葉、山梔等十(shi)(shi)味中藥炒(chao)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)后研末而成。現代亦(yi)有用(yong)(yong)(yong)十(shi)(shi)灰散，以白(bai)及煎湯泛為丸(wan)，稱“十(shi)(shi)灰丸(wan)”作用(yong)(yong)(yong)相同，其(qi)中山梔、大薊(ji)、小薊(ji)、茜(qian)(qian)草等均(jun)有清熱(re)涼血(xue)(xue)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)；丹皮、熟軍除能(neng)涼血(xue)(xue)外，還(huan)有化瘀作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。諸藥炒(chao)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)后合用(yong)(yong)(yong)則(ze)有較強的(de)涼血(xue)(xue)止(zhi)血(xue)(xue)功用(yong)(yong)(yong)，適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)臨(lin)床(chuang)上各種出血(xue)(xue)證。

相關文章：

炭藥(yao)止血的臨床應用經驗

中藥(yao)血(xue)余炭(tan)的功效與(yu)作用：治血(xue)崩(beng)一例(li)

本文地址://n85e38t.cn/pianfang/86998.html.

聲明： 我(wo)們(men)致(zhi)力于(yu)保護(hu)作者(zhe)版(ban)(ban)權(quan)，注(zhu)重分(fen)享，被刊(kan)用文章因(yin)無法(fa)核實(shi)真實(shi)出(chu)處，未能及時與作者(zhe)取得聯系，或有版(ban)(ban)權(quan)異議的(de)，請聯系管(guan)理員(yuan)(yuan)，我(wo)們(men)會立(li)即處理，本站部分(fen)文字與圖片資源來自于(yu)網(wang)絡，轉載是出(chu)于(yu)傳遞更多信息之目的(de),若有來源標注(zhu)錯(cuo)誤(wu)或侵犯了您(nin)(nin)的(de)合法(fa)權(quan)益，請立(li)即通(tong)知我(wo)們(men)(管(guan)理員(yuan)(yuan)郵箱：)，情況屬實(shi)，我(wo)們(men)會第一時間予以刪(shan)除，并(bing)同時向您(nin)(nin)表示歉意,謝謝!

上(shang)一篇: 射(she)干的(de)功效與作(zuo)用,射(she)干的(de)副作(zuo)用及禁(jin)忌

下(xia)一篇(pian): 生(sheng)蒲黃(huang)(huang)的功效(xiao)與作用及食用方法,生(sheng)蒲黃(huang)(huang)···