制法 : 上為散,密貯之。
功能主治 : 瘴氣。
用法用量 : 山中所(suo)在有瘴(zhang)氣之處,旦空(kong)腹飲服1錢匕,覆取汗(han)。病重稍加(jia)之。
摘錄 : 《千金翼》卷十
制法 : 上為末。
功能主治 : 辟(pi)山瘴惡氣。主疫(yi)癘。
用法用量 : 平旦酒調服1盞匕。
摘錄 : 《肘后方》卷二
溫疫在我國史料中早有記載。如《周禮·天官·冢宰》記載:“疾醫掌養萬民之疾病,四時皆有癘疾。”《呂氏春秋·季春紀》記載:“季春行夏令,則民多疾疫。”說明當時對溫疫的認識已經達到了一定水平,認為溫疫一年四季皆可發生,原因之一是由于時令之氣的不正常,是由“非時之氣”造成的。
現存最早的中醫古籍《黃帝內經》也有記載。如《素問·刺法論》指出:“五疫之至,皆向染易,無問大小,病狀相似……,正氣存內,邪不可干,避其毒氣。”《素問·本能病》篇:“厥陰不退位,即大風早舉,時雨不降,濕令不化,民病溫疫,疵廢。風生,民病皆肢節痛、頭目痛,伏熱內煩,咽喉干引飲。”指出溫疫具有傳染性、流行性、臨床表現相似、發病與氣候有關等特點,并認為只要“正氣存內”,就能“避其毒氣”。
東漢時期的張仲景在其著作《傷寒雜病論》的序言中說“余宗族素多,向余二百。建安紀年(公元196年)以來,猶未十稔,其死亡者,三分有二,傷寒十居其七。感往昔之淪喪,傷橫夭之莫救,乃勤求古訓,博采眾方。……”文中的“傷寒”,除了指外感熱病外,還包括了當時的烈性傳染病,可見當時溫疫流行之猖獗。
曹植《說疫氣》記載“建安二十二年(公元217年),癘氣流行,家家有僵尸之痛,室室有號泣之哀。或闔門而殪,或覆族而喪。或以為:疫者,鬼神所作。夫罹此者,悉被褐茹藿之子,荊室蓬戶之人耳!若夫殿處鼎食之家,重貂累蓐之門,若是者鮮焉。此乃陰陽失位,寒暑錯時,是故生疫,而愚民懸符厭之,亦可笑也。”描繪了當疫病流行的慘狀,并明確指出:“癘氣流行”,并非“鬼神所作”,而是“陰陽失位,寒暑錯時”所致。
建安七子之一的王粲在《七哀詩》中也記載:“……出門無所見,白骨蔽平原。路有饑婦人,抱子棄草間。顧聞號泣聲,揮涕獨不還。‘未知身死處,何能兩相完?’驅馬棄之去,不忍聽此言。……”是當時凄涼情景的真實寫照。據史料記載,從漢桓帝劉志,至漢獻帝劉協的七十余年中,記載有疫病流行17次。疫情連年,民不聊生,即使是士大夫們也未能幸免。如文學史上著名的“建安七子”中的徐干、陳琳、應玚、劉楨也一時俱逝。其慘狀可見一斑。
晉朝葛洪《肘后備急方》對溫疫也有論述,認為“傷寒、時行、溫疫,三名同一種。……其年歲中有癘氣兼挾鬼毒相注,名為溫病。”并立“治瘴氣疫癘溫毒諸方”一章,記載了辟瘟疫藥干散、老君神明白散、度瘴散、辟溫病散等治療、預防溫疫的方劑。
隋朝巢元方《諸病源候論·疫癘病諸候》認為疫癘病“其病與時氣、溫、熱等病相類,皆有一歲之內,節氣不和,寒暑乖候,或有暴風疾雨,霧露不散,則民多疾疫。病無長少,率皆相似,如有鬼厲之氣,故云疫癘病。”并認為嶺南地區的青草瘴、黃芒瘴等瘴氣也屬疫癘病范圍。并進一步指出:“此病皆因歲時不和,溫涼失節,人感乖戾之氣而生病,則病氣轉相染易,乃至滅門,延及外人,故須預服藥及為法術以防之。”
唐朝孫思邈《千金要方·卷九·傷寒》立“辟溫”一章,記載治療溫疫的方劑。
出于唐朝王冰以后的《素問》遺篇,認為溫疫與五運六氣變化異常有一定的關系,故有金疫、木疫、水疫、火疫、土疫“五疫”及“五癘”之稱。說明古人已經意識到溫疫的致病原因不同于一般的六淫外邪,而是一種疫毒之氣。
金代醫家張從正《儒門事親·卷一·立諸時氣解利禁忌式三》:指出“又如正二三月,人氣在上,瘟疫大作,必先頭痛或骨節疼,與傷寒、時氣、冒暑、風濕及中酒之人其狀皆相類。慎勿便用巴豆大毒之藥治之。……夫瘟疫在表不可下,況巴豆之丸乎。”對瘟疫的臨床表現、治療提出了自己的觀點。
元代醫家朱丹溪《丹溪心法·卷一·溫疫五》:“瘟疫眾一般病者是,又謂天行時疫。治有三法:宜補,宜散,宜降。”總結了溫疫的治療方法。
明朝醫家吳又可目睹當時疫病流行的慘狀,在前人有關論述的基礎上,對溫疫進行深入細致的觀察、探討。其所著的《溫疫論》是我國論述溫疫的專著,對溫疫進行了詳細的論述。認為“溫疫之為病,非風非寒非暑非濕,乃天地間別有一種異氣所感。”指出溫疫的致病因子是“異氣”,又稱“疫氣”、“癘氣”“戾氣”等,是對溫疫病因的創見。
吳氏認為戾氣是物質性的,可采用藥物制服。雖然戾氣“無形可求,無象可見,況無聲復無臭,何能得睹得聞”,但它是客觀存在的物質,又進一步指出“物之可以制氣者藥物也。”
戾氣是通過口鼻侵犯體內的。認為“邪從口鼻而入”,又感染戾氣的方式,“有天受,有傳染,所感雖殊,其病則一”。
而人體感受戾氣之后,是否致病則決定于戾氣的量、毒力與人體的抵抗力。指出“其感之深者,中而即發,感之淺者,而不勝正,未能頓發”;“其年氣來之厲,不論強弱,正氣稍衰者,觸之即病”;“本氣充滿,邪不易入,本氣適逢虧欠,呼吸之間,外邪因而乘之”。
戾氣引起的疫病,有大流行性與散發性的不同表現。而戾氣致病又有地區性與時間性的不同情況。此外,由于戾氣的種類不同,所引起的疾病也不同,侵犯的臟器部位也不一。認為“……為病種種,是知氣之不一也”。并且還指出人類的疫病和禽獸的瘟疫是由不同的戾氣所引起的。
吳又可在《溫疫論》中,還創制了不少獨特的、行之有效的治疫方劑。《溫疫論》是我國醫學文獻中論述急性傳染病的一部劃時代著作,至今仍可用來指導臨床,具有重要的歷史意義與現實意義。
清朝余師愚,著有《疫疹一得》。其在吳又可《溫疫論》的基礎上,認為疫疹的病因是癘氣,指出“一人得病,傳染一家,輕者十生八九,重者十存一二,合境之內,大率如斯。”并根據暑熱疫的病證特點,創立“清瘟敗毒飲”一方,以重用石膏為主,為溫疫病的辨證論治開拓了新的境地。
綜上所述,中醫藥學在與溫疫長期的斗爭過程中積累了豐富的經驗,有一套較為完整的理論與臨床治療方法。應該充分發揮中醫藥治療急性傳染病的作用。
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人類瘟疫
瘟疫奪去了我們這個星球上數以十億計的生命,蹂躪著人類創造的財富,摧殘了曾經輝煌的古羅馬文明,瑪雅文明,印加文明,許多國家的毀滅,都與瘟疫相關聯.而另一面,黑死病葬送了古羅馬帝國的同時,也催生了歐洲的商品經濟,破和立總是相輔相生,這就是歷史的獨特邏輯.大大小小的瘟疫影響了整個人類的變遷,民族的興衰,戰爭的勝敗,社會的榮枯,文化的起落,宗教的盛滅,乃至政體的變革,產業的轉型和科技的進展.雖然,瘟疫不是歷史變遷的動力,但它確實改變了歷史.
一,篡改歷史的瘟疫 :
到處都是"因無人埋葬而在街道上開裂,腐爛的尸體",四下都有倒斃街頭,令所有觀者都恐怖與震驚的"范例".他們腹部腫脹,張開的嘴里如洪流般噴出陣陣膿水,他們的眼睛通紅,手則朝上高舉著.尸體疊著尸體,在角落里,街道上,庭院的門廊里或者教堂里腐爛."在海上的薄霧里,有船只因其船員遭到了上帝的憤怒的襲擊而變成了漂浮在浪濤之上的墳墓."
瘟疫奪去了我們這個星球上數以十億計的生命,蹂躪著人類創造的財富,摧殘了曾經輝煌的古羅馬文明,瑪雅文明,印加文明,許多國家的毀滅,都與瘟疫相關聯.而另一面,黑死病葬送了古羅馬帝國的同時,也催生了歐洲的商品經濟,破和立總是相輔相生,這就是歷史的獨特邏輯.大大小小的瘟疫影響了整個人類的變遷,民族的興衰,戰爭的勝敗,社會的榮枯,文化的起落,宗教的盛滅,乃至政體的變革,產業的轉型和科技的進展.雖然,瘟疫不是歷史變遷的動力,但它確實改變了歷史.
二, 不醒的噩夢 :
但這場瘟疫徹底地毀滅了查士丁尼復興日漸衰亡的羅馬帝國的希望.那年冬天,瘟疫突然消失,其中很大因素是人口分散到了外地.瘟疫雖被控制了,但被瘟疫侵蝕了的肌體卻伴隨了患者的一生.事實上,瘟疫的病毒并未完全根除.這場瘟疫無論在社會發展史和醫學發展史都舉足輕重,瘟疫時值羅馬查士丁尼王朝,故曾以查士丁尼瘟疫為名載入醫學史冊.14世紀,這場瘟疫又卷土重來,只不過是改頭換面,用了一個新的名字"黑死病"而已.
像任何自然災害一樣,同樣的瘟疫總是在不同的地域,不同的時間重復上演;像任何自然災害一樣,許多的瘟疫都是人類自己"制造".也許我們不必為公元前6世紀的瘟疫痛心疾首,但它完全可能跨越時間的柵欄戕害今天的人類;也許我們可以對專門和英國人過不去的汗熱病高高掛起,但無法對諸多中國特色的疫病視而不見.瘟疫是人類共同的魔鬼.無論是已經消滅的天花,瘧疾還是陰魂不散的霍亂,鼠疫,無論是防不勝防的埃博拉熱還是可以預見的愛滋病,都似夢而不是夢,需要我們嚴肅地解析.
埃博拉病毒:防不勝防
埃博拉是一大批神秘而格外危險的非洲出血病毒之一.這些非洲病毒最近已從它們的潛伏處突然殺出,毀滅把它們驚動的人,并且一旦釋放便非常難以控制.一般情況下,埃博拉防不勝防.
在躲開可能的攻擊后,埃博拉病毒在除了骨頭和骨骼的肌肉外,對人體任何其他組織或器官都一視同仁地加以侵蝕,像掃蕩一樣.當病毒將自身復制到宿主的血細胞中,血細胞 便開始死亡并凝結在一起.凝塊堵塞血管,切斷全身的血液供應;感染的器官開始出現死片.病毒蛋白質以特有的兇殘攻擊膠原,這是固定器官的連結組織中主要的蛋白質.當膠原變成漿狀物,器官表面開始出現孔洞,包括皮膚,血從孔洞中傾瀉而出.皮膚下面出現血斑;液化的死皮在表面形成水皰.在這個階段所有的孔竅都會滲血,同時皮膚和肌肉的表面隔膜開始炸裂.
埃博拉病毒:
這稀奇古怪令人毛骨悚然的過程一直持續到病毒成指數地繁殖,毀壞內臟使之完全失去作用以致宿主死亡為止.當這種事發生時,已死或部分已死的器官開始液化.像血液,糞便和嘔吐物這樣的流體,一點一滴都充滿了上百萬的病毒.
在身體內部,心臟開始滲血,滲入周圍的空腔.肝臟腫大,裂開,然后化膿腐爛;腎臟失靈,塞滿了死細胞和血塊.死的,凝結的血細胞比比皆是,包括大腦,妨礙了供氧,最終導致癡呆和嚴重的癲癇發作.同時,病毒摧毀剩余血液的凝結能力,以致大出血不受抑制地繼續.活的死的血液隨同死組織及脫落的粘膜,包括胃,口腔和腸道的粘膜,經過嘔吐和腹瀉拋出體外.崩潰的血管和腸子不再固定在一起,而是像流體一般涌入體腔.雖然在體液中漂浮著,但組織自身是脫水的,無法執行其功能,于是病人開始死亡.
三, 病毒和人:誰更聰明
通過一代又一代人的艱苦探索,許多曾經給人類帶來毀滅性打擊的傳染病,現在已經完全被人類征服.但是滅而不絕的病原體從來就沒有停止過尋找出路,人類自身的問題讓瀕臨滅絕甚至是似乎銷聲匿跡的古典傳染病,又絕處逢生.
通過一代又一代人的艱苦探索,許多曾經給人類帶來毀滅性打擊的傳染病,現在已經完全被人類征服.但是滅而不絕的病原體從來就沒有停止過尋找出路,人類自身的問題讓瀕臨滅絕甚至是似乎銷聲匿跡的古典傳染病,又絕處逢生.濫用抗生素,療程不完整,醫療體制不完善,衛生教育不完備等,都有助于各種抗藥性病原的基因重組,進而產生具有多重抗藥性的性病原,并形成新的病種."病菌比人聰明"這個看上去不合邏輯的邏輯,每一天都在給我們帶來嚴酷的考驗.
四, 瘟疫背后的手:
人們對于愛滋病成因歷來爭執頗多,后來科學家們發現非洲猴攜帶的病毒與HIV (人體免疫缺損病毒)非常相像.對HIV—2的DNA分析顯示,它非常近似于一種猿身上的病毒;而白臉猿的地理分布也與HIV—2的人群分布非常匹配.
"同人類爭奪地球統治權的惟一競爭者就是病毒",這是諾貝爾獎獲得者萊爾德堡格說的一句有些讓人詫異的話,而瘟疫背后的幾乎所有真相都讓人吃驚.宿主和寄生物之間"危險平衡"的關系一直受到誤解,這影響了我們對細菌的態度,這是人類的大錯.人類可以從容地對付咆哮怒吼的雄師和虎豹,卻奈何不了無聲無息的蚊子和跳蚤.任何和我們親密的動物都可能成為我們致命的殺手.寄生物在人和動物之間的游移以及它獨特的潛伏本領讓人類痛苦不堪,所謂的抗體在很多情況下都是我們自欺欺人.
五, 生態·環境:
上海市甲肝流行的三個發病高峰,都與江蘇省啟東市呂泗海區毛蚶在上海有三個銷售(進食)高峰是相關連的.就在上海這次甲肝流行的同一年,江蘇,浙江,山東三省也爆發了甲肝,引起這些地區甲肝爆發的原因,同樣主要是來自于呂泗海區小廟洪一帶的毛蚶.
瘟疫無國界,許多流行病都可以在一個星期之內橫掃全球,而每一個地方也許都有專屬的"地方病".大部分的瘟疫都和氣候的變化有關,許多古典的熱帶流行病正在沿著緯度向兩極推進,并且沿著垂直方向往上攀爬.受到人類污染的海洋生物,除了大量的死亡和自殺之外,它們已經成為最可怕的病毒原帶者,1991年利馬霍亂就是海藻對人類的報復.我們生活著的城市是病菌的天堂,可是表面的干凈卻掩蓋了這一事實.與古代和近代不同,現代化的城市更禁不起瘟疫的襲擊,這主要是我們的"都市生態"決定的.
蝴蝶掀起龍卷風 新浪讀書 _
"安第斯山脈的蝴蝶拍動一下翅膀,孟買就會起龍卷風",這是對混沌理論的通俗概括,它形象地描述了幾乎注意不到的微小事件的組合,甚至可以導致一場巨變.在疾病的世界,任何微小的,隨機的,分子級的病菌基因改變,都相當于蝴蝶翅膀的一次拍動,它所引起的傳染病便是能摧毀生命使社會陷入極大混亂的"龍卷風".生態學家和環境保護主義者很久以來就在勸服我們,要以同樣的方式看待自己與自然界的關系.甚至對動植物和人類之間無限復雜的關系網的最微小的觸動都可能產生不可預見的甚或災難性的后果.
生態學家和"綠色和平"戰士警告我們,全球升溫,臭氧層泄漏以及河流,湖泊,海洋的污染,確實使北極熊,海豹,美麗的鳥類和許多其他野生動物受到嚴重威脅.但是經常被人忽略的是,環境的破壞已開始危及人類的健康.有些影響鮮明可見,比如剛剛泛濫于全球許多國家的幾次霍亂.其他后果更加微妙和有害,例如人類抗病能力的逐漸喪失,全球升溫將給人口稠密但對疾病毫無準備的富饒地區帶來可怕的熱帶疾病等等. 出于多種目的,人類一直在故意冒險地干預自然界,我們不僅會目睹直接可見的后果——例如物種的滅絕——而且我們也將承受更加不可捉摸的力量對我們生存與健康的威脅.
秘魯衛生部長的急救包
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霍亂大部分是由水污染引起的,早在1850年代,英國醫生斯諾就發現了倫敦布羅德街角居民飲用污染了的井水引發霍亂的事實,并說服市政官員從壓水泵上取下壓桿,禁止居民從這里汲水,從而在一定程度上阻止了霍亂的擴散.但是,禁止居民喝污染的水只能作為實驗措施或者說是權宜之計,因為居民飲水是日常行為,而提供潔凈水源是系統工程,實際上,許多國家,飲用水的污染一直是頑癥.
像世界許多國家一樣,在秘魯爆發多次的霍亂大部分是由水的污染而起,現在擁有700萬人口的利馬,供水系統還是20世紀頭20年間興建的,而當時的人口只有23萬,那老化的供水系統已遠遠不能滿足人們的需要.而美國疾病控制中心的一項調查所顯示的,更糟糕的是該城滲漏的供水系統已將病菌沖到了自來水中. 在其他的主要城市情勢更加危急.秘魯首都以北350公里的欽博特,根本沒有全市的給排水系統.原始的廢水直接倒進河中,自來水又是從河中抽上來的.一旦霍亂病菌進入河水中,它便不可避免的會被抽上來喝掉;離利馬大約500公里的特魯希略,沒有河流,只有一系列的水井,一些官方和更多非官方的水泵從中取水.井中的地下水極容易被污水污染. 依據官方的統計數據,1991年秘魯有336554人患霍亂,其中死亡3538人.瘟疫穿過拉丁美洲蔓延,最后于1994年平息.到了當年的9月,從中美洲和南美洲報到WHO的感染人數為1041422人,死亡9643人,
但WHO估計報告上所說數據大約是實際數據的2%.果真如此,那么便有5200萬人染病,幾乎占該大陸人口的12%,有超過48.2萬人死亡. 在秘魯,如果不是國家衛生部長的遠見卓識,死亡人數還會更多.他意識到了這種腹瀉式疾病在全國的嚴重程度,他獲悉孟加拉新近使用過再水化療法治療霍亂病人.為了補充體內因腹瀉而缺少的生命必需的電解鹽,以及使鹽能為內臟所吸收的葡萄糖,他將這兩者配成藥劑(被稱為"小急救包")大量分發給市民,它只需簡單地溶入水中便可以給患者服用.在厄爾托菌襲擊秘魯的時候,這種辦法使死于腹瀉的人減少了40%.
秘魯衛生部長的舉措是雪中送炭也算是"亡羊補牢".但很顯然,這里有一個很致命的問題,假設換另外一個衛生部長,他不知道"小急救包"的妙用,他麻木不仁,情況就會很慘.在歷次瘟疫中,因為當政者的作為而拯救或貽害患者生命的正反例子都屢見不鮮,但是,要把人民的生命安全系在一些人身上,那真是太危險了.
海洋生物的悲劇和海藻的報復 新浪讀書 _
城市供水系統的"腐朽"是秘魯霍亂的重要原因,但如果說這場霍亂的就是供水系統造成的,那就是大錯特錯.任何城市,供水系統都包括兩個部分:渠道和水源,利馬也好,距離利馬350公里的欽博特也好,供水系統的不堪重負的確會加深水的污染程度,也會"迫使"居民濫用地下水,但是這里有一個更嚴重的問題就是秘魯水源本身的高度污染,這種污染來自于海洋.環境問題成了制造現代瘟疫的頭號"兇手".
科學家們一致認為,北海海豹和墨西哥灣海洋哺乳動物易受感染是有機氯化物的污染所致.海洋生物學家認為,對北極水域魚類的過度捕撈也許是麻疹病毒殺死北海海豹的驅動力.北極的極地海豹,由于被捕魚業剝奪了食物來源,便向南移動尋找食物,由此與北海的港口海豹不期而遇.科學家們推測,那時,極地海豹所攜帶的自身對其有免疫力的麻疹病毒,便跳到了免疫系統已受損傷的港口海豹身上,并將其毀滅.但是在墨西哥港,有另外一種力量擴大了有機氯化物的影響.正是它為利馬霍亂的爆發提供了誘因. 1990年美國中西部和密西西比峽谷的降雨量非常之大,暴漲的河流傾瀉進墨西哥灣,裹挾著大量的殺蟲劑,化學物質和人類與動物的垃圾.正如盡人皆知的北海的嚴重污染一樣,這種洪水瀉入海中也是美國海岸死去的海洋動物體內有機氯化物存在的一個原因.這也很好地解釋了它們免疫系統缺損的原因. 所有這些間接證據都暗示著1990年墨西哥灣的死亡事件可以合理地歸為幾種因素共同作用的結果:很可能這些動物的免疫系統因為食物中的有機氯化物毒素而逐漸衰弱,而在濃密海藻中出現的新的變異病毒,它們本身也是其他形式的污染所激發的.所有這些都對人類健康極為不利,而因與果的循環并未就此終止.有機氯化物也污染大氣,尤其氯氟碳化合物和其他碳氟化合物.當它們升入同溫層,在陽光輻射的影響下它們會分解.自由的氯原子于是和存在于同溫層中稱為臭氧的三氧原子發生反應,奪走臭氧分子的一個氧原子,形成氯氧化物,留下正常的氧(O2).臭氧是非常關鍵的陽光過濾器.沒有了它,紫外線會直接透射到地球表面,對那里的生物造成各種各樣的損害,從所有魚類,鳥類和海洋哺乳動物極為依賴的浮游生物的死亡,到人類的皮膚癌和植物的變異,不一而足.因為紫外線擾亂生物的基因,它使海藻群落中發生的變異和基因改變更加嚴重. 1970年代麗塔·科爾韋爾已經發現海藻中生活著霍亂病菌.種它在海藻的包囊中休眠.1980年代初厄爾托霍亂在南亞和東非泛濫時,科爾韋爾和她的助手們仔細研究了這種新菌種,發現它與海洋藻類有極強的親和力.一開始,細菌在浸到寒冷的海水中后會收縮起來,縮成正常大小的1/300,然后進入休眠.在水變得新鮮,溫暖并且水中的氮增多的時候,弧菌會回到它們正常的活躍狀態.這種對應條件可以在實際生活中得到滿足,到了夏天,海藻會在一處河口或港灣接觸到含鹽的水或清水,沐浴在沿岸沖到河水中的肥料和垃圾釋放出的充足的氮之中,這時,便是弧菌復蘇的有利時機.厄爾托霍亂菌完全適合在海洋中生存,尤其與藻類相伴.研究者們發現,甚至在它們收縮冬眠的時候,它們也在依靠藻細胞中的蛋囊為生.一個藻細胞可以養活一百萬個細菌.1991年1月爆發的利馬霍亂,其流行路徑其實很簡單:海藻將厄爾托霍亂菌帶到了的利馬,如果利馬對水進行氯化處理,也許會避免這場災難,但是利馬沒有處理,城市供水系統起到了推波助瀾的作用. 科爾韋爾認為,如果追蹤海藻的移動,尤其從霍亂流行的孟加拉沿海開始,傳染病學家就可以提前預報霍亂爆發的地點,幫助有可能受害的人及時預防.可惜的是,很多國家,包括秘魯這樣的沿海國家,對此一概熟視無睹.
毛蚶大鬧上海灘 新浪讀書 _
1988年1月初,上海市發現大批腹瀉病人,流行病學調查迅速查明與生食毛蚶有關.1月6日上海市工商局和衛生局采取聯合行動嚴禁毛蚶在市區銷售,并沒收和銷毀了"帶菌"毛蚶,從根本上切斷了傳播途徑,但為時已晚.1月上旬全市已發現20多名因食毛蚶而發生的急性甲型肝炎病例,預示一場甲型肝炎的爆發可能性.1月19日起全市甲型肝炎病例數急劇上升,整個流行波持續約30天.1月20日,1月25日及2月1日先后引起三個發病高峰,共發生病例292301例,死亡11例.由食用貝類引起這樣大規模的甲肝爆發實屬史無前例.通過全市12個 區對17000戶,60000居民整群抽樣調查,食與不食毛蚶的發病相對危險度為23.06倍.
上海市甲肝流行的三個發病高峰,都與江蘇省啟東市呂泗海區毛蚶在上海有三個銷售(進食)高峰是相關連的.就在上海這次甲肝流行的同一年,江蘇,浙江,山東三省也爆發了甲肝,引起這些地區甲肝爆發的原因,同樣主要是來自于呂泗海區小廟洪一帶的毛蚶. 毛蚶體內富集甲肝病毒,1999年又從呂泗海區捕撈到的毛蚶中再度檢出甲肝病毒,在寧波飼養了一段時間的啟東毛蚶和在呂泗海區捕撈到的毛蚶,產地取證結果均分離培養出甲肝病毒.是由于甲肝病毒在毛蚶體內長期攜帶,還是毛蚶生長的海區受到甲肝病毒持續污染所致尚難定論.但可以肯定的是,毛蚶的甲肝病毒是生活污水(糞便,泔水等等)和工業污水對海洋環境的污染所造成.當前我國海洋環境污染相當嚴重,每年直接排入近海的工業和生活污水就有66億噸.毛蚶是上海特別喜愛的海產品,這種污染的后果恐怕不僅僅是讓喜食毛蚶的上海市民望蚶生畏. 總而言之,人類制造的污染,在殘害海洋生物之后,就會回過頭來殘害人類自己,利馬霍亂和上海毛蚶鬧事只是一個小小的警告,有專家預言,如果人類的污染持續下去,自然界更嚴重的報復還在后面,不要以為科學可以對付一切,人類只有首先學會"做人",才有真正的安全.
大氣層的漏洞 新浪讀書 _
如果全球升溫的預測最終是準確的,恒河口將是未來的半個世紀遭受損害較嚴重的地區之一.地球氣候的變化與我們在最近兩三個世紀消耗的驚人的礦物有關,這幾乎是不成問題的.無論專家們的預感是否應驗,無疑,煤,油和天然氣的燃燒使大氣層的二氧化碳負擔急劇增加.植物自然產生的二氧化碳和腐爛蔬菜,動物消化系統所釋放的沼氣,吸收了太陽的熱量,否則這些熱量會以紅外線的形式反射回太空.自然的"溫室氣"使地球溫度保持在平均15℃,并有助于地球上生命的生長.自從工業革命以來,由工業煙囪和內燃機引擎傾瀉出 的二氧化碳和二氧化氮,給20世紀造成了越來越重的負擔.自17世紀中期開始,地球溫度逐漸上升,最近100年上升了大約0.75℃.1995年國際氣候變化專門研究小組(IPCC)的一份草案則描述了21實際將出現的情況:
由于冰川和南極部分冰層的溶化,海水增多,水溫升高,海平面將上升2米.海水將淹沒廣袤的低洼海岸,包括尼羅河,恒河和密西西比河在內的大部分三角洲,美洲大西洋沿岸的大部分海灘,中國的一部分地區和一些島國,如馬爾代夫群島,塞舌爾群島,庫克及馬沙爾群島.十億多人將遷居,或許還要多得多. 地球平均氣溫的上升,不僅直接危害人體的健康,也使許多古典傳染病"復活",并在緯度上分別向南北方向推進,挪威,加拿大出現瘧疾就是明顯的例證.需要注意的是,類似的威脅對每一個國家都存在,只是表現不同而已.
氣候-生物-瘟疫 新浪讀書 _
在歷史上,有兩種主要的古代自然瘟疫病菌攜帶者(和一種中間攜帶者),瘟疫就在這些具有高度免疫力的野生動物間無害地傳播.喜瑪拉雅山脈和非洲中部及東部(以及中世紀的亞洲大草原),曾一度是在數個世紀里席卷歐洲以及世界每一個角落的瘟疫的終極發源地.
如(ru)果(guo)非洲東(dong)(dong)部地(di)區(qu)是(shi)(shi)瘟(wen)(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個古代(dai)病(bing)源區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活,那么(me)為什(shen)么(me)瘟(wen)(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公元6世(shi)紀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第二個25年(nian)里,突然從(cong)病(bing)源區(qu)當中爆發(fa)(fa)呢 為什(shen)么(me)它(ta)(ta)(ta)會在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)半休眠(mian)了(le)數(shu)百年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),訇(hong)然開啟其細 菌庫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)門(men),繼而(er)如(ru)洪水般淹沒這(zhe)(zhe)個世(shi)界呢 由(you)美國疾(ji)病(bing)控制中心對幸(xing)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瘟(wen)(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)病(bing)源區(qu)所進行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調查(cha)證明,大(da)(da)多(duo)數(shu)瘟(wen)(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆發(fa)(fa)都是(shi)(shi)由(you)突發(fa)(fa)而(er)劇烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣候(hou)變化(hua)引(yin)(yin)發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de).在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干旱(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)繼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)正常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)氣,也(ye)會引(yin)(yin)起瘟(wen)(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆發(fa)(fa);大(da)(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)量(liang)降雨,特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)干旱(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)降雨,則(ze)最(zui)有(you)(you)可能(neng)引(yin)(yin)發(fa)(fa)瘟(wen)(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四處蔓延. 在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)"大(da)(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)量(liang)降雨"的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下,植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長大(da)(da)大(da)(da)增(zeng)加(jia).這(zhe)(zhe)樣,就有(you)(you)了(le)更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),而(er)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),"具(ju)有(you)(you)瘟(wen)(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)免疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)力(li)"同時(shi)又是(shi)(shi)瘟(wen)(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)病(bing)菌攜(xie)帶(dai)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚙齒類(lei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),則(ze)會大(da)(da)量(liang)繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi).嚙齒類(lei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量(liang)達到了(le)如(ru)此龐大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)步(bu),以(yi)至于(yu)(yu)它(ta)(ta)(ta)們相對于(yu)(yu)以(yi)它(ta)(ta)(ta)們為食的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食肉動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存率大(da)(da)大(da)(da)增(zeng)加(jia),并(bing)由(you)此引(yin)(yin)發(fa)(fa)繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)激(ji)增(zeng).為了(le)尋(xun)找它(ta)(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)草料領地(di),嚙齒類(lei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)區(qu)域必然擴(kuo)大(da)(da).同時(shi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)幾(ji)個月的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間里,這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)攜(xie)帶(dai)著瘟(wen)(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)便無情(qing)地(di)向(xiang)外(wai)擴(kuo)散了(le).很快地(di),這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)與其他沒有(you)(you)攜(xie)帶(dai)瘟(wen)(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚙齒類(lei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)了(le)接觸,進而(er)將疾(ji)病(bing)傳染給人群. 在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)"干旱(han)"的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下,由(you)于(yu)(yu)缺乏雨水和(he)食物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)"具(ju)有(you)(you)瘟(wen)(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)免疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)力(li)"同時(shi)又是(shi)(shi)瘟(wen)(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)病(bing)菌攜(xie)帶(dai)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚙齒類(lei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)及體型較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食肉動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)(da)量(liang)死亡.但是(shi)(shi),一(yi)旦干旱(han)結束,較之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)速度(du)較慢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食肉動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)而(er)言,嚙齒類(lei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)其快速的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)速度(du),更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)仔(zi)量(liang)以(yi)及更短的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孕育周期(qi),得以(yi)迅速恢復其數(shu)量(liang).這(zhe)(zhe)樣,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)幾(ji)年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內,狩獵(lie)者(zhe)(zhe)與獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不平衡(heng),就會向(xiang)獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)一(yi)方傾斜了(le).繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)激(ji)增(zeng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)由(you)此發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),而(er)瘟(wen)(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)量(liang)滋(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚙齒類(lei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)則(ze)如(ru)野(ye)(ye)火般蔓延開來. 所有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)當中最(zui)具(ju)戲(xi)劇性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),還是(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干旱(han)繼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)激(ji)增(zeng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)降雨這(zhe)(zhe)種情(qing)況(kuang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下.這(zhe)(zhe)種情(qing)況(kuang)恰恰與非洲東(dong)(dong)部地(di)區(qu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)530年(nian)代(dai)世(shi)界范圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣候(hou)混亂(luan)期(qi)間所發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)極為
度瘴發汗青散--《千金》卷九
【別名】度瘴散
【處方】麻黃2兩半,桔梗1兩,細辛1兩,吳茱萸1兩,防風1兩,白術1兩,烏頭1兩6銖,干姜1兩6銖,蜀椒1兩6銖,桂心1兩6銖。
【制法】上為末。
【功能主治】傷寒,赤色,惡寒發熱,頭痛項強,體疼。兼辟時行病。
【用法用量】度瘴散(《外臺》卷一引《崔氏方》)。
【注意】忌豬肉、生蔥、生菜、桃李、雀肉等。
【各家論述】《千金方衍義》:度瘴青散乃治山嵐瘴氣之方,雖用麻黃、辛、防、桔透表發汗,全賴烏、桂、椒、姜、萸、術溫中散邪,專為面赤戴陽而設。設服之不應,頭疼發熱如故,此必內有實邪固結,又為陽明病面合赤色,急須駃豉丸迅掃中外,不當以面赤為虛陽上泛而致扼腕也。
【摘錄】《千金》卷九
雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)初(chu)(chu)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)與(yu)(yu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)視(shi)外界(jie)(jie)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)而(er)定。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)暖(nuan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)7~11日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu),冷天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)15~20日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)。必(bi)須(xu)(xu)選(xuan)擇(ze)風(feng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)暖(nuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)。待(dai)飼(si)(si)(si)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)完后(hou)(hou),將(jiang)其(qi)(qi)趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)附(fu)近平(ping)(ping)坦草(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)上(shang)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu),任其(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)由采(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)青(qing)(qing)草(cao)(cao)(cao),放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)0.5~1小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you),趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)清(qing)(qing)潔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淺(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)塘中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)嬉(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)幾(ji)(ji)分鐘,再(zai)(zai)趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)岸上(shang)讓(rang)其(qi)(qi)梳(shu)理絨(rong)毛。切(qie)(qie)忌(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)光(guang)(guang)暴(bao)(bao)曬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)午(wu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu),暴(bao)(bao)風(feng)雨(yu)來(lai)臨(lin)(lin)時(shi)(shi)(shi),立即(ji)將(jiang)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)回(hui)舍(she)(she)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)避風(feng)遮雨(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)所(suo)。初(chu)(chu)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)后(hou)(hou),只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)好,要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)堅持天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),隨(sui)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)逐(zhu)步延(yan)長放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian),加(jia)(jia)(jia)大(da)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li),相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青(qing)(qing)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu),白(bai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)甚(shen)至不(bu)(bu)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)需夜(ye)間(jian)(jian)(jian)補飼(si)(si)(si)1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。每(mei)(mei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)爭取(qu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)5~6個(ge)(ge)(ge)飽(bao)(bao),所(suo)謂吃(chi)(chi)飽(bao)(bao),即(ji)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗉(su)囊發鼓(gu)(gu)發脹(zhang)(zhang)到(dao)(dao)(dao)喉部(bu)(bu)下方(fang)(fang)處,即(ji)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)飽(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi),收牧(mu)(mu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)清(qing)(qing)點(dian)數(shu),毛干后(hou)(hou)再(zai)(zai)趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)回(hui)育(yu)(yu)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)。防(fang)疫(yi)(yi)滅(mie)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)1~2日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)瘟(wen)(wen)抗(kang)血清(qing)(qing)0.5~1毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)/只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)瘟(wen)(wen)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)免(mian)(mian)卵(luan)黃抗(kang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)1毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)/只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),也可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)3日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)下注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)10倍(bei)稀釋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)瘟(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)0.2毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)/只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);5~7日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)副(fu)黏病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)油乳(ru)劑(ji)滅(mie)活(huo)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)肉或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)下注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)0.3毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)/只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鴨(ya)瘟(wen)(wen)常發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)地(di)區雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)5~10日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)取(qu)鴨(ya)瘟(wen)(wen)弱(ruo)毒(du)(du)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)2~3只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)份,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)0.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理鹽(yan)(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稀釋后(hou)(hou)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)肉注(zhu)(zhu)射(she);30日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)0.1%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敵殺(sha)(sha)死(si)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)體(ti)(ti)(ti)噴灑(sa),殺(sha)(sha)滅(mie)體(ti)(ti)(ti)外寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蟲(chong)。 雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)初(chu)(chu)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)與(yu)(yu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)視(shi)外界(jie)(jie)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)而(er)定。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)暖(nuan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)7~11日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu),冷天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)15~20日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)。必(bi)須(xu)(xu)選(xuan)擇(ze)風(feng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)暖(nuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)。待(dai)飼(si)(si)(si)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)完后(hou)(hou),將(jiang)其(qi)(qi)趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)附(fu)近平(ping)(ping)坦草(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)上(shang)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu),任其(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)由采(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)青(qing)(qing)草(cao)(cao)(cao),放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)0.5~1小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you),趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)清(qing)(qing)潔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淺(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)塘中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)嬉(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)幾(ji)(ji)分鐘,再(zai)(zai)趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)岸上(shang)讓(rang)其(qi)(qi)梳(shu)理絨(rong)毛。切(qie)(qie)忌(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)光(guang)(guang)暴(bao)(bao)曬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)午(wu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu),暴(bao)(bao)風(feng)雨(yu)來(lai)臨(lin)(lin)時(shi)(shi)(shi),立即(ji)將(jiang)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)回(hui)舍(she)(she)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)避風(feng)遮雨(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)所(suo)。初(chu)(chu)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)后(hou)(hou),只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)好,要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)堅持天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),隨(sui)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)逐(zhu)步延(yan)長放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian),加(jia)(jia)(jia)大(da)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li),相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青(qing)(qing)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu),白(bai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)甚(shen)至不(bu)(bu)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)需夜(ye)間(jian)(jian)(jian)補飼(si)(si)(si)1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。每(mei)(mei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)爭取(qu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)5~6個(ge)(ge)(ge)飽(bao)(bao),所(suo)謂吃(chi)(chi)飽(bao)(bao),即(ji)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗉(su)囊發鼓(gu)(gu)發脹(zhang)(zhang)到(dao)(dao)(dao)喉部(bu)(bu)下方(fang)(fang)處,即(ji)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)飽(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi),收牧(mu)(mu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)清(qing)(qing)點(dian)數(shu),毛干后(hou)(hou)再(zai)(zai)趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)回(hui)育(yu)(yu)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)。防(fang)疫(yi)(yi)滅(mie)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)1~2日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)瘟(wen)(wen)抗(kang)血清(qing)(qing)0.5~1毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)/只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)瘟(wen)(wen)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)免(mian)(mian)卵(luan)黃抗(kang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)1毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)/只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),也可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)3日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)下注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)10倍(bei)稀釋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)瘟(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)0.2毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)/只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);5~7日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)副(fu)黏病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)油乳(ru)劑(ji)滅(mie)活(huo)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)肉或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)下注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)0.3毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)/只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鴨(ya)瘟(wen)(wen)常發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)地(di)區雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)5~10日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)取(qu)鴨(ya)瘟(wen)(wen)弱(ruo)毒(du)(du)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)2~3只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)份,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)0.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理鹽(yan)(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稀釋后(hou)(hou)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)肉注(zhu)(zhu)射(she);30日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)0.1%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敵殺(sha)(sha)死(si)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)體(ti)(ti)(ti)噴灑(sa),殺(sha)(sha)滅(mie)體(ti)(ti)(ti)外寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蟲(chong)。預防(fang)性(xing)(xing)投(tou)藥(yao)(yao)一(yi)般(ban)出殼羽(yu)毛干后(hou)(hou)運(yun)到(dao)(dao)(dao)育(yu)(yu)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)室(shi)(shi)(shi),稍加(jia)(jia)(jia)休息就可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),1日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)5%多(duo)(duo)維(wei)葡萄糖水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)5%~8%蔗糖水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang),促進胎(tai)糞排除;2日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)0.02%高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)錳(meng)酸鉀水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)清(qing)(qing)洗和(he)(he)(he)(he)消(xiao)毒(du)(du)胃(wei)腸道(dao),并補充錳(meng)元素(su);3日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)0.1%穿心蓮和(he)(he)(he)(he)板藍根(大(da)青(qing)(qing)葉(xie))水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)清(qing)(qing)胃(wei)解(jie)毒(du)(du),健胃(wei)殺(sha)(sha)菌(jun);4~7日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)投(tou)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.02%土霉(mei)(mei)素(su)和(he)(he)(he)(he)強(qiang)力霉(mei)(mei)素(su)10~20毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)克/只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及沙(sha)星(xing)類(lei)等藥(yao)(yao)物,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)防(fang)止雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)胃(wei)腸道(dao)疾病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。一(yi)旦發現(xian)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)欲(yu)不(bu)(bu)振、打蔫(nian)、糞便(bian)異常,立即(ji)投(tou)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.03%土霉(mei)(mei)素(su)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)卡那霉(mei)(mei)素(su),與(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)混(hun)合內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)服(fu),每(mei)(mei)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)加(jia)(jia)(jia)入30~120毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)克,每(mei)(mei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)2次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),連用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)2~3天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)與(yu)(yu)開(kai)(kai)(kai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)頭3天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)最(zui)好飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)溫(wen)(wen)開(kai)(kai)(kai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),每(mei)(mei)晝(zhou)夜(ye)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)不(bu)(bu)少(shao)(shao)于(yu)6~8次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。經(jing)過長途(tu)運(yun)輸或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)不(bu)(bu)足容易出現(xian)脫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)現(xian)象(xiang),表(biao)現(xian)為(wei)(wei)粘膜干燥(zao),眼(yan)(yan)凹陷、腳蹼(pu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)膚(fu)干癟、皺縮(suo)、羽(yu)毛逆(ni)立、體(ti)(ti)(ti)重減(jian)輕(qing),應(ying)(ying)(ying)立即(ji)采(cai)取(qu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)措施:提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)育(yu)(yu)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)溫(wen)(wen)到(dao)(dao)(dao)30℃~32℃,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)0.9%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)浸泡(pao)細菜葉(xie),令(ling)其(qi)(qi)充分采(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),然后(hou)(hou)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)精料(liao),最(zui)后(hou)(hou)再(zai)(zai)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),發現(xian)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)脫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)極度(du)(du)口渴時(shi)(shi)(shi),第1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)必(bi)須(xu)(xu)限制(zhi)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang),逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang),切(qie)(qie)忌(ji)暴(bao)(bao)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)防(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)。飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)(hou)1小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)就可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),開(kai)(kai)(kai)始以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)細小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)谷實類(lei)飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)為(wei)(wei)好,如小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)、碎米(mi)等,經(jing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)浸泡(pao)2小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you),喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)前(qian)瀝干水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分,或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)半生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)熟(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)米(mi)飯(fan),不(bu)(bu)粘不(bu)(bu)爛,或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)蒸六七分熟(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玉米(mi)面窩頭,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)麩皮(pi)(pi)(pi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)玉米(mi)面將(jiang)窩頭搓成小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)顆(ke)粒喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)給(gei)(gei)。開(kai)(kai)(kai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)把精料(liao)撒(sa)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)草(cao)(cao)(cao)席或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)暗色塑料(liao)布(bu)上(shang),任其(qi)(qi)啄(zhuo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。然后(hou)(hou)再(zai)(zai)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青(qing)(qing)綠(lv)飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)。每(mei)(mei)晝(zhou)夜(ye)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)6~8次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)夜(ye)間(jian)(jian)(jian)2~3次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。每(mei)(mei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)宜(yi)多(duo)(duo)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)少(shao)(shao),每(mei)(mei)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)宜(yi)少(shao)(shao)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)多(duo)(duo)。喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法是“先(xian)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)后(hou)(hou)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),定時(shi)(shi)(shi)定量(liang)(liang)(liang),少(shao)(shao)給(gei)(gei)勤添,防(fang)止暴(bao)(bao)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)暴(bao)(bao)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”。2~3天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)后(hou)(hou)按(an)定時(shi)(shi)(shi)、定量(liang)(liang)(liang)、定質飼(si)(si)(si)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。4日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)溶性(xing)(xing)河砂,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)幫助消(xiao)化,喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)占精料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1%,大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)1~1.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi),喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)前(qian)砂礫用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)清(qing)(qing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)沖洗干凈或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)砂鍋消(xiao)毒(du)(du),每(mei)(mei)周喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)完,切(qie)(qie)勿(wu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)敞開(kai)(kai)(kai)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),否則招致(zhi)“食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)砂癖”,影響對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)(qi)他飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)采(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。“三(san)度(du)(du)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)“三(san)度(du)(du)”系指溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)、濕(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)密度(du)(du)。一(yi)般(ban)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)期為(wei)(wei)3~4周。舍(she)(she)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)平(ping)(ping)穩(wen)(wen)。穩(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)降,切(qie)(qie)勿(wu)忽(hu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)忽(hu)低,忽(hu)冷忽(hu)熱,否則影響雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)健康與(yu)(yu)整(zheng)齊度(du)(du)。溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)計(ji)應(ying)(ying)(ying)懸掛在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)群中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang),高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)距(ju)墊料(liao)8厘米(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you),應(ying)(ying)(ying)盡量(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)持雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)舍(she)(she)干燥(zao),有(you)(you)利于(yu)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)胃(wei)腸疾病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)球(qiu)蟲(chong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。1~5日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling):溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)27℃~28℃,相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)65%~75%,飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)密度(du)(du):中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)(xing)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每(mei)(mei)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)15~20只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),大(da)型(xing)(xing)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)12~15只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);6~10日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling):溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)25℃~26℃,相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)60%~65%,飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)密度(du)(du):中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)(xing)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)10~15只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),大(da)型(xing)(xing)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)8~10只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);11~15日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling):溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)22℃~24℃,相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)60%~65%,飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)密度(du)(du):中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)(xing)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)6~10只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),大(da)型(xing)(xing)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)5~8只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);16~20日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling):溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)20℃~22℃,相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)65%~70%,飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)密度(du)(du):中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)(xing)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)5~6只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),大(da)型(xing)(xing)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)4~5只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。通(tong)風(feng)與(yu)(yu)光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)育(yu)(yu)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)空氣(qi)(qi)越(yue)新(xin)鮮,雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)越(yue)快,成活(huo)率越(yue)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。若發現(xian)育(yu)(yu)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)二氧化碳、氨、硫化氫等有(you)(you)害氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)多(duo)(duo),有(you)(you)刺鼻(bi)、眼(yan)(yan)感覺,應(ying)(ying)(ying)先(xian)把雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)起(qi)來(lai)活(huo)動一(yi)會,再(zai)(zai)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)打開(kai)(kai)(kai)門窗(chuang)通(tong)風(feng)換氣(qi)(qi),不(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)過堂(tang)風(feng)吹(chui)到(dao)(dao)(dao)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)身體(ti)(ti)(ti)上(shang)。一(yi)般(ban)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人進入鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)舍(she)(she)時(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)覺得悶氣(qi)(qi),沒有(you)(you)刺鼻(bi)眼(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臭味為(wei)(wei)宜(yi)。育(yu)(yu)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)期間(jian)(jian)(jian),一(yi)般(ban)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)持較長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)利于(yu)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)熟(shu)(shu)悉環(huan)境(jing),增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)運(yun)動,便(bian)于(yu)采(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。1~3日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)24~23小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)照(zhao),4~15日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)18小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)照(zhao),16日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)減(jian)為(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)然光(guang)(guang)照(zhao),晚(wan)上(shang)需開(kai)(kai)(kai)燈喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)料(liao)。光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)強(qiang)度(du)(du)0~7日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)每(mei)(mei)15平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)1個(ge)(ge)(ge)40瓦燈泡(pao),8日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)后(hou)(hou)換用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)25瓦燈泡(pao),高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)距(ju)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)背部(bu)(bu)2米(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)。放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)與(yu)(yu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)地(di)應(ying)(ying)(ying)“就近、平(ping)(ping)坦、草(cao)(cao)(cao)嫩、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)潔、僻靜”。鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)群大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)300~500只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)宜(yi),將(jiang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、強(qiang)弱(ruo)接近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組成一(yi)群,最(zui)好采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)全(quan)進全(quan)出制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理方(fang)(fang)式(shi)。雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)初(chu)(chu)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)與(yu)(yu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)視(shi)外界(jie)(jie)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)而(er)定。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)暖(nuan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)7~11日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu),冷天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)15~20日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)。必(bi)須(xu)(xu)選(xuan)擇(ze)風(feng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)暖(nuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)。待(dai)飼(si)(si)(si)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)完后(hou)(hou),將(jiang)其(qi)(qi)趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)附(fu)近平(ping)(ping)坦草(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)上(shang)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu),任其(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)由采(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)青(qing)(qing)草(cao)(cao)(cao),放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)0.5~1小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you),趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)清(qing)(qing)潔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淺(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)塘中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)嬉(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)幾(ji)(ji)分鐘,再(zai)(zai)趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)岸上(shang)讓(rang)其(qi)(qi)梳(shu)理絨(rong)毛。切(qie)(qie)忌(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)光(guang)(guang)暴(bao)(bao)曬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)午(wu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu),暴(bao)(bao)風(feng)雨(yu)來(lai)臨(lin)(lin)時(shi)(shi)(shi),立即(ji)將(jiang)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)回(hui)舍(she)(she)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)避風(feng)遮雨(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)所(suo)。初(chu)(chu)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)后(hou)(hou),只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)好,要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)堅持天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),隨(sui)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)逐(zhu)步延(yan)長放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian),加(jia)(jia)(jia)大(da)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li),相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青(qing)(qing)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu),白(bai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)甚(shen)至不(bu)(bu)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)需夜(ye)間(jian)(jian)(jian)補飼(si)(si)(si)1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。每(mei)(mei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)爭取(qu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)5~6個(ge)(ge)(ge)飽(bao)(bao),所(suo)謂吃(chi)(chi)飽(bao)(bao),即(ji)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗉(su)囊發鼓(gu)(gu)發脹(zhang)(zhang)到(dao)(dao)(dao)喉部(bu)(bu)下方(fang)(fang)處,即(ji)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)飽(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi),收牧(mu)(mu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)清(qing)(qing)點(dian)數(shu),毛干后(hou)(hou)再(zai)(zai)趕(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)回(hui)育(yu)(yu)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)。防(fang)疫(yi)(yi)滅(mie)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)1~2日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)瘟(wen)(wen)抗(kang)血清(qing)(qing)0.5~1毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)/只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)瘟(wen)(wen)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)免(mian)(mian)卵(luan)黃抗(kang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)1毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)/只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),也可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)3日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)下注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)10倍(bei)稀釋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)瘟(wen)(wen)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)0.2毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)/只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);5~7日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)副(fu)黏病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)油乳(ru)劑(ji)滅(mie)活(huo)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)肉或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)下注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)0.3毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)/只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鴨(ya)瘟(wen)(wen)常發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)地(di)區雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)5~10日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)取(qu)鴨(ya)瘟(wen)(wen)弱(ruo)毒(du)(du)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)2~3只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)份,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)0.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理鹽(yan)(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稀釋后(hou)(hou)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)肉注(zhu)(zhu)射(she);30日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)0.1%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敵殺(sha)(sha)死(si)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)體(ti)(ti)(ti)噴灑(sa),殺(sha)(sha)滅(mie)體(ti)(ti)(ti)外寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蟲(chong)。
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