基本資料
【來源】本品(pin)為忍(ren)冬科忍(ren)冬屬植(zhi)物,變種(zhong)有忍(ren)冬Lonicera japonica Thunb.、紅腺忍(ren)冬Lonicera hypoglauca Miq.、山(shan)銀花Lonicera confusa DC. 或(huo)(huo)毛花柱忍(ren)冬Lonicera Dasystyla Rehd.的干(gan)燥花蕾或(huo)(huo)帶初(chu)開的花。夏(xia)初(chu)花開放前(qian)采收(shou),干(gan)燥;或(huo)(huo)用硫黃熏后干(gan)燥。
忍冬
【英文名】 FLOS LONICERAE
【別名】忍冬(dong)、金銀(yin)藤(teng)、銀(yin)花(hua)、雙(shuang)花(hua)、二(er)花(hua)
產地分布
山東省平邑縣,金銀花之鄉.河南(nan)省封(feng)丘縣,已獲金銀花源產地認證(zheng),河北巨鹿,湖南(nan)邵陽,廣西馬山等。
金銀花忍冬(dong):主產(chan)(chan)山東、河南、內蒙(meng),全(quan)國大(da)部地區(qu)均(jun)產(chan)(chan)。
毛花(hua)柱(zhu)忍(ren)冬:主產(chan)廣西。
紅腺忍(ren)冬:主(zhu)產浙(zhe)江(jiang)、江(jiang)西(xi)、福建(jian)、湖南、廣東(dong)、廣西(xi)、四川等省區。
山銀花:主產廣東、廣西、云南等(deng)省區。
山(shan)(shan)東(dong)省,臨沂市(shi),平邑縣是全國(guo)(guo)最大的(de)金(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)地(di),臨沂主要集中在(zai)平邑、費縣、蒙陰、蒼山(shan)(shan)等縣。到(dao)(dao)2005年年底(di),臨沂市(shi)金(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)面積達(da)到(dao)(dao)69.13萬畝,產(chan)量(liang)上升到(dao)(dao)947.18萬公斤(jin),產(chan)值達(da)到(dao)(dao)2.77億(yi)元。金(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)深加(jia)(jia)工(gong)企業(ye)10家(jia),年加(jia)(jia)工(gong)能(neng)力400萬斤(jin);平邑金(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)貿園(yuan)區已(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)為全國(guo)(guo)的(de)金(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)貿易集散地(di),年銷(xiao)售量(liang)800多萬斤(jin),成(cheng)(cheng)交額1.6 億(yi)元。現正(zheng)在(zai)實施擴大栽植(zhi)規模、發展精深加(jia)(jia)工(gong)、提高科技(ji)含量(liang)、搞好標準認證(zheng)等工(gong)作,已(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)為全國(guo)(guo)最大的(de)金(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生產(chan)基地(di),被國(guo)(guo)家(jia)命名為“中國(guo)(guo)金(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)之鄉(xiang)”。
外形特征
忍冬科(ke),呈棒狀(zhuang),上(shang)粗下細,略彎曲,長(chang)2~3cm,上(shang)部直徑約(yue)3mm,下部直徑約(yue)1.5mm。表面黃白色或(huo)綠(lv)白色,貯久色漸深(shen),密被(bei)短(duan)柔毛。偶見葉狀(zhuang)苞片(pian)。花(hua)萼(e)綠(lv)色,先端5裂,裂片(pian)有(you)毛,長(chang)約(yue)2mm。開放者花(hua)冠(guan)筒(tong)狀(zhuang),先端二唇形(xing);雄(xiong)蕊5個(ge),附于筒(tong)壁,黃色;雌蕊1個(ge),子房無(wu)毛。氣清香,味淡、微(wei)苦。
紅腺忍冬 長2.5~4.5cm,直徑0.8~2mm。表面黃白至黃棕色,無(wu)毛(mao)或疏被毛(mao)。萼(e)筒無(wu)毛(mao),先端5裂,裂片長三角形(xing),被毛(mao)。開放者,花(hua)冠下唇反轉(zhuan)。花(hua)柱(zhu)無(wu)毛(mao)。
山銀(yin)花(hua) 長1.6~3.5cm,直徑(jing)0.5~2mm。萼筒(tong)和花(hua)冠(guan)密被灰白色毛,子房有毛。
毛花柱忍(ren)冬 長(chang)(chang)2.5~4cm,直徑1~2.5mm。表面淡黃色微帶紫(zi)色,無(wu)毛。花萼裂片短(duan)三角形。開放者花冠上唇常不整齊,花柱下部多(duo)密被長(chang)(chang)柔毛.
金銀品種
1.1 淡紅忍冬
Lonicera acuminata Wall.
落(luo)葉(xie)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)半(ban)常(chang)綠(lv)藤本,幼枝(zhi)(zhi)、葉(xie)柄和總(zong)(zong)花梗(geng)均被疏或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)密(mi)通常(chang)卷曲的(de)(de)棕黃(huang)色(se)(se)糙(cao)毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)糙(cao)伏毛(mao),有(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)夾雜開(kai)展的(de)(de)糙(cao)毛(mao)和微(wei)(wei)腺毛(mao),或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)僅著花小枝(zhi)(zhi)頂(ding)(ding)端(duan)(duan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)毛(mao),或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)全然無毛(mao)。葉(xie)薄革質(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)革質(zhi),卵(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)矩(ju)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、矩(ju)圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)(zhi)條狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)4~8.5(~14)cm,頂(ding)(ding)端(duan)(duan)長(chang)(chang)漸尖至(zhi)(zhi)短(duan)尖,基(ji)部(bu)圓(yuan)至(zhi)(zhi)近心形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),有(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)寬(kuan)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)截形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),兩面被疏或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)密(mi)的(de)(de)糙(cao)毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)至(zhi)(zhi)少上面中脈有(you)(you)(you)(you)棕黃(huang)色(se)(se)短(duan)糙(cao)伏毛(mao),有(you)(you)(you)(you)緣毛(mao);葉(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)3~ 5mm 。雙(shuang)花在小枝(zhi)(zhi)頂(ding)(ding)集合成近傘房狀(zhuang)花序或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)單(dan)生于小枝(zhi)(zhi)上部(bu)葉(xie)腋,總(zong)(zong)花梗(geng)長(chang)(chang)4~18(~23) mm;苞片鉆形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),比萼(e)(e)(e)筒(tong)短(duan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)略(lve)較(jiao)長(chang)(chang),有(you)(you)(you)(you)少數短(duan)糙(cao)毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)無毛(mao);小苞片寬(kuan)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)倒卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),為(wei)(wei)萼(e)(e)(e)筒(tong)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)1/3~2/5,頂(ding)(ding)端(duan)(duan)鈍或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)圓(yuan),有(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)微(wei)(wei)凹(ao),有(you)(you)(you)(you)緣毛(mao);萼(e)(e)(e)筒(tong)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)倒壺形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)2.5~ 3mm ,無毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)短(duan)糙(cao)毛(mao),萼(e)(e)(e)齒(chi)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、卵(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)(zhi)狹(xia)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)狹(xia)三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)為(wei)(wei)萼(e)(e)(e)筒(tong)的(de)(de)1/4~2/5,邊緣無毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)疏或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)密(mi)的(de)(de)緣毛(mao);花冠黃(huang)白色(se)(se)而有(you)(you)(you)(you)紅暈,漏(lou)斗(dou)狀(zhuang),長(chang)(chang)1.5~ 2 .4mm ,外(wai)(wai)面無毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)開(kai)展或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)半(ban)開(kai)展的(de)(de)短(duan)糙(cao)毛(mao),有(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)腺毛(mao),唇(chun)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),筒(tong)長(chang)(chang)9~ 12mm ,與唇(chun)瓣等(deng)長(chang)(chang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)略(lve)較(jiao)長(chang)(chang),內有(you)(you)(you)(you)短(duan)糙(cao)毛(mao),基(ji)部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)囊,上唇(chun)直立,裂片圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),下唇(chun)反(fan)曲;雄(xiong)蕊略(lve)高出花冠,花藥長(chang)(chang)4~ 5mm ,約(yue)為(wei)(wei)花絲(si)的(de)(de)1/2,花絲(si)基(ji)部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)短(duan)糙(cao)毛(mao);花柱除頂(ding)(ding)端(duan)(duan)外(wai)(wai)均有(you)(you)(you)(you)糙(cao)毛(mao)。果實藍黑(hei)色(se)(se),卵(luan)(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),直徑(jing)6~ 7mm ;種子(zi)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)(zhi)矩(ju)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),稍扁,長(chang)(chang)4~ 4 .5mm ,有(you)(you)(you)(you)細凹(ao)點(dian),兩面中部(bu)各有(you)(you)(you)(you)凸起(qi)的(de)(de)脊。花期6月,果熟期10~11月。
產陜西、甘(gan)肅(su)、安徽、浙江、江西、福建(jian)、臺灣、湖北、湖南、廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西、四川、貴州、云南及西藏等地(di)。生(sheng)于山坡和山谷的林中、林間空曠地(di)或灌叢中,海(hai)拔1000~ 3200m 。
本種的(de)花在四川(chuan)部分地區和西藏昌都作(zuo)“金銀花”收(shou)購(gou)入藥。
1.2 細氈毛忍冬
Lonicera similis Hemsl.
落(luo)葉(xie)藤(teng)本,幼枝(zhi)(zhi)、葉(xie)柄和總花(hua)梗均(jun)(jun)被淡(dan)黃褐色(se)、開(kai)展的長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao)和短柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao)(mao),并(bing)疏生腺毛(mao)(mao),或(huo)(huo)全然(ran)無(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao);老枝(zhi)(zhi)棕色(se)。葉(xie)紙質,卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、卵(luan)狀(zhuang)矩(ju)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至卵(luan)狀(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang) 3~10(~13.5)cm,頂端急尖(jian)至漸(jian)尖(jian),基部圓(yuan)或(huo)(huo)截(jie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至微心(xin)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),兩側稍(shao)不等,有(you)或(huo)(huo)無(wu)(wu)(wu)糙(cao)緣(yuan)(yuan)毛(mao)(mao),上面初時中(zhong)脈(mo)有(you)糙(cao)伏毛(mao)(mao),后變無(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao),側脈(mo)和小(xiao)脈(mo)下陷(xian),下面被由(you)細短柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao)(mao)組(zu)成(cheng)的灰(hui)白(bai)色(se)或(huo)(huo)灰(hui)黃色(se)細氈毛(mao)(mao),脈(mo)上有(you)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)無(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao),老葉(xie)毛(mao)(mao)變稀而網脈(mo)明(ming)顯(xian)凸起(qi);葉(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3~8(~12)mm。雙花(hua)單生于(yu)葉(xie)腋或(huo)(huo)少數集生枝(zhi)(zhi)端成(cheng)總狀(zhuang)花(hua)序(xu);總花(hua)梗下方者長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)可達(da)(da) 4cm ,向上則漸(jian)變短;苞片(pian)、小(xiao)苞片(pian)和萼齒(chi)均(jun)(jun)有(you)疏糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao)及緣(yuan)(yuan)毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)無(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao);苞片(pian)三角狀(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至條(tiao)狀(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)2(~4.5) mm;小(xiao)苞片(pian)極小(xiao),卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)為萼筒的1/3;萼筒橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2(~3)mm,無(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao),萼齒(chi)近三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)達(da)(da) 1mm ;花(hua)冠(guan)先白(bai)色(se)后變淡(dan)黃色(se),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)4~ 6cm ,外被開(kai)展的長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、短糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao)和腺毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)全然(ran)無(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao),唇(chun)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),筒細,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3~ 3 .6cm ,超(chao)過唇(chun)瓣,內有(you)柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao)(mao),上唇(chun)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang) 1.4~ 2 .2cm ,裂片(pian)矩(ju)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)矩(ju)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2~ 5 .5mm ,下唇(chun)條(tiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue) 2cm ,內面有(you)柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao)(mao);雄(xiong)蕊與花(hua)冠(guan)幾等高,花(hua)絲(si)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue) 2cm ,無(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao);花(hua)柱稍(shao)超(chao)出花(hua)冠(guan),無(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)。果(guo)實藍(lan)黑色(se),卵(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)7~ 9mm ;種(zhong)子褐色(se),稍(shao)扁,卵(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)矩(ju)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue) 5mm ,有(you)淺(qian)的橫溝紋,兩面中(zhong)部各有(you)1棱。花(hua)期5~6(~7)月,果(guo)熟(shu)期9~10月。
產陜西、甘(gan)肅、浙江(jiang)、福建、湖北、湖南、廣(guang)西、四川、貴州、云南。生于山谷溪(xi)旁或向陽山坡灌(guan)叢或林中,海拔550~ 1600m (川、滇可達 2200m )。
花供藥用,是西南地(di)區“金銀花”藥材的主要來(lai)源,收購以(yi)野(ye)生品為主,近年來(lai)有些(xie)地(di)區已引種栽培。
1.3 灰氈毛忍冬
Lonicera macrathoides Hand.-Mazz
藤(teng)本,幼枝或其頂(ding)梢(shao)(shao)及總花梗有(you)(you)薄(bo)絨(rong)狀(zhuang)短(duan)(duan)糙伏(fu)(fu)毛(mao)(mao),有(you)(you)時(shi)兼(jian)具微(wei)腺(xian)(xian)毛(mao)(mao),后變粟褐色(se),有(you)(you)光澤而(er)近(jin)(jin)無毛(mao)(mao),很少在幼枝下(xia)部有(you)(you)開展長(chang)(chang)剛毛(mao)(mao)。葉(xie)革質(zhi),卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、卵(luan)狀(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、矩(ju)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)寬披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)6~ 14cm ,頂(ding)端(duan)尖(jian)或漸尖(jian),基部圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、微(wei)心(xin)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或漸狹,上面(mian)無毛(mao)(mao),下(xia)面(mian)被由短(duan)(duan)糙毛(mao)(mao)組成(cheng)的灰(hui)白(bai)(bai)色(se)或有(you)(you)時(shi)帶灰(hui)黃(huang)色(se)氈毛(mao)(mao),并散(san)生暗橘(ju)黃(huang)色(se)微(wei)腺(xian)(xian)毛(mao)(mao),網脈(mo)凸起而(er)呈(cheng)明顯蜂窩(wo)狀(zhuang);葉(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)6~ 10mm ,有(you)(you)薄(bo)絨(rong)狀(zhuang)短(duan)(duan)糙毛(mao)(mao),有(you)(you)時(shi)具開展長(chang)(chang)糙毛(mao)(mao)。花有(you)(you)香氣,雙(shuang)花常(chang)密集于小(xiao)(xiao)枝梢(shao)(shao)成(cheng)圓錐狀(zhuang)花序(xu);總花梗長(chang)(chang) 0.5~ 3mm ;苞(bao)片(pian)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或條狀(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)2~ 4mm ,連同萼(e)齒外面(mian)均有(you)(you)細氈毛(mao)(mao)和(he)短(duan)(duan)緣毛(mao)(mao);小(xiao)(xiao)苞(bao)片(pian)圓卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或倒(dao)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)約為萼(e)筒(tong)(tong)之(zhi)半(ban),有(you)(you)短(duan)(duan)糙緣毛(mao)(mao);萼(e)筒(tong)(tong)常(chang)有(you)(you)藍白(bai)(bai)色(se)粉,無毛(mao)(mao)或有(you)(you)時(shi)上半(ban)部或全部有(you)(you)毛(mao)(mao),長(chang)(chang)近(jin)(jin) 2mm ,萼(e)齒三角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang) 1mm ,比萼(e)筒(tong)(tong)稍短(duan)(duan);花冠白(bai)(bai)色(se),后變黃(huang)色(se),長(chang)(chang)3.5~4.5(~6) cm,外被倒(dao)短(duan)(duan)糙伏(fu)(fu)毛(mao)(mao)及橘(ju)黃(huang)色(se)腺(xian)(xian)毛(mao)(mao),唇(chun)(chun)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),筒(tong)(tong)纖細,內面(mian)密生短(duan)(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao),與(yu)唇(chun)(chun)瓣等長(chang)(chang)或略較長(chang)(chang),上唇(chun)(chun)裂(lie)片(pian)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),基部具耳,兩側裂(lie)片(pian)裂(lie)隙深達1/2,中(zhong)裂(lie)片(pian)長(chang)(chang)為側裂(lie)片(pian)之(zhi)半(ban),下(xia)唇(chun)(chun)條狀(zhuang)倒(dao)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),反卷;雄(xiong)蕊(rui)生于花冠筒(tong)(tong)端(duan),連同花柱均伸(shen)出而(er)無毛(mao)(mao)。果實(shi)黑色(se),常(chang)有(you)(you)藍白(bai)(bai)色(se)粉,圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),直徑6~ 10mm 。花期6月(yue)中(zhong)旬至(zhi)7月(yue)上旬,果熟期10~11月(yue)。
產(chan)安徽、浙(zhe)江(jiang)、江(jiang)西、福建、湖北、湖南、廣(guang)東(dong)、廣(guang)西、四川及(ji)貴州。生于山谷(gu)溪(xi)流旁、山坡(po)或山頂(ding)混交林(lin)內或灌叢中,海拔500~ 1800m 。
花(hua)(hua)入(ru)藥,為金銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)地方習(xi)用品(pin)種之一(yi),主產(chan)于(yu)湖南和貴州,有“大銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)”、“巖(yan)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)”、“山銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)”、“木銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)”等名稱。
1.4 卵葉忍冬
Lonicera inodora W.W.
藤本;小(xiao)枝、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄和總(zong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗(geng)有(you)時(shi)包(bao)括苞片(pian)(pian)、小(xiao)苞片(pian)(pian)和萼(e)筒(tong)(tong)均密被灰黃褐色彎曲短(duan)(duan)糙(cao)伏(fu)毛(mao)(mao),夾雜少數幾(ji)無(wu)柄的(de)(de)腺毛(mao)(mao)。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)厚紙(zhi)質(zhi),卵(luan)狀披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)卵(luan)狀橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang) 6~ 12cm ,頂端急(ji)狹(xia)而漸尖(jian)(jian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)具短(duan)(duan)尖(jian)(jian)頭或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)漸尖(jian)(jian),基(ji)部(bu)圓(yuan)(yuan)至(zhi)截形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)淺(qian)心形(xing)(xing)(xing),上面(mian)脈略(lve)下陷,疏被短(duan)(duan)糙(cao)伏(fu)毛(mao)(mao),中(zhong)脈毛(mao)(mao)甚(shen)密,下面(mian)各(ge)脈顯著(zhu)凸起,有(you)彎曲的(de)(de)絨狀短(duan)(duan)糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao),脈上毛(mao)(mao)甚(shen)密,果(guo)時(shi)毛(mao)(mao)變稀(xi);葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)5~ 12mm 。雙花(hua)(hua)(hua)數朵(duo)至(zhi)10余朵(duo)集合成腋(ye)生(sheng)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)頂生(sheng)的(de)(de)傘房花(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu),花(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)梗(geng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)1~ 2cm ,很(hen)少單(dan)生(sheng)于葉(xie)(xie)(xie)腋(ye),有(you)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)狀苞;總(zong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗(geng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)3~ 15mm ;苞片(pian)(pian)和小(xiao)苞片(pian)(pian)外(wai)面(mian)被黃白(bai)色短(duan)(duan)糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao),苞片(pian)(pian)卵(luan)狀披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)約1~ 2mm ,短(duan)(duan)于萼(e)筒(tong)(tong),小(xiao)苞片(pian)(pian)圓(yuan)(yuan)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、長(chang)(chang)(chang)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)半圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),頂鈍或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)為萼(e)筒(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(1/5~)1/3~1/2;萼(e)筒(tong)(tong)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)2~ 4mm ,外(wai)面(mian)無(wu)毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)有(you)短(duan)(duan)糙(cao)伏(fu)毛(mao)(mao)及無(wu)柄的(de)(de)暗棕色腺毛(mao)(mao),萼(e)齒(chi)卵(luan)狀三(san)角形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)約 1mm ,外(wai)被疏或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)密的(de)(de)短(duan)(duan)糙(cao)伏(fu)毛(mao)(mao),有(you)緣(yuan)毛(mao)(mao);花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠白(bai)色,后變黃色,長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5~ 2 .5cm ,稍(shao)弓彎,外(wai)被倒短(duan)(duan)糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao),唇(chun)(chun)形(xing)(xing)(xing),筒(tong)(tong)與唇(chun)(chun)瓣幾(ji)等長(chang)(chang)(chang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)略(lve)較(jiao)長(chang)(chang)(chang),向上漸次擴(kuo)張,內有(you)小(xiao)柔毛(mao)(mao),上唇(chun)(chun)裂片(pian)(pian)長(chang)(chang)(chang)約 5mm ;雄蕊和花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)與花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠幾(ji)等長(chang)(chang)(chang),花(hua)(hua)(hua)絲基(ji)部(bu)有(you)短(duan)(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao),花(hua)(hua)(hua)藥(yao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)3.5~ 4mm ;花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)中(zhong)部(bu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)2/3以下有(you)短(duan)(duan)糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao)。果(guo)實近圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),藍黑色,稍(shao)有(you)白(bai)粉,直徑約 6mm 。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)8月,果(guo)熟期(qi)12月。
產云南西(xi)部(騰沖(chong))和(he)西(xi)藏(zang)(zang)東南部(墨脫)。生于石山灌(guan)叢或山坡闊葉林中,海拔1700~ 2900m 。西(xi)藏(zang)(zang)民間有(you)用本種的(de)花(hua)作清熱解毒藥的(de)。
1.5 短柄忍冬
Lonicera pampaninii
藤本;幼(you)枝(zhi)和葉(xie)柄(bing)(bing)密被(bei)土黃色(se)卷曲的短糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao),后變紫(zi)褐色(se)而無(wu)毛(mao)(mao)。葉(xie)有(you)(you)時3片(pian)輪生(sheng),薄革(ge)質,矩圓(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形、狹橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形至卵(luan)狀(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形,長(chang)(chang)(chang)3~ 10cm ,頂(ding)端漸(jian)尖(jian),有(you)(you)時急窄而具(ju)短尖(jian)頭,基部淺心形,兩面中脈有(you)(you)短糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao),下面幼(you)時常疏(shu)生(sheng)短糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao),邊緣(yuan)略背卷,有(you)(you)疏(shu)緣(yuan)毛(mao)(mao);葉(xie)柄(bing)(bing)短,長(chang)(chang)(chang)2~ 5mm 。雙花(hua)數(shu)朵集生(sheng)于(yu)幼(you)枝(zhi)頂(ding)端或單生(sheng)于(yu)幼(you)枝(zhi)上部葉(xie)腋(ye),芳(fang)香(xiang);總花(hua)梗(geng)極短或幾不存;苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)、小苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)和萼(e)齒(chi)均有(you)(you)短糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao);苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)狹披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形至卵(luan)狀(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形,有(you)(you)時呈葉(xie)狀(zhuang),長(chang)(chang)(chang)5~ 15mm ;小苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)圓(yuan)(yuan)卵(luan)形或卵(luan)形,長(chang)(chang)(chang)為萼(e)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)的1/2~2/3;萼(e)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)不到 2mm ,萼(e)齒(chi)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)三(san)角形至長(chang)(chang)(chang)三(san)角形,比萼(e)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)短,外(wai)面有(you)(you)短糙(cao)伏(fu)毛(mao)(mao),有(you)(you)緣(yuan)毛(mao)(mao);花(hua)冠白色(se)而常帶微紫(zi)紅色(se),后變黃色(se),唇(chun)形,長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5~ 2cm ,外(wai)面密被(bei)倒生(sheng)短糙(cao)伏(fu)毛(mao)(mao)和腺毛(mao)(mao),唇(chun)瓣略短于(yu)筒(tong)(tong)(tong),上下唇(chun)均反曲;雄蕊(rui)和花(hua)柱略伸出,花(hua)絲基部有(you)(you)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao),花(hua)藥(yao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)約 2mm ;花(hua)柱無(wu)毛(mao)(mao)。果(guo)(guo)實圓(yuan)(yuan)形,藍黑(hei)色(se)或黑(hei)色(se),直徑(jing)5~ 6mm 。花(hua)期(qi)5~6月(yue),果(guo)(guo)熟期(qi)10~11月(yue)。
產安徽南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(黃山(shan)、青陽(yang))、浙江、福建(jian)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)、湖(hu)北西南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、湖(hu)南(nan)、廣(guang)東(dong)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)、廣(guang)西東(dong)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)和東(dong)南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(陸川(chuan))、四川(chuan)東(dong)南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、貴州東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)至北部(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)云南(nan)南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(建(jian)水)。生(sheng)于(yu)林(lin)下或灌叢中,海拔(ba)150~750(~1400)m。
花入藥(yao),貴州民間(jian)用來治(zhi)鼻出血、吐(tu)血及(ji)腸熱等癥。
1.6 皺葉忍冬
Lonicera rhytidophylla Hand.-Mazz
常綠(lv)藤本;幼枝、葉柄和(he)(he)花(hua)(hua)序均被由短(duan)糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)組(zu)成的(de)黃(huang)褐(he)色氈(zhan)(zhan)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)。葉革質,寬橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、卵(luan)(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、卵(luan)(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)矩(ju)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)至矩(ju)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長3~ 10cm ,頂端近圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或鈍而具短(duan)凸(tu)尖,基(ji)部(bu)圓(yuan)(yuan)至寬楔形(xing)(xing)(xing),少(shao)有(you)(you)截(jie)形(xing)(xing)(xing),邊緣(yuan)背卷,上面葉脈(mo)顯著凹陷而呈皺紋(wen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),除中脈(mo)外(wai)幾無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),下(xia)面有(you)(you)由短(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)組(zu)成的(de)白(bai)色氈(zhan)(zhan)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),干后(hou)變黃(huang)白(bai)色;葉柄長 8~ 15mm 。雙(shuang)花(hua)(hua)成腋生(sheng)小(xiao)傘房花(hua)(hua)序,或在枝端組(zu)成圓(yuan)(yuan)錐(zhui)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)序,總花(hua)(hua)梗基(ji)部(bu)常具苞(bao)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)小(xiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)葉;苞(bao)片(pian)條狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing),長2~ 3mm ,與萼(e)(e)筒(tong)等(deng)長或稍(shao)超(chao)過,連同小(xiao)苞(bao)片(pian)和(he)(he)萼(e)(e)齒均密生(sheng)短(duan)糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)和(he)(he)緣(yuan)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao);小(xiao)苞(bao)片(pian)狹卵(luan)(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)至圓(yuan)(yuan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),頂稍(shao)尖,比(bi)萼(e)(e)筒(tong)短(duan)或近等(deng)長;萼(e)(e)筒(tong)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長約 2mm ,無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)或有(you)(you)時多少(shao)有(you)(you)短(duan)糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),粉藍(lan)(lan)色,萼(e)(e)齒鉆(zhan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長1~ 2mm ,頂稍(shao)尖;花(hua)(hua)冠白(bai)色,后(hou)變黃(huang)色,長2.5~3.5(~4.5)cm,外(wai)面密生(sheng)緊貼的(de)倒生(sheng)短(duan)糙(cao)伏毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),并多少(shao)夾有(you)(you)具短(duan)柄的(de)腺毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),唇(chun)形(xing)(xing)(xing),唇(chun)瓣內下(xia)方和(he)(he)筒(tong)內有(you)(you)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),上唇(chun)直立,下(xia)唇(chun)反(fan)折;雄蕊稍(shao)超(chao)出(chu)花(hua)(hua)冠,花(hua)(hua)絲無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)或內側有(you)(you)一行稀疏白(bai)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),花(hua)(hua)藥長2.5~ 3mm ;花(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)(zhu)伸出(chu),無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),柱(zhu)(zhu)頭粗(cu)大。果實藍(lan)(lan)黑色,橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長7~ 8mm 。花(hua)(hua)期(qi)6~7月,果熟期(qi)10~11月。
產(chan)江(jiang)西(xi)西(xi)南(nan)部(bu)、福(fu)建中(zhong)北部(bu)和中(zhong)南(nan)部(bu)至西(xi)部(bu)、湖南(nan)南(nan)部(bu)、廣東(dong)及廣西(xi)東(dong)北部(bu)。生于山地灌叢或林中(zhong),海(hai)拔400~1100m。
花(hua)供藥用,在江西上(shang)猶縣作“金銀花(hua)”收購(gou),但產(chan)量甚小(xiao)。
1.7 滇西忍冬
Lonicera buchananii Lacein kew Ball.
藤本;幼枝、葉柄和(he)總花(hua)梗均(jun)密(mi)被(bei)(bei)灰(hui)白色(se)卷曲短(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao)。葉片(pian)紙質,卵形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)達 5cm ,項端(duan)有短(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)尖頭,基部圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),上面(mian)有光澤(ze),除基部中脈外(wai)幾無毛(mao)(mao),下面(mian)灰(hui)白色(se),被(bei)(bei)由(you)短(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao)組(zu)成的(de)氈(zhan)(zhan)毛(mao)(mao),網脈隆起(qi)而(er)呈蜂窩狀(zhuang);葉柄長(chang)3~ 5mm 。雙花(hua)單(dan)生(sheng)于葉腋;總花(hua)梗纖細(xi),長(chang)8~ 15mm ;苞片(pian)條形(xing)(xing)(xing)至披針形(xing)(xing)(xing),葉狀(zhuang),有柄,長(chang)4~ 6mm ,毛(mao)(mao)被(bei)(bei)與葉相同;小苞片(pian)三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)或卵狀(zhuang)三角形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)約 1mm ,頂(ding)端(duan)稍尖,外(wai)面(mian)被(bei)(bei)灰(hui)白色(se)氈(zhan)(zhan)毛(mao)(mao)和(he)短(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)緣毛(mao)(mao);萼(e)筒(tong)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang) 1.5~ 2mm ,上半部連同萼(e)齒均(jun)疏生(sheng)短(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao),萼(e)齒三角形(xing)(xing)(xing),頂(ding)端(duan)尖,外(wai)面(mian)和(he)邊(bian)緣都(dou)有短(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)糙毛(mao)(mao);花(hua)冠長(chang)2.5~ 5cm ,唇形(xing)(xing)(xing),筒(tong)纖細(xi),長(chang) 2.2~ 3 .2cm ,外(wai)面(mian)密(mi)被(bei)(bei)倒(dao)生(sheng)短(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)糙伏毛(mao)(mao),內面(mian)密(mi)生(sheng)短(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao),唇瓣(ban)長(chang)約 1.8cm 。其余性狀(zhuang)同灰(hui)氈(zhan)(zhan)毛(mao)(mao)忍冬。
產云南西(xi)部(盈江)。生于海拔 200m 左右的(de)山(shan)地。
本種的花供藥用,為云(yun)南盈江(jiang)縣“金銀花”的主要來源(yuan)。
1.8 盤葉忍冬
Lonicera tragophylla Hemsl.
落(luo)葉藤本;幼枝無(wu)毛(mao)。葉紙質,矩(ju)圓形(xing)或(huo)卵(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)矩(ju)圓形(xing),稀橢(tuo)圓形(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(4~)5~ 12cm ,頂端鈍或(huo)稍尖,基(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)楔形(xing),下(xia)(xia)面(mian)粉(fen)綠色(se)(se),被(bei)短(duan)糙毛(mao)或(huo)至(zhi)少中(zhong)脈(mo)下(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)兩側密(mi)(mi)生(sheng)(sheng)橫出的(de)淡黃(huang)色(se)(se)髯毛(mao)狀(zhuang)短(duan)糙毛(mao),很(hen)少無(wu)毛(mao),中(zhong)脈(mo)基(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)有時(shi)帶紫紅(hong)色(se)(se),花(hua)序下(xia)(xia)方1~2對葉連合成(cheng)近(jin)圓形(xing)或(huo)圓卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)的(de)盤,盤兩端通常鈍形(xing)或(huo)具(ju)短(duan)尖頭(tou);葉柄很(hen)短(duan)或(huo)不(bu)存(cun)在。由3朵花(hua)組成(cheng)的(de)聚傘花(hua)序密(mi)(mi)集成(cheng)頭(tou)狀(zhuang)花(hua)序生(sheng)(sheng)小(xiao)枝端,共(gong)有6~9(~18)朵花(hua);萼筒壺形(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue) 3mm ,萼齒小(xiao),三(san)角(jiao)形(xing)或(huo)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing),頂鈍;花(hua)冠黃(huang)色(se)(se)至(zhi)橙黃(huang)色(se)(se),上部(bu)(bu)外面(mian)略帶紅(hong)色(se)(se),長(chang)(chang)(chang)5~ 9 cm ,外面(mian)無(wu)毛(mao),唇(chun)形(xing),筒稍弓彎,長(chang)(chang)(chang)2~3倍于唇(chun)瓣(ban),內面(mian)疏生(sheng)(sheng)柔毛(mao);雄蕊著生(sheng)(sheng)于唇(chun)瓣(ban)基(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu),長(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)與唇(chun)瓣(ban)等,無(wu)毛(mao);花(hua)柱伸出,無(wu)毛(mao)。果實成(cheng)熟時(shi)由黃(huang)色(se)(se)轉(zhuan)成(cheng)紅(hong)黃(huang)色(se)(se),最后變深(shen)紅(hong)色(se)(se),近(jin)圓形(xing),直徑約(yue)(yue) 1cm 。花(hua)期6~7月(yue),果熟期9~10月(yue)。
產河(he)北西(xi)南部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、山(shan)西(xi)南部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、陜西(xi)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)至南部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、寧夏和甘肅的南部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、安(an)徽西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和南部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、浙江西(xi)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和南部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(龍泉)、河(he)南西(xi)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、湖(hu)北西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(羅田)、四川及貴州北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)。生林下、灌叢中(zhong)或河(he)灘(tan)旁(pang)巖(yan)縫中(zhong),海拔(700~)1000~2000(~3000)m。
花(hua)蕾和帶葉嫩枝供藥用,有清熱解毒的(de)功效。花(hua)在(zai)貴州印江收購入藥,稱“大(da)金(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)”,但產量不高。
1.9 新疆忍冬
Lonicera tatarica Linn.var.tatarica
落葉(xie)灌(guan)木,高達(da) 3m ,全體近(jin)于(yu)無毛。冬芽小(xiao),約(yue)有(you)4對(dui)鱗片。葉(xie)紙質,卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)卵(luan)(luan)狀矩(ju)圓(yuan)形(xing),有(you)時矩(ju)圓(yuan)形(xing),長(chang)(chang)2~ 5cm ,頂端尖,稀漸尖或(huo)(huo)(huo)鈍形(xing),基(ji)部(bu)圓(yuan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)近(jin)心形(xing),稀闊楔形(xing),兩側稍不(bu)對(dui)稱,邊緣有(you)短(duan)糙(cao)毛;葉(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)2~ 5mm 。總花(hua)(hua)梗(geng)纖細,長(chang)(chang)1~ 2cm ;苞片條狀披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)條狀倒披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing),長(chang)(chang)與萼筒(tong)相近(jin)或(huo)(huo)(huo)較(jiao)(jiao)短(duan),有(you)時葉(xie)狀而遠超過萼筒(tong);小(xiao)苞片分離,近(jin)圓(yuan)形(xing)至卵(luan)(luan)狀矩(ju)圓(yuan)形(xing),長(chang)(chang)為萼筒(tong)的(de)1/3~1/2;相鄰兩萼筒(tong)分離,長(chang)(chang)約(yue) 2mm ,萼檐(yan)具三角形(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)小(xiao)齒;花(hua)(hua)冠(guan)粉(fen)紅(hong)色或(huo)(huo)(huo)白色,長(chang)(chang)約(yue) 1.5cm ,唇(chun)(chun)形(xing),筒(tong)短(duan)于(yu)唇(chun)(chun)瓣,長(chang)(chang)5~ 6mm ,基(ji)部(bu)常(chang)有(you)淺囊(nang),上唇(chun)(chun)兩側裂(lie)深達(da)唇(chun)(chun)瓣基(ji)部(bu),開展,中裂(lie)較(jiao)(jiao)淺;雄蕊(rui)和(he)花(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)稍短(duan)于(yu)花(hua)(hua)冠(guan),花(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)被短(duan)柔(rou)毛。果(guo)實紅(hong)色,圓(yuan)形(xing),直徑5~ 6mm ,雙果(guo)之一常(chang)不(bu)發育。花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)5~6月,果(guo)熟期(qi)(qi)7~8月。
產新(xin)疆北部(bu)。生石質(zhi)山(shan)坡(po)或(huo)山(shan)溝的林緣和灌叢中,海拔900~ 1600m 。黑(hei)龍江和遼寧等地有栽培(pei)。
新(xin)疆忍冬屬植物有10余(yu)種,天山北(bei)麓的剛(gang)毛忍冬的花(hua)(hua)蕾(lei)和(he)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian),可以藥用,也可大量(liang)栽培。剛(gang)毛忍冬花(hua)(hua)蕾(lei)綠原酸含(han)量(liang)只高(gao)于(yu)花(hua)(hua)蕾(lei)和(he)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)含(han)量(liang)0.327%,在花(hua)(hua)蕾(lei)和(he)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)不(bu)易分離時,花(hua)(hua)蕾(lei)和(he)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)可同時入藥。
1.10 匍匐忍冬
Lonicera crassifolia
常(chang)綠匍匐(fu)灌(guan)木,高達(da) 1m ;幼枝密(mi)被淡黃褐色(se)卷曲短(duan)糙(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),枝黑褐色(se),無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)。冬芽有(you)數對鱗片(pian)(pian)。葉(xie)(xie)通常(chang)密(mi)集于當(dang)年生(sheng)小(xiao)枝的(de)頂端(duan),革質(zhi),寬橢圓形至矩圓形,長(chang)(chang)(chang) 1~3.5(~6.3)cm,兩端(duan)稍尖至圓形,頂端(duan)有(you)時(shi)具小(xiao)凸尖或微凹短(duan),除上(shang)(shang)面(mian)中(zhong)脈有(you)短(duan)糙(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)外,兩面(mian)均(jun)無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),邊緣(yuan)(yuan)背(bei)卷,密(mi)生(sheng)糙(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)緣(yuan)(yuan)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao);葉(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang) 3~ 8mm ,上(shang)(shang)面(mian)具溝,有(you)短(duan)糙(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)和緣(yuan)(yuan)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)。雙花(hua)生(sheng)于小(xiao)枝梢葉(xie)(xie)腋,總(zong)花(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)(chang)2~10(~14)mm,具短(duan)糙(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)或無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao);苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)、小(xiao)苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)和萼(e)(e)齒頂端(duan)均(jun)有(you)睫毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao);苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)三角狀披針形,頂端(duan)稍鈍,長(chang)(chang)(chang)為萼(e)(e)筒的(de)1/2~2/3;小(xiao)苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)圓卵形,長(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)(yue)為苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)之半,頂端(duan)圓;萼(e)(e)齒卵形,長(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)(yue) 1mm ,為萼(e)(e)筒的(de)1/3~1/2,頂端(duan)鈍;花(hua)冠(guan)(guan)白色(se),筒帶紅色(se),后變黃色(se),長(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)(yue) 2cm ,外面(mian)無(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),內被糙(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),筒基部一側略腫大,唇瓣長(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)(yue)為筒的(de)1/2,上(shang)(shang)唇直立,有(you)波狀齒或短(duan)的(de)卵形裂片(pian)(pian),下(xia)唇反卷;雄蕊長(chang)(chang)(chang)與花(hua)冠(guan)(guan)幾相等,花(hua)絲下(xia)部疏生(sheng)糙(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao);花(hua)柱(zhu)遠高出花(hua)冠(guan)(guan),中(zhong)上(shang)(shang)部以下(xia)有(you)糙(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)。果實黑色(se),圓形,直徑5~ 6mm 。花(hua)期(qi)6~7月,果熟期(qi) 10~11月。
產(chan)湖北西(xi)南部(bu)、湖南西(xi)北部(bu)(桑植)、四川東南部(bu)和西(xi)南部(bu)、貴(gui)州(zhou)西(xi)部(bu)(畢節)和北部(bu)(道真),云南(麻栗坡)。生(sheng)于溪溝旁或(huo)(huo)濕潤的(de)林(lin)緣巖壁(bi)或(huo)(huo)巖縫中。海拔(ba)900~1700(~2300)m。
四(si)川武隆縣民間栽培(pei),以其花治(zhi)風(feng)濕。
1.11 云霧忍冬
Lonicera nubium(Hand.-Mazz)Hand.Mazz
藤(teng)本,幼枝、葉(xie)(xie)柄(bing)和花(hua)序(xu)梗均(jun)被(bei)開展的黃褐色(se)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)剛毛(mao)和腺毛(mao)。葉(xie)(xie)硬紙質(zhi),卵(luan)狀披針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)至(zhi)矩圓(yuan)(yuan)狀披針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)6~ 14cm ,頂端(duan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)漸尖,基(ji)部圓(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)微心形(xing)(xing),上面(mian)有(you)(you)(you)光澤,中(zhong)脈及下(xia)面(mian)中(zhong)脈和側脈均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)短(duan)(duan)剛毛(mao),邊緣至(zhi)少有(you)(you)(you)2列短(duan)(duan)剛毛(mao);葉(xie)(xie)柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)4~ 7mm 。雙花(hua)密集于(yu)(yu)小枝頂成(cheng)總狀或(huo)圓(yuan)(yuan)錐花(hua)序(xu),夾生(sheng)條狀披針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)苞狀葉(xie)(xie),有(you)(you)(you)細長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)花(hua)序(xu)梗;總花(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1~ 3mm ,有(you)(you)(you)短(duan)(duan)剛毛(mao);苞片(pian)披針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)超過萼(e)(e)筒(tong),連同小苞片(pian)和萼(e)(e)齒都有(you)(you)(you)短(duan)(duan)剛緣毛(mao);小苞片(pian)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)圓(yuan)(yuan)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)為萼(e)(e)筒(tong)的3/5~2/3,頂端(duan)鈍;萼(e)(e)筒(tong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue) 2mm ,萼(e)(e)齒狹卵(luan)狀三角形(xing)(xing),略短(duan)(duan)于(yu)(yu)萼(e)(e)筒(tong);花(hua)冠(guan)白帶紫紅(hong)色(se),后變黃色(se),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue) 1.8cm ,外面(mian)多(duo)少有(you)(you)(you)反折的短(duan)(duan)剛毛(mao),唇(chun)形(xing)(xing),筒(tong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)與唇(chun)瓣相(xiang)等(deng),內面(mian)密生(sheng)短(duan)(duan)柔毛(mao),上唇(chun)直(zhi)立(li),具短(duan)(duan)圓(yuan)(yuan)裂(lie),下(xia)唇(chun)反曲(qu);雄蕊與花(hua)冠(guan)等(deng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),花(hua)絲基(ji)部和花(hua)柱中(zhong)部以下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)毛(mao)。果實黑色(se),圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑約(yue) 8mm ;種子卵(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue) 3mm 。花(hua)期6~7月,果熟期10月。
產江西西部(bu)和(he)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)、湖南(nan)(nan)西南(nan)(nan)部(bu)和(he)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)、廣西東北部(bu)、四(si)川(達縣)及貴州中(zhong)部(bu)和(he)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)。生(sheng)于山坡灌叢或(huo)山谷疏林中(zhong),海拔750~ 1200m 。
這是一(yi)很特殊的種(zhong)(zhong),它的毛被、葉形、花(hua)序(xu)和花(hua)序(xu)梗與(yu)同一(yi)亞組(zu)內的其(qi)他種(zhong)(zhong)頗不(bu)相(xiang)同,足(zu)以成(cheng)立獨立的種(zhong)(zhong)。
1.12 川黔忍冬
Lonicera subaequalis Rehd.
藤(teng)本,小(xiao)枝(zhi)和(he)葉均無毛(mao)。葉橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)、卵狀(zhuang)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)至(zhi)矩圓(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)倒卵形(xing)(xing)或矩圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)6~ 11cm ,頂(ding)端(duan)鈍(dun),基部漸狹而下(xia)延于短葉柄,具軟骨質邊緣,小(xiao)枝(zhi)頂(ding)端(duan)的一對合生(sheng)成盤狀(zhuang)而頂(ding)端(duan)尖(jian),下(xia)面通常有(you)(you)白粉(fen)。花6朵輪生(sheng)于小(xiao)枝(zhi)頂(ding),無總花梗(geng);小(xiao)苞(bao)片近圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)為萼筒的1/4~1/3,有(you)(you)緣毛(mao);萼筒端(duan)部有(you)(you)腺毛(mao),萼檐(yan)長(chang)約(yue)為萼筒的1/4,萼齒短,圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),有(you)(you)糙緣毛(mao);花冠(guan)黃色,漏斗狀(zhuang),近整齊(qi),長(chang)2.5~ 3 .5cm ,外面疏被長(chang)糙毛(mao)和(he)腺,內面有(you)(you)柔(rou)毛(mao),裂片稍不(bu)相等,卵形(xing)(xing),長(chang) 7~ 8mm ,頂(ding)端(duan)圓(yuan)(yuan);雄(xiong)蕊著(zhu)生(sheng)于花冠(guan)裂片基部稍下(xia)處,花絲約(yue)與(yu)花藥(yao)等長(chang);花柱無毛(mao),伸出。果實(shi)紅色,近圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),直徑約(yue) 7mm ;種子帶白色,橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)約(yue) 2mm ,具細(xi)網紋。花期5~6月(yue)。
產(chan)四(si)川西部(bu)(bu)至南(nan)部(bu)(bu)和貴州東部(bu)(bu)(盤縣、畢節)。生于山(shan)坡林下陰濕處,海拔1500~ 2450m 。
1.13 金銀花(hua)的變種或亞種
在(zai)各(ge)地(di)生態(tai)條件的(de)影響下,形成金銀花(hua)異常豐富(fu)復(fu)雜的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)內變異類型(xing)。在(zai)地(di)方作為藥(yao)用的(de)就(jiu)有多種(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)于忍冬(dong)(dong)屬(shu)(shu)品種(zhong)(zhong)、原(yuan)變種(zhong)(zhong)或原(yuan)亞種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)變種(zhong)(zhong)或亞種(zhong)(zhong),下面(mian)介紹《中國植物(wu)志》中收(shou)載的(de)峨眉忍冬(dong)(dong)、凈(jing)化(hua)菰腺忍冬(dong)(dong)和異毛忍冬(dong)(dong)。
(一)峨眉忍冬
Lonicera similis Hemsl.var.omeiensis
峨(e)眉忍(ren)冬(dong)是細(xi)氈(zhan)毛(mao)忍(ren)冬(dong)的變種。葉(xie)下(xia)面除(chu)密(mi)被(bei)由短柔(rou)毛(mao)組成的細(xi)氈(zhan)毛(mao)外,還夾雜(za)長(chang)柔(rou)毛(mao)和腺毛(mao)。花冠較短,長(chang)1.5~ 3cm ,唇(chun)瓣與筒幾等(deng)長(chang)。
特(te)產四川西南(nan)部、北部、東北部和東部。生于山溝或山坡灌叢中,海(hai)拔400~ 1700m 。
此變種的花(hua)在四川旺蒼、江油等縣作“金(jin)銀花(hua)”收購入藥。
(二)異毛忍冬
Lonicera macrantha var.heterotricha
異毛忍(ren)冬(dong)是(shi)大花忍(ren)冬(dong)的變種。葉下(xia)面(mian)除了有糙毛外,還被(bei)由稠密(mi)的短糙毛組成的氈毛。花期4月底至5月下(xia)旬,果熟期11~12月。
產浙(zhe)江(jiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)、江(jiang)西(xi)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)、福建(南(nan)(nan)(nan)平(ping))、湖南(nan)(nan)(nan)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)、廣西(xi)、四川東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(南(nan)(nan)(nan)江(jiang))和(he)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(光文、江(jiang)北(bei)、秀山)、貴州及(ji)云(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)。生(sheng)于丘陵或山谷林中或灌叢中,海拔350 ~ 1250m ,在(zai)云(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)可(ke)達(da) 1800m 。
此變種具有(you)介乎(hu)大花(hua)(hua)忍(ren)冬和灰氈(zhan)(zhan)毛(mao)(mao)忍(ren)冬L.macranthoides Hand.-Mazz之間(jian)的(de)特(te)征(zheng)。其葉下面(mian)由短(duan)糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao)組成的(de)氈(zhan)(zhan)毛(mao)(mao),堪與灰氈(zhan)(zhan)毛(mao)(mao)忍(ren)冬相比,但(dan)卻(que)同時(shi)存在較(jiao)長的(de)糙(cao)毛(mao)(mao),而且小枝和花(hua)(hua)冠外面(mian)的(de)毛(mao)(mao)被以及花(hua)(hua)冠的(de)長度,又(you)都(dou)與大花(hua)(hua)忍(ren)冬相一致。
(三)凈花菰腺忍冬
Lonicera hypoglauca Miq.Subsq.nudiflora
凈(jing)花(hua)菰(gu)腺(xian)忍(ren)冬(dong)是原亞(ya)(ya)種菰(gu)腺(xian)忍(ren)冬(dong)的亞(ya)(ya)種。主(zhu)產于廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)和西(xi)(xi)部(bu)、廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)(xi)、貴州西(xi)(xi)南(nan)部(bu)及云(yun)南(nan)東(dong)南(nan)部(bu)至西(xi)(xi)部(bu)和西(xi)(xi)南(nan)部(bu)。在(zai)廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)(xi)有栽培,為(wei)主(zhu)流商品(pin)。花(hua)蕾長 1.8~ 4 .5cm ,直(zhi)徑1.5~ 3mm ,無毛或(huo)疏被(bei)毛。腺(xian)毛無或(huo)偶見(jian),頭部(bu)盾(dun)形而大;厚壁非(fei)腺(xian)毛少,長約至704μm,螺(luo)紋較密。總(zong)氯原酸含量(liang)6.91%。
金銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)為忍冬科多年生半常綠纏繞性木質藤(teng)本(ben)植物忍冬的(de)花(hua)(hua)蕾和初開(kai)的(de)花(hua)(hua)。金銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)味甘性寒,功能(neng)清熱解(jie)毒(du)(du),疏散風熱。一般(ban)用(yong)量(liang)6~15克,水煎服(fu),亦可(ke)入(ru)丸散。脾胃虛寒及(ji)氣虛體弱者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)要使(shi)用(yong)。 我們的(de)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)已經發現(xian),金銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)能(neng)解(jie)菌毒(du)(du)。宋代(dai)張邦基的(de)《墨(mo)莊漫錄》中(zhong)記載(zai)這樣(yang)一則(ze)故事:崇寧年間,平江府天(tian)平山白云寺的(de)幾位僧(seng)(seng)人(ren)(ren),從山上采(cai)回一籃野蕈煮(zhu)食。不(bu)(bu)料野蕈有(you)毒(du)(du),僧(seng)(seng)人(ren)(ren)們飽餐之后(hou)便開(kai)始上吐下瀉。其(qi)中(zhong)3位僧(seng)(seng)人(ren)(ren)由于及(ji)時服(fu)用(yong)鮮品金銀(yin)花(hua)(hua),結果(guo)平安無事,而(er)另(ling)外幾位沒有(you)及(ji)時服(fu)用(yong)金銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)的(de)僧(seng)(seng)人(ren)(ren)則(ze)全都(dou)枉死黃泉。可(ke)見(jian),金銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)的(de)解(jie)毒(du)(du)功效非同一般(ban)。
性味歸經
甘(gan),寒。歸肺、心、胃經。
功能主治
清熱解毒(du)(du),涼散風熱。用于癰腫疔瘡(chuang),喉痹,丹毒(du)(du),熱血毒(du)(du)痢(li),風熱感(gan)冒,溫病(bing)發熱。
用法用量
6~15g。
繁殖方法
播種(zhong)、扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)、堆(dui)土(tu)(tu)壓(ya)條和(he)分株(zhu)繁殖。一般(ban)主要(yao)用扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)和(he)堆(dui)土(tu)(tu)壓(ya)條,扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)用枝插(cha)(cha)法很易成活。在溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)適(shi)宜的情(qing)況下(xia),全年(nian)均可扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha),取(qu)健壯的莖蔓一段,長(chang)10~15厘(li)米,插(cha)(cha)入蛭(zhi)石∶珍珠巖(yan)∶黃沙=1∶1∶1的基質中,扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)深度(du)(du)(du)為插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)長(chang)度(du)(du)(du)的1/2,扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)后澆足(zu)水以(yi)后保持(chi)土(tu)(tu)壤濕(shi)潤(run),每天早晚向插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)上噴1~2次霧,以(yi)保持(chi)空(kong)氣(qi)濕(shi)度(du)(du)(du),利于傷(shang)口(kou)愈合,20天后便能生(sheng)根(gen)。堆(dui)土(tu)(tu)壓(ya)條,壓(ya)條前先將枝條基部(bu)皮層(ceng)刻傷(shang),再(zai)向上堆(dui)培養土(tu)(tu)20~30厘(li)米,經常保持(chi)培養土(tu)(tu)濕(shi)潤(run)。待生(sheng)根(gen)后刨(bao)上,與母株(zhu)切離,分別栽培。
種子繁殖
秋季(ji)種(zhong)(zhong)子成熟(shu)時采(cai)集成熟(shu)的(de)果(guo)實,置清水中揉(rou)搓,漂去果(guo)皮及雜質,撈出沉入水底(di)的(de)飽滿種(zhong)(zhong)子,晾干貯藏備(bei)用(yong)。秋季(ji)可隨采(cai)隨種(zhong)(zhong)。如(ru)果(guo)第二(er)年(nian)(nian)春(chun)播,可用(yong)砂藏法處(chu)理種(zhong)(zhong)子越冬,春(chun)季(ji)開凍后再插。在苗(miao)床上開溝,將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)子均勻撒入溝內,蓋3厘米(mi)厚的(de)土(tu),壓實,10天左右出苗(miao)。苗(miao)期要(yao)加強田間管理,當年(nian)(nian)秋季(ji)或第二(er)年(nian)(nian)春(chun)季(ji)幼苗(miao)可定植于生產(chan)田。每畝播種(zhong)(zhong)量約(yue)1-1.5千克。
栽培管理
1.栽培基(ji)質:金銀(yin)花(hua)雖(sui)對土壤要求不嚴,但以60%~70%的(de)(de)泥炭、20%~30%的(de)(de)蛭石和10%的(de)(de)珍(zhen)珠巖混合作(zuo)為培養土栽培,植株(zhu)將會(hui)長得更好。
2.水肥管理:在開(kai)花(hua)(hua)前3月(yue)間,施入以(yi)磷鉀為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)肥料1~2次。5月(yue)下旬(xun)花(hua)(hua)朵凋謝后,仍(reng)應追施薄肥1~2次,并對新枝梢進行適當摘心,以(yi)促進第二批花(hua)(hua)芽的(de)萌發。同(tong)時,土壤保持(chi)濕潤,忌過干,否(fou)則基葉(xie)(xie)易枯黃(huang)脫落并影響開(kai)花(hua)(hua)。在高溫季節,避開(kai)強(qiang)光直射,以(yi)免(mian)灼傷嫩葉(xie)(xie)。
3.整形(xing)修剪:在其休眠期間進行一次修剪,將纖細枝、弱枝、交叉枝剪除,并截短當年(nian)生枝條,以(yi)利于(yu)第(di)二年(nian)促發新枝,多開花。
4.病蟲(chong)(chong)害防(fang)治:金銀花病蟲(chong)(chong)害相對較少,偶爾有蚜蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)侵(qin)襲(xi),危害新葉(xie)、嫩梢(shao),使葉(xie)片翻卷,影響生長,只(zhi)需用“蚜虱斃”1000倍液或其他殺蟲(chong)(chong)藥劑防(fang)治。
金銀花(hua)不僅觀賞價(jia)值高(gao)、經濟價(jia)值也高(gao),常做蜜源及藥用植物栽培。其花(hua)、莖、葉對多種(zhong)病(bing)菌、流行性感冒病(bing)毒具有較強(qiang)的對抗能力(li)。
盆栽金銀花矮化措施
金(jin)銀(yin)(yin)花(hua)為忍(ren)冬科多(duo)年(nian)生半常綠藤本,5至8月開花(hua),花(hua)別(bie)致、芳香,可用于制(zhi)作金(jin)銀(yin)(yin)花(hua)茶。
金(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)在(zai)園(yuan)林中(zhong)用作(zuo)(zuo)公園(yuan)綠(lv)籬、圍墻、陽臺、花(hua)(hua)廊、花(hua)(hua)架等立體綠(lv)化(hua),也可(ke)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)水(shui)土保持、防風固(gu)沙的(de)地被材料。金(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)除地栽外,還可(ke)用作(zuo)(zuo)盆(pen)栽觀賞。金(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)莖細(xi)長,樹形一(yi)般難(nan)以控制,容易(yi)出(chu)現節長、花(hua)(hua)少的(de)現象,因此,要(yao)制作(zuo)(zuo)多(duo)花(hua)(hua)、壯(zhuang)觀的(de)金(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)盆(pen)景,必須(xu)采(cai)取矮化(hua)措施。
1.控水(shui)肥 金銀(yin)花盆栽必須限制藤蔓生長,控制樹形(xing),增加(jia)(jia)花量(liang)(liang)。春季避雨,減少澆水(shui),防止徒長,促(cu)使莖蔓老熟,節間縮短,株(zhu)形(xing)矮(ai)化。花芽(ya)形(xing)成前少施(shi)或不(bu)施(shi)氮肥,增施(shi)磷、鉀肥,促(cu)進花芽(ya)形(xing)成,增加(jia)(jia)花量(liang)(liang)。枝條停止生長期、孕(yun)蕾期適(shi)當(dang)施(shi)氮肥,使花開又大又艷。
2.適期換(huan)盆 一(yi)般盆栽花(hua)卉一(yi)兩年換(huan)盆一(yi)次(ci),金銀花(hua)盆景(jing)三四年換(huan)盆一(yi)次(ci)。因換(huan)盆次(ci)數少(shao),削弱了(le)根系的吸(xi)收功能,促(cu)進植株老化,抑制徒長,緩和樹勢,促(cu)使莖蔓粗壯(zhuang),節間密,株形(xing)矮化,花(hua)朵繁茂。
3.生(sheng)長抑制(zhi)劑(ji)控梢 金(jin)銀花枝條萌(meng)出5厘米左右時,用700至1000 ppm多效唑,或2000至4000ppmB9,或1000至2000ppm矮壯(zhuang)素噴灑或澆施(shi),連續幾(ji)次,抑制(zhi)莖蔓旺長,矮化樹(shu)形。
4.矮(ai)化(hua)整形(xing)修剪(jian) 從(cong)上盆栽(zai)植開始進行(xing)矮(ai)化(hua)整形(xing)修剪(jian),培養成粗干(gan)短(duan)枝。生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期除去生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)旺盛的芽,對強枝進行(xing)早(zao)摘心,修剪(jian)時(shi)做到剪(jian)長(chang)(chang)留短(duan)。通(tong)過整形(xing)修剪(jian),促使由藤本纏繞型轉為短(duan)枝矮(ai)干(gan)、分枝均勻密植、層次明顯的矮(ai)小灌木(mu)型樁景。
5.長(chang)日(ri)照(zhao)處理 金(jin)銀花(hua)為喜光(guang)長(chang)日(ri)照(zhao)植物,如果環境通風(feng)透光(guang)不良,陰濕,莖蔓會(hui)徒長(chang),分枝細弱,葉片容易黃化脫(tuo)落,開花(hua)少。因此,金(jin)銀花(hua)盆景要放在陽光(guang)充足的地方,最好全(quan)天(tian)有直射陽光(guang),促使(shi)枝條粗壯短小,葉茂花(hua)繁(fan),延長(chang)花(hua)期(qi)
曬(shai)干后可以直接泡(pao)茶(cha)喝(he);屬于花(hua)(hua)(hua)茶(cha)類,是用優質(zhi)綠(lv)茶(cha)為(wei)(wei)素坯,加以新鮮金(jin)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)按金(jin)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)茶(cha)窨制(zhi)工藝窨制(zhi)而成;夏季為(wei)(wei)金(jin)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)的采摘(zhai)期(qi),花(hua)(hua)(hua)初開時為(wei)(wei)純白色,翌(yi)日變為(wei)(wei)黃色,香氣逐(zhu)漸散失,因此以開花(hua)(hua)(hua)當天采摘(zhai)最好。
擴展資料
加工工序
主料制備
金銀花(hua)茶(cha)以精(jing)制綠(lv)茶(cha)胚(pei)為主料,用量為90%左右(you)。采摘一(yi)芽二(er)葉(xie)(xie)或(huo)一(yi)芽三葉(xie)(xie)的鮮(xian)茶(cha)葉(xie)(xie)作(zuo)原料,按照“高(gao)溫剎青、快速搓揉、完全(quan)烘烤”的綠(lv)茶(cha)制作(zuo)工藝(yi)制成茶(cha)胚(pei)。
要求茶(cha)條緊結(jie)、葉片幼嫩(nen)、含水量(liang)不(bu)超過4%(手(shou)捻葉成(cheng)粉,手(shou)折梗(geng)即斷(duan)),并剔除老(lao)葉、茶(cha)梗(geng)雜物,篩去茶(cha)末。
鮮花采摘
5-7月為金銀花采收(shou)期(qi)(qi)。在此期(qi)(qi)間,當花蕾由綠變白,上部膨(peng)大,下部青色時,即(ji)可采收(shou)。如有已開放的花朵,也(ye)要一同采收(shou)。
在一天之內,應在上午9時以前(qian)采(cai)(cai)摘(zhai),此時露水未干,不會傷及(ji)未成熟的花(hua)(hua)蕾(lei),而且花(hua)(hua)的香氣最濃,也便于保持原(yuan)有花(hua)(hua)色。采(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)按鮮蕾(lei)采(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)標(biao)準(zhun)從花(hua)(hua)序基(ji)部采(cai)(cai)下,輕采(cai)(cai)輕放(fang)。
茶胚吸香
按每10公斤茶胚配用(yong)鮮(xian)金銀(yin)花5-6公斤的(de)比例(li)備料(liao)。視鮮(xian)花多少,均勻分裝入數(shu)個(用(yong)尼(ni)龍紗窗布縫制的(de))網袋中攤(tan)平。
將茶(cha)(cha)胚(pei)和(he)花袋隔(ge)(ge)層(ceng)攤放在潔凈木箱(xiang)中,即放一層(ceng)茶(cha)(cha)就放一袋花,再(zai)放一層(ceng)茶(cha)(cha),把容器口封嚴讓(rang)茶(cha)(cha)葉吸香。2-3小時后,從容器中提出(chu)花袋,取(qu)出(chu)茶(cha)(cha)胚(pei)混勻(yun),再(zai)將茶(cha)(cha)胚(pei)與花袋隔(ge)(ge)層(ceng)攤放容器中進行二(er)次吸香,然后取(qu)出(chu)茶(cha)(cha)和(he)花袋。
選購技巧
在(zai)選購金(jin)銀(yin)花時,可以從(cong)金(jin)銀(yin)花的外形、色(se)、氣(qi)、味等方面入手識(shi)別質量。正品(pin)金(jin)銀(yin)花長2-3厘米,表面黃白(bai)色(se)或綠白(bai)色(se),氣(qi)清香(xiang),味淡(dan)、微苦。
如果表面呈棕色(se)或紅棕色(se),則多由紅腺忍冬或山銀(yin)(yin)(yin)花冒(mao)充(chong),有的是陳舊藥材(cai)或因存儲不當造成的。如金銀(yin)(yin)(yin)花柔毛(mao)、腺毛(mao)模糊不清或不可見,則是不法(fa)商家為增(zeng)加重(zhong)量在金銀(yin)(yin)(yin)花中摻了滑石粉或面粉。
參考資料(liao)來源:百度百科-金(jin)銀花茶
金銀(yin)花又名金銀(yin)藤、銀(yin)藤、二(er)色(se)花藤、二(er)寶藤、右轉藤、子風藤、鴛鴦藤、二(er)花等等。
金銀花介紹:
金(jin)(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua) ,正名為忍(ren)(ren)(ren)冬(dong),“金(jin)(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)”一(yi)名出自《本草綱目》 ,由于忍(ren)(ren)(ren)冬(dong)花(hua)(hua)初(chu)開為白色,后轉為黃色,因(yin)此得(de)名金(jin)(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)。藥材金(jin)(jin)銀(yin)花(hua)(hua)為忍(ren)(ren)(ren)冬(dong)科忍(ren)(ren)(ren)冬(dong)屬(shu)植物忍(ren)(ren)(ren)冬(dong)及同屬(shu)植物干(gan)燥花(hua)(hua)蕾或帶初(chu)開的花(hua)(hua)。
金銀(yin)花(hua)三(san)月開(kai)花(hua),五出,微香,蒂帶紅(hong)色,花(hua)初(chu)開(kai)則色白(bai),經(jing)一、二(er)日則色黃,故(gu)名金銀(yin)花(hua)。又(you)因為一蒂二(er)花(hua),兩條花(hua)蕊探(tan)在外(wai),成雙成對,形影不離,狀(zhuang)如雄雌相伴(ban),又(you)似鴛鴦(yang)對舞(wu),故(gu)有鴛鴦(yang)藤之稱。
金銀花由于(yu)(yu)匍匐(fu)生(sheng)長能(neng)(neng)力(li)比攀援生(sheng)長能(neng)(neng)力(li)強,故更適合于(yu)(yu)在林下、林緣(yuan)、建筑物北側(ce)等(deng)處做地被栽培;還可以(yi)做綠(lv)化矮墻;亦(yi)可以(yi)利用其纏繞能(neng)(neng)力(li)制作花廊、花架、花欄、花柱以(yi)及(ji)纏繞假山石等(deng)等(deng)。
本文地(di)址(zhi)://n85e38t.cn/pianfang/1508.html.
聲明: 我(wo)(wo)們致力(li)于(yu)保護作(zuo)者版(ban)權,注重(zhong)分享,被(bei)刊用文章因(yin)無法核實(shi)真實(shi)出處,未能及時與作(zuo)者取(qu)得聯(lian)系(xi),或有版(ban)權異議的(de)(de),請聯(lian)系(xi)管理(li)(li)員(yuan),我(wo)(wo)們會立即處理(li)(li),本站部分文字與圖片資源來(lai)自于(yu)網絡(luo),轉(zhuan)載是(shi)出于(yu)傳遞更多(duo)信息之目的(de)(de),若有來(lai)源標注錯(cuo)誤或侵犯了(le)您的(de)(de)合法權益,請立即通(tong)知(zhi)我(wo)(wo)們(管理(li)(li)員(yuan)郵箱:),情況屬實(shi),我(wo)(wo)們會第一時間予以(yi)刪(shan)除,并同時向您表示歉意,謝(xie)謝(xie)!
上一篇: 全國金銀花(hua)最新(xin)價(jia)價(jia)格,金銀花(hua)價(jia)格最新(xin)···