宇文虛中:宇(yu)文虛(xu)中(zhong)(1079~1146年)初名宇(yu)文黃(huang)中(zhong),字叔通,別號(hao)龍溪居士,成(cheng)都府廣都(今成(cheng)都雙流縣(xian))人(ren),宋(song)朝愛國(guo)大臣、詩人(ren)。大觀三(san)年(1109)進士,宋(song)徽宗(zong)(zong)賜(si)其名為”虛(xu)中(zhong)“,官至資政殿大學士,歷仕(shi)宋(song)徽宗(zong)(zong)、宋(song)欽宗(zong)(zong)、宋(song)高宗(zong)(zong)三(san)朝,遷為黃(huang)門侍郎。
南宋建炎(yan)二(er)年(nian),出使金朝被扣押。金熙宗(zong)繼位,加授禮部尚書、翰林(lin)學士承(cheng)旨,封河內郡開國公,加特進(jin),后因圖(tu)謀南奔而(er)被殺(sha)。宋孝宗(zong)淳熙六年(nian),追贈開府儀同三司,予謚肅愍。
宇文虛中之死
(一)
宇文(wen)虛中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)(ge)很奇怪人,他(ta)(ta)既(ji)在(zai)(zai)《金史(shi)(shi)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有傳(chuan)(chuan),又在(zai)(zai)《宋(song)史(shi)(shi)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有傳(chuan)(chuan)。宋(song)金兩(liang)史(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)有傳(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)我所(suo)知道的(de)(de)還(huan)有兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)人,一個(ge)(ge)是(shi)(shi)(shi)張覺(jue),一個(ge)(ge)是(shi)(shi)(shi)郭(guo)藥(yao)師(shi)。郭(guo)藥(yao)師(shi)在(zai)(zai)《金史(shi)(shi)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被列(lie)(lie)入(ru)(ru)正常的(de)(de)列(lie)(lie)傳(chuan)(chuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)(zai)《宋(song)史(shi)(shi)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被列(lie)(lie)入(ru)(ru)《奸(jian)臣(chen)傳(chuan)(chuan)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。張覺(jue)更慘(can),不(bu)(bu)但(dan)在(zai)(zai)宋(song)史(shi)(shi)《奸(jian)臣(chen)傳(chuan)(chuan)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和郭(guo)藥(yao)師(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)鄰居(ju),在(zai)(zai)《金史(shi)(shi)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)更被列(lie)(lie)入(ru)(ru)了《叛臣(chen)傳(chuan)(chuan)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。只有宇文(wen)虛中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)同,他(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)但(dan)在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)史(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有傳(chuan)(chuan),而且兩(liang)邊的(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)對(dui)他(ta)(ta)還(huan)都(dou)評價不(bu)(bu)低。也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)說,雙方(fang)都(dou)認為他(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)自己人。在(zai)(zai)非(fei)常強(qiang)調忠心的(de)(de)封建王朝,一個(ge)(ge)受(shou)過傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)儒家教育的(de)(de)人,真的(de)(de)能做到(dao)忠于兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)敵對(dui)的(de)(de)朝廷么?宇文(wen)虛中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)到(dao)底是(shi)(shi)(shi)姓“宋(song)”還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)姓“金”呢?
宇文虛中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(1079—1146),字叔通(tong),成都華(hua)陽人(ren)。宋徽宗大觀(guan)三(san)年(1109年)考中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進士,當(dang)過地方官(guan)(guan),后(hou)來,被提拔入中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央政府擔(dan)任(ren)起居舍人(ren)、國史編修(xiu)官(guan)(guan)、同知貢舉,后(hou)來又升任(ren)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)書舍人(ren)。
宋(song)徽(hui)宗(zong)執政末(mo)期的(de)(de)宣和年(nian)間(jian),為了收復在(zai)五代時(shi)期被石敬瑭(tang)割讓給遼(liao)(liao)朝(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)燕云地區,在(zai)朝(chao)(chao)中(zhong)大臣王黼(fu)、蔡攸(you)、童貫(guan)等人的(de)(de)策劃下,準備聯合(he)東北地區崛起(qi)的(de)(de)新興國家——女真族建(jian)立的(de)(de)金朝(chao)(chao),對遼(liao)(liao)朝(chao)(chao)進行南北夾擊。時(shi)任(ren)中(zhong)書舍人的(de)(de)宇文虛中(zhong)上(shang)書堅決(jue)反對。他(ta)認為,現在(zai)宋(song)國和遼(liao)(liao)朝(chao)(chao)一直保持(chi)著和平關系,一旦(dan)宋(song)金聯合(he)滅了遼(liao)(liao)朝(chao)(chao),那(nei)么新崛起(qi)的(de)(de)強悍野蠻(man)的(de)(de)金朝(chao)(chao),勢必會借著勝(sheng)利的(de)(de)勢頭南下進攻宋(song)國,那(nei)么“以(yi)百年(nian)怠(dai)惰之(zhi)(zhi)兵,當新銳難抗之(zhi)(zhi)敵;以(yi)寡謀安逸之(zhi)(zhi)將(jiang),角逐于血肉之(zhi)(zhi)林。臣恐中(zhong)國之(zhi)(zhi)禍未(wei)有寧息(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)期也”。
收復(fu)燕云地區,是宋朝的(de)太祖(zu)太宗都沒有(you)完成的(de)偉大事業,宋朝君臣此時集(ji)體陷入建立超越先祖(zu)的(de)偉業的(de)幻想(xiang)中(zhong),這一(yi)番話自然聽起來相當(dang)刺耳。宰相王黼大怒,把宇文虛中(zhong)降為集(ji)英殿(dian)修撰(zhuan)。后來宇文虛中(zhong)連續“建十一(yi)策,上二十議”,結果都被押下來沒有(you)上報。
1125年二月,遼(liao)朝(chao)末帝天祚帝耶律(lv)延禧被(bei)金(jin)(jin)軍(jun)抓獲。遼(liao)朝(chao)滅(mie)(mie)亡(wang)。八月,天祚帝被(bei)押到金(jin)(jin)朝(chao)上(shang)京會(hui)寧(ning)獻俘,就在這個月,在完顏宗(zong)翰和完顏宗(zong)望多次(ci)(ci)勸說(shuo)下(xia),金(jin)(jin)太宗(zong)完顏晟命令各(ge)軍(jun)挑選精銳士兵準備伐宋(song)。在和金(jin)(jin)朝(chao)聯合(he)滅(mie)(mie)遼(liao)中,北(bei)(bei)宋(song)軍(jun)隊出(chu)盡洋(yang)相。兩次(ci)(ci)派出(chu)近二十萬大軍(jun)進攻占(zhan)據燕京的北(bei)(bei)遼(liao)小朝(chao)廷,兩次(ci)(ci)被(bei)只有兩萬余(yu)人(ren)的北(bei)(bei)遼(liao)軍(jun)隊擊敗,北(bei)(bei)宋(song)自然而(er)然地成了(le)金(jin)(jin)朝(chao)的下(xia)一個目標。
1125十月(yue),金(jin)太(tai)宗(zong)完(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)晟任命(ming)諳班勃極烈完(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)杲為(wei)都(dou)元帥(shuai),分東(dong)西兩路(lu)伐宋。西路(lu)由(you)(you)完(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)宗(zong)翰(就(jiu)是(shi)大名鼎(ding)鼎(ding)的粘罕,金(jin)太(tai)宗(zong)的堂(tang)侄)任左(zuo)副元帥(shuai)兼先(xian)鋒(feng),經略(lve)使(shi)完(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)希尹(yin)為(wei)元帥(shuai)右監軍,左(zuo)金(jin)吾上(shang)將軍耶律余睹為(wei)元帥(shuai)右都(dou)監,自(zi)西京(jing)進攻太(tai)原(yuan)。東(dong)路(lu)則由(you)(you)完(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)宗(zong)望(金(jin)太(tai)祖完(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)阿骨(gu)打(da)次子)為(wei)南京(jing)路(lu)都(dou)統(tong),完(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)阇母為(wei)副都(dou)統(tong),劉彥宗(zong)兼領漢軍都(dou)統(tong),從南京(jing)平(ping)州進攻燕京(jing)。金(jin)朝這方面部(bu)署已定,宋朝上(shang)下(xia)還絲(si)毫沒(mei)有察(cha)覺(jue),金(jin)宋兩國還在互相派遣使(shi)者,一(yi)派和(he)平(ping)氣氛。
當年(nian)十(shi)二月,東路(lu)金軍率先動手,首先攻破(po)檀州,沒多久(jiu)又攻陷薊州,很快(kuai)就(jiu)全部(bu)占領(ling)宋國剛剛到手的(de)燕京(jing)及所屬(shu)六州。東路(lu)軍也(ye)迅速南進,準備進攻山西重鎮(zhen)太原。宇文(wen)(wen)虛(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)此時(shi)正和童(tong)(tong)貫在太原城內。童(tong)(tong)貫借口要(yao)向(xiang)(xiang)宋徽(hui)(hui)宗親自匯報軍情(qing),帶著宇文(wen)(wen)虛(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)離(li)開太原逃回(hui)汴(bian)梁(liang)。到了(le)(le)京(jing)城,宇文(wen)(wen)虛(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)向(xiang)(xiang)宋徽(hui)(hui)宗報告了(le)(le)金朝大(da)舉進攻,北(bei)方大(da)批城鎮(zhen)淪陷的(de)情(qing)況。宋徽(hui)(hui)宗這(zhe)時(shi)才想起宇文(wen)(wen)虛(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)先前(qian)說的(de)話來(lai)。他(ta)憂心(xin)忡(chong)(chong)忡(chong)(chong)地問宇文(wen)(wen)虛(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):“王黼當初沒有(you)聽你的(de)話,現(xian)在金人(ren)兩路(lu)并進,事情(qing)到了(le)(le)這(zhe)地步,該怎么辦呢?”很顯然,宋徽(hui)(hui)宗早已經忘記(ji)了(le)(le),在所謂的(de)收復(fu)燕云后(hou),自己賜(si)玉帶給(gei)(gei)王黼,進封他(ta)為太傅,楚國公的(de)事情(qing)了(le)(le)。宇文(wen)(wen)虛(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)直截了(le)(le)當地說:“事情(qing)到了(le)(le)這(zhe)個地步,您應該先下罪己詔,然后(hou)革除政務中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)弊端,以收回(hui)人(ren)心(xin)。”宋徽(hui)(hui)宗自己也(ye)清楚自己干的(de)缺德(de)事情(qing)太多,官怨民怨都(dou)太大(da),于是命令(ling)宇文(wen)(wen)虛(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草擬(ni)了(le)(le)一道罪己詔,發布天下,不久(jiu)后(hou)干脆把(ba)皇位讓給(gei)(gei)兒子趙(zhao)桓,就(jiu)是歷(li)史(shi)上的(de)宋欽宗。
1126年正月(yue),宋(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)正式登基,改年號為靖康(kang)。而次(ci)時,東(dong)(dong)路(lu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在“三(san)姓家奴”郭藥師(先叛遼降宋(song),后叛宋(song)降金(jin)(jin)(jin))的(de)帶(dai)領下(xia),一(yi)(yi)路(lu)勢如破竹,兵鋒(feng)直指宋(song)朝都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)京(jing)(jing)汴(bian)(bian)梁城(cheng)(cheng)。欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)一(yi)(yi)面派人(ren)(ren)四處(chu)調集軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊進京(jing)(jing)勤(qin)王(宇文(wen)虛(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)被派出(chu)(chu)京(jing)(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)去督(du)促西北軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊勤(qin)王),一(yi)(yi)面在李綱的(de)主持下(xia)堅守。但是,朝廷(ting)內部關于是戰是和(he)爭(zheng)吵相當激烈,宋(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)在戰和(he)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)搖擺不(bu)(bu)定。此時的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)用了一(yi)(yi)個多(duo)月(yue)的(de)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)就已(yi)經抵達汴(bian)(bian)梁城(cheng)(cheng)下(xia)。不(bu)(bu)久(jiu),宋(song)朝各路(lu)勤(qin)王兵馬逐漸聚集在汴(bian)(bian)梁周圍,不(bu)(bu)久(jiu),河(he)(he)北、河(he)(he)東(dong)(dong)路(lu)制置使種師道(dao),武安軍(jun)(jun)(jun)承(cheng)宣(xuan)使姚(yao)平仲(姚(yao)古的(de)養子(zi))等人(ren)(ren)率兵趕到(dao)(dao)。欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)使者鄭望之(zhi)出(chu)(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)談(tan)和(he),宗(zong)(zong)望開出(chu)(chu)條(tiao)件:宋(song)給(gei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)犒師金(jin)(jin)(jin)銀(yin)絹采(cai)各一(yi)(yi)千萬,馬駝驢騾等萬匹,尊金(jin)(jin)(jin)朝皇帝完顏晟為伯父(fu),遣返逃亡到(dao)(dao)內地(di)的(de)燕(yan)云等地(di)的(de)百姓,割(ge)太(tai)(tai)原(yuan)、中(zhong)(zhong)山、河(he)(he)間(jian)(jian)(jian)三(san)鎮(zhen)等地(di)給(gei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)朝,派親王宰(zai)(zai)相到(dao)(dao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)朝為人(ren)(ren)質(zhi),賠(pei)償大(da)量軍(jun)(jun)(jun)費(fei)。這樣(yang)苛刻(ke)的(de)條(tiao)件,鄭望之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)敢答應。于是宗(zong)(zong)望再次(ci)下(xia)令(ling)攻城(cheng)(cheng),欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)趕忙派李鄴帶(dai)著詔(zhao)書(shu)出(chu)(chu)使金(jin)(jin)(jin)營(ying),幾(ji)乎接受了金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)所有條(tiao)件。欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)還(huan)下(xia)令(ling)在汴(bian)(bian)梁搜(sou)刮金(jin)(jin)(jin)銀(yin),一(yi)(yi)共得金(jin)(jin)(jin)二十(shi)萬兩,銀(yin)四百萬兩,全部交給(gei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),并答應割(ge)讓(rang)太(tai)(tai)原(yuan)、中(zhong)(zhong)山、河(he)(he)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(今河(he)(he)北河(he)(he)間(jian)(jian)(jian)市)三(san)鎮(zhen),并把弟弟康(kang)王趙構、宰(zai)(zai)相呂頤浩等送往(wang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)營(ying)做人(ren)(ren)質(zhi)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)勤(qin)王軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊越(yue)來越(yue)多(duo),大(da)多(duo)條(tiao)件都(dou)已(yi)得到(dao)(dao)滿足(zu)的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia),開始撤軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。
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