在(zai)中(zhong)國的朝(chao)代中(zhong)，對于明朝(chao)總是充滿著一些(xie)神秘(mi)感，有些(xie)皇(huang)帝更是奇葩，今天我(wo)們來說(shuo)說(shuo)明朝(chao)的萬(wan)歷皇(huang)帝。萬(wan)歷（1563-1620），明朝(chao)第十三位(wei)皇(huang)帝。1572年(nian)，明穆宗突然死亡，年(nian)僅10歲的太(tai)子朱翊鈞(jun)上位(wei)，改(gai)年(nian)號為(wei)萬(wan)歷。在(zai)位(wei)48年(nian)，是統治明朝(chao)最久的皇(huang)帝。

少年天子(zi)都是傀儡，有名(ming)號卻沒(mei)有實權。萬歷即位初期，李(li)太后(hou)和大學(xue)士張居正(zheng)把持朝(chao)政，開展了(le)一系列的(de)改(gai)革，國(guo)內(nei)GDP大幅提高，人民生(sheng)活得到改(gai)善(shan)，開創了(le)著名(ming)的(de)“萬歷中興”，鞏固了(le)明(ming)朝(chao)統治(zhi)。在帝(di)師張居正(zheng)的(de)影響下(xia)，萬歷也想做勤政為民的(de)好皇(huang)帝(di)，可是為什么后(hou)來會28年不(bu)上朝(chao)呢？

我(wo)想這可(ke)能和張(zhang)居正的死亡有關系。1582年(nian)張(zhang)居正去世。萬歷擺(bai)脫老師(shi)長期的束(shu)縛(fu)，成為一(yi)個自由人，當時社會發展順利(li)，國泰民安。又迷(mi)戀上美女(nv)鄭貴妃，正所謂自古紅顏(yan)多禍水，不上朝也算(suan)情有可(ke)原(yuan)了(le)。

環境(jing)能(neng)夠(gou)影(ying)響一個(ge)人(ren)，可是(shi)(shi)(shi)萬(wan)歷還(huan)有一個(ge)缺(que)陷不(bu)得(de)不(bu)說(shuo)(shuo)，那就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)身體素質特別(bie)的差。首先他特別(bie)的胖，從(cong)故宮(gong)南熏殿(dian)畫卷可以看出萬(wan)歷的臉圓得(de)像個(ge)皮球一樣。據說(shuo)(shuo)萬(wan)歷肥胖到要(yao)官員托著肚子(zi)才能(neng)走路，實在是(shi)(shi)(shi)太可拍了。其(qi)次(ci)，1958年，吳晗和(he)郭沫若對萬(wan)歷陵寢進行大規(gui)模(mo)挖掘。革命時期，尸(shi)骨還(huan)當作批判(pan)對象(xiang)，這也是(shi)(shi)(shi)文人(ren)郭沫若被后(hou)人(ren)詬病(bing)的原因。在挖開棺材后(hou)，考古(gu)人(ren)員驚奇地發現萬(wan)歷尸(shi)骨上(shang)部有駝背的現象(xiang)，兩只(zhi)腿(tui)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)長短不(bu)一。所以很(hen)多學(xue)者認為萬(wan)歷有嚴重的佝僂病(bing)和(he)腿(tui)疾(ji)，也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)常說(shuo)(shuo)的瘸子(zi)。

28年不(bu)(bu)上朝(chao)(chao)，國家(jia)也能正常運作，也說明(ming)了(le)萬(wan)(wan)歷(li)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)兩耳不(bu)(bu)聞(wen)窗(chuang)外事，最明(ming)顯(xian)就是(shi)萬(wan)(wan)歷(li)三大戰爭(zheng)，正是(shi)萬(wan)(wan)歷(li)的運籌帷幄，才(cai)能使戚(qi)繼光、李成(cheng)梁等人物盡其用(yong)，發(fa)揮(hui)自己(ji)的價值，28年不(bu)(bu)上朝(chao)(chao)，國家(jia)也沒發(fa)生(sheng)動亂，萬(wan)(wan)歷(li)絕對是(shi)出色的管理(li)人才(cai)，要知道唐玄宗后期還發(fa)生(sheng)了(le)安史之亂呢。只是(shi)萬(wan)(wan)歷(li)如此出色的管理(li)能力用(yong)錯了(le)地方，真(zhen)是(shi)可惜可嘆更可恨！

萬歷皇帝是明朝最(zui)后(hou)(hou)一位賢君還是最(zui)后(hou)(hou)的昏君？為什么呢？

萬歷(li)皇帝朱(zhu)翊(yi)（yi）鈞跟其(qi)祖父嘉靖帝很相(xiang)似，在位時間(jian)四十八年，但是(shi)其(qi)中(zhong)有三(san)十年的(de)時間(jian)是(shi)不上(shang)朝的(de)，并且更為相(xiang)似的(de)一(yi)(yi)點(dian)是(shi)兩(liang)人早期都是(shi)大有所(suo)為，但是(shi)在統(tong)治后期可能是(shi)太過安(an)逸最終導致一(yi)(yi)定的(de)昏庸(yong)。

（圖為萬(wan)歷皇帝畫像）

對于這樣(yang)(yang)一位皇帝(di)是不(bu)好評價的，因為(wei)其(qi)(qi)不(bu)像其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)昏君(jun)一樣(yang)(yang)一生除了橫征暴掠并無其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)作為(wei)，也不(bu)像其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)賢(xian)君(jun)一樣(yang)(yang)，畢(bi)竟在(zai)其(qi)(qi)統治后期出現了一系列的問題(ti)，最終(zhong)導致了明朝的滅亡。

我們來看(kan)一下(xia)萬歷皇帝的(de)生平(ping)，相(xiang)信每個人的(de)看(kan)法都是不同(tong)的(de)：

早期重用(yong)張居正，勵精圖治

在朱翊(yi)鈞(jun)繼位皇帝(di)的(de)時(shi)候(hou)整個朝(chao)廷(ting)都還沒(mei)有從嘉靖時(shi)期造(zao)成的(de)危害中(zhong)走出來，朝(chao)廷(ting)上下幾個派系中(zhong)間互不(bu)謙讓，而當時(shi)朱翊(yi)鈞(jun)只(zhi)有十(shi)歲(sui)(sui)，其(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)個內閣大臣在明穆宗去世之后痛哭?十(shi)歲(sui)(sui)太子如何(he)治天下？?

（圖(tu)為(wei)小時候(hou)萬歷皇帝(di)影視形象）

這話(hua)最后傳(chuan)進(jin)了朱(zhu)翊(yi)鈞(jun)的耳中，最終(zhong)罷免這位(wei)內閣大臣，開始(shi)重(zhong)用自(zi)己的老師張居正，朱(zhu)翊(yi)鈞(jun)對張居正是非常的尊敬，從來不直接呼其(qi)姓名，都是以?元傅張先生(sheng)?或?張先生(sheng)?這些(xie)敬稱。

由于(yu)朱翊(yi)鈞(jun)不管是在(zai)行動上(shang)還是在(zai)思想上(shang)都支持張居正，所以(yi)張居正就放(fang)開手腳建立(li)了?萬(wan)歷(li)新政(zheng)(zheng)?，這個政(zheng)(zheng)策緩(huan)和了嘉(jia)靖帝留下的社會矛(mao)盾，并且在(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)上(shang)、經濟(ji)上(shang)都有(you)一定的變更(geng)。

此舉改革加(jia)強了中央(yang)集(ji)權，讓國家的(de)財務可以正(zheng)(zheng)常運轉，在幼年朱翊鈞(jun)(jun)的(de)支(zhi)持下，此項政策(ce)給當(dang)時的(de)明(ming)朝帶來煥然一新的(de)感覺，但是在朱翊鈞(jun)(jun)繼位十(shi)年后張居正(zheng)(zheng)病逝(shi)。

（圖(tu)為張(zhang)居正影(ying)視形象）

因為之(zhi)前朝(chao)廷上的事情幾乎都是(shi)張居(ju)正做(zuo)主，在(zai)張居(ju)正死后(hou)朱翊鈞(jun)開始(shi)親自管(guan)理朝(chao)政(zheng)，但是(shi)因為張居(ju)正的病逝讓其推行的?萬(wan)歷新政(zheng)?不能得以(yi)繼續發展(zhan)，可以(yi)說最后(hou)是(shi)以(yi)失敗告(gao)終的。

明朝萬歷皇帝都(dou)有哪些作為？

萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)（1573年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian) - 1620年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)神(shen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)號(hao)，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)號(hao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)共48年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)號(hao)。歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)史(shi)學(xue)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)黃(huang)仁(ren)(ren)宇用(yong)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)史(shi)觀”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度，寫(xie)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)《萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)》這(zhe)(zhe)本(ben)(ben)(ben)研(yan)究明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)著。 明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)神(shen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)（1563年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)-1620年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)第十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)個(ge)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)。穆(mu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)載垕第三(san)(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，隆慶二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1568年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))被(bei)(bei)(bei)冊(ce)立(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。隆慶六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1572年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))，穆(mu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)病(bing)死(si)(si)(si)(si)，朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)繼位(wei)(wei)，第二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)改(gai)(gai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)號(hao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。任(ren)賢(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)親(qin)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)無(wu)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)神(shen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun).是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)位(wei)(wei)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)。 朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)即位(wei)(wei)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)僅(jin)10歲(sui)，由(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)士高拱、張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)居(ju)正(zheng)、高儀輔(fu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)居(ju)正(zheng)接任(ren)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)輔(fu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)李(li)太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持(chi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1573年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)整頓吏(li)(li)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，實行(xing)考(kao)成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)級(ji)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)吏(li)(li)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)考(kao)察，作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)遷、黜陟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據(ju)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)整飭(chi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)備，加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)邊(bian)(bian)防，選用(yong)能(neng)(neng)征(zheng)善戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、帶兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)領(ling)(ling)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)采(cai)取(qu)(qu)安(an)(an)(an)撫(fu)睦(mu)鄰(lin)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)清(qing)丈全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)田(tian)地(di)(di)(di)，推行(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條鞭(bian)法(fa)，基本(ben)(ben)(ben)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)賦役合并(bing)(bing)(bing)，化(hua)(hua)繁(fan)(fan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簡；統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)役法(fa)，攤丁入(ru)地(di)(di)(di)；田(tian)租征(zheng)銀(yin)：官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)收官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)解。這(zhe)(zhe)稱得(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)賦稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)制(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)變(bian)革(ge)(ge)，促進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)貨幣(bi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)居(ju)正(zheng)還(huan)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)黃(huang)河(he)，取(qu)(qu)得(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)。這(zhe)(zhe)些措施(shi)使(shi)(shi)社會矛盾有(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)緩和(he)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)勢漸見中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)興。當(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)倉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)糧(liang)可(ke)(ke)支用(yong)10年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)庫錢(qian)(qian)財(cai)多達(da)400余(yu)(yu)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)，處(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)危機(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)短暫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)(fu)(fu)蘇(su)和(he)繁(fan)(fan)榮(rong)。 可(ke)(ke)惜(xi)好(hao)景(jing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)長(chang)(chang)，萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1582年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)居(ju)正(zheng)死(si)(si)(si)(si)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，反對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)僚紛紛起(qi)來攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)、誣(wu)陷(xian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)居(ju)正(zheng)。朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)詔(zhao)追奪(duo)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)居(ju)正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封(feng)號(hao)和(he)謚(shi)號(hao)，還(huan)查抄張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)被(bei)(bei)(bei)廢止(zhi)，朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting)又(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)走向沒(mei)(mei)落(luo)(luo)。朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)盡(jin)(jin)情享樂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)親(qin)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，卻不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)常視朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)，深(shen)居(ju)內(nei)(nei)宮(gong)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)僅(jin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)世(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要享受，還(huan)想(xiang)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)死(si)(si)(si)(si)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)樂，早早籌劃自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)陵(ling)寢，建(jian)造(zao)定(ding)(ding)陵(ling)耗時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)達(da)6年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)久。他(ta)(ta)(ta)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)擇(ze)手(shou)段(duan)親(qin)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)斂(lian)(lian)聚(ju)錢(qian)(qian)財(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惡(e)習，提(ti)倡官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)吏(li)(li)向他(ta)(ta)(ta)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)奉(feng)(feng)(feng)，把進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)奉(feng)(feng)(feng)財(cai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多少(shao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)衡量官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)吏(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否效忠(zhong)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)范由(you)(you)內(nei)(nei)聚(ju)斂(lian)(lian)民(min)財(cai)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)派(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)批(pi)宦官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)赴(fu)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)地(di)(di)(di)充當(dang)(dang)(dang)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)、稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)使(shi)(shi)，肆意(yi)搜(sou)括民(min)脂民(min)膏。這(zhe)(zhe)使(shi)(shi)得(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)洶洶，民(min)變(bian)紛起(qi)，社會越(yue)(yue)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)蕩(dang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)安(an)(an)(an)。 統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)階級(ji)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)更加(jia)(jia)矛盾重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)理(li)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)臣(chen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奏(zou)章，他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諭(yu)旨，全(quan)靠內(nei)(nei)侍(shi)(shi)傳達(da)。冊(ce)立(li)(li)太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)久拖不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)決(jue)(jue)(jue)，導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)僚集團(tuan)(tuan)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)派(pai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)互相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)火并(bing)(bing)(bing)，黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)爭(zheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)愈演(yan)愈烈(lie)(lie)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)林黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)邪(xie)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斗爭(zheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)火不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)容(rong)，持(chi)續了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)很久，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)崩潰(kui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)(bian)緣。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1620年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))，朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)外交(jiao)困(kun)、風雨(yu)飄搖(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)死(si)(si)(si)(si)去(qu)，終(zhong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)58歲(sui)。葬(zang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)定(ding)(ding)陵(ling)，謚(shi)號(hao)范天(tian)合道(dao)(dao)(dao)哲(zhe)肅敦簡光文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)章武(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)仁(ren)(ren)止(zhi)孝顯(xian)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)，廟(miao)號(hao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)神(shen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)。 萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)1563年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)位(wei)(wei)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)位(wei)(wei)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)。1573年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)穆(mu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)駕崩時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)僅(jin)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歲(sui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)身份繼位(wei)(wei)，這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)史(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)神(shen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)。1620年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，58歲(sui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)因(yin)(yin)(yin)病(bing)去(qu)世(shi)，長(chang)(chang)達(da)48年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)隨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劃上(shang)(shang)(shang)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)休止(zhi)符。因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)神(shen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)48年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)只(zhi)用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)“萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)號(hao)，故人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)通常也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)稱其(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)。 [編(bian)輯(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)段(duan)]萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)興朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)位(wei)(wei)前(qian)(qian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)幼，由(you)(you)母親(qin)李(li)太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)代為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)聽(ting)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)則(ze)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切(qie)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)由(you)(you)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)居(ju)正(zheng)主持(chi)裁決(jue)(jue)(jue)，實行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條鞭(bian)法(fa)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)列改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)措施(shi)，使(shi)(shi)社會經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)很大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)興”。 [編(bian)輯(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)段(duan)]萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)怠(dai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng) 但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)居(ju)正(zheng)死(si)(si)(si)(si)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1586年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)沉(chen)湎于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)酒(jiu)色之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)染上(shang)(shang)(shang)鴉片(pian)煙癮）。后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)因(yin)(yin)(yin)立(li)(li)太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)內(nei)(nei)閣(ge)爭(zheng)執(zhi)長(chang)(chang)達(da)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)馀年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)索(suo)性三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)宮(gong)門，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)理(li)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)郊、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)廟(miao)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)批(pi)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)講，1589年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)，內(nei)(nei)閣(ge)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)滯于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)”、“曹署(shu)多空”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)；以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)位(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)方(fang)入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廷(ting)(ting)臣(chen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)長(chang)(chang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)如(ru)(ru)何，萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1612年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），南(nan)京(jing)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)道(dao)(dao)(dao)御(yu)史(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)疏(shu)：“臺省(sheng)空虛(xu)，諸務廢墮，上(shang)(shang)(shang)深(shen)居(ju)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)馀年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，未嘗(chang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)接見大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)臣(chen)，天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)陸沉(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)憂。”。首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)輔(fu)葉向高卻說皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)可(ke)(ke)接見福王(wang)(wang)(wang)兩(liang)(liang)次(ci)(ci)(ci)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1617年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，“部(bu)(bu)(bu)、寺大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)僚十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)缺(que)(que)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)、七(qi)(qi)(qi)，風憲重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)(di)空署(shu)數年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)科止(zhi)存四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)道(dao)(dao)(dao)止(zhi)存五(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”。囚(qiu)犯們(men)關在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)監(jian)(jian)(jian)獄里(li)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)長(chang)(chang)達(da)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)久還(huan)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)問過(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句話的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)獄中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)磚頭砸自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)，輾(zhan)轉(zhuan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)血泊中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)呼冤。臨江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)知(zhi)府(fu)(fu)錢(qian)(qian)若(ruo)賡被(bei)(bei)(bei)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)投入(ru)詔(zhao)獄達(da)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)久，終(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)釋(shi)，其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)錢(qian)(qian)敬忠(zhong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)疏(shu)：“臣(chen)父(fu)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)……氣(qi)血盡(jin)(jin)衰……膿(nong)血淋漓，四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)肢臃腫，瘡(chuang)毒滿身，更患腳瘤，步立(li)(li)俱廢。耳既(ji)無(wu)聞，目既(ji)無(wu)見，手(shou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)運，足不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)行(xing)，喉(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尚(shang)稍有(you)(you)(you)(you)氣(qi)，謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)未死(si)(si)(si)(si)，實與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)死(si)(si)(si)(si)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)耳”。宰相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)李(li)廷(ting)(ting)機(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)病(bing)，連(lian)續上(shang)(shang)(shang)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)辭呈，都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)得(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)消(xiao)息，最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)他(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)辭而(er)(er)(er)去(qu)。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1612年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），吏(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)(bu)尚(shang)書孫丕揚(yang)，“拜(bai)(bai)(bai)疏(shu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)去(qu)”。四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1613年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），吏(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)(bu)尚(shang)書趙煥也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)“拜(bai)(bai)(bai)疏(shu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)去(qu)”。 萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)期長(chang)(chang)達(da)30年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)非常有(you)(you)(you)(you)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)準和(he)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)準。 萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)主要原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)權(quan)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)度發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)劇(ju)(ju)烈(lie)(lie)沖(chong)突(tu)，皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)權(quan)受到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)壓抑(yi)，萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)消(xiao)極方(fang)式對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)抗(kang)。但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)點(dian)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)仍然值(zhi)得(de)肯定(ding)(ding)，其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)并(bing)(bing)(bing)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)因(yin)(yin)(yin)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)臣(chen)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)甚(shen)至(zhi)漫(man)罵皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)貴(gui)(gui)妃而(er)(er)(er)殺(sha)掉一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)(dang)(dang)寬仁(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。其(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)并(bing)(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)辦公，萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)情都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)處(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比如(ru)(ru)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)三(san)(san)(san)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)征(zheng)，特別是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)、日(ri)(ri)(ri)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壬辰戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)直在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)指(zhi)導(dao)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比如(ru)(ru)利(li)瑪竇(dou)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)京(jing)傳教(jiao)，建(jian)立(li)(li)教(jiao)堂(tang)，月(yue)(yue)(yue)供乃至(zhi)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)過(guo)問下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)得(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)順利(li)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)傳教(jiao)士對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)充滿敬意(yi)好(hao)感，東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)得(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)交(jiao)流(liu)，萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)起(qi)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)(dang)(dang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 其(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)，派(pai)太(tai)(tai)(tai)監(jian)(jian)(jian)設立(li)(li)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)、稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)斂(lian)(lian)財(cai)肯定(ding)(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)面(mian)，但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)我們(men)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)該具體分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析，礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)旨從此(ci)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，初(chu)衷并(bing)(bing)(bing)非與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)爭(zheng)利(li)，由(you)(you)此(ci)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)才派(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)。太(tai)(tai)(tai)監(jian)(jian)(jian)把經(jing)(jing)念(nian)歪(wai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，鬧得(de)烏煙瘴(zhang)氣(qi)。這(zhe)(zhe)段(duan)弊(bi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)概有(you)(you)(you)(you)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)終(zhong)止(zhi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)監(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)宮(gong)斂(lian)(lian)財(cai)，但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)禁卻取(qu)(qu)消(xiao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。無(wu)疑從此(ci)促進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)資本(ben)(ben)(ben)主義(yi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)萌芽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)史(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)封(feng)建(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)工(gong)商業(ye)攫取(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)多利(li)潤(run)加(jia)(jia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)剝奪(duo)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)所(suo)(suo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)巧立(li)(li)名(ming)目，加(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)征(zheng)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)比率(lv)。沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)漢武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期命(ming)令(ling)商人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)拿出(chu)(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)半家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)產以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)佐官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)府(fu)(fu)導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)“商賈(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)率(lv)破(po)”。但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)代工(gong)商業(ye)者已經(jing)(jing)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)(dang)(dang)強(qiang)(qiang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會力量，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)這(zhe)(zhe)種加(jia)(jia)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)忍(ren)受。出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)，稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)使(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)變(bian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)。（參(can)見《儒家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)》）從新(xin)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)(chang)角度來看，有(you)(you)(you)(you)適當(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)突(tu)和(he)矛盾是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)(chang)壯大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)階級(ji)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)更加(jia)(jia)矛盾重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)理(li)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)臣(chen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奏(zou)章，他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諭(yu)旨，全(quan)靠內(nei)(nei)侍(shi)(shi)傳達(da)。冊(ce)立(li)(li)太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)久拖不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)決(jue)(jue)(jue)，導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)僚集團(tuan)(tuan)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)派(pai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)互相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)火并(bing)(bing)(bing)，黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)爭(zheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)愈演(yan)愈烈(lie)(lie)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)林黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)邪(xie)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斗爭(zheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)火不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)容(rong)，持(chi)續了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)很久，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)崩潰(kui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)(bian)緣。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1620年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))，朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)外交(jiao)困(kun)、風雨(yu)飄搖(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)死(si)(si)(si)(si)去(qu)，終(zhong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)58歲(sui)。葬(zang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)定(ding)(ding)陵(ling)，謚(shi)號(hao)范天(tian)合道(dao)(dao)(dao)哲(zhe)肅敦簡光文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)章武(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)仁(ren)(ren)止(zhi)孝顯(xian)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)，廟(miao)號(hao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)神(shen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)。 [編(bian)輯(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)段(duan)]礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害(hai) 萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1596年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)神(shen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)派(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)宦官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)充任(ren)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)使(shi)(shi)，掠奪(duo)商民(min)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)旦被(bei)(bei)(bei)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)苗，房(fang)屋就(jiu)要全(quan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)拆(chai)除，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)便開(kai)(kai)(kai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)，開(kai)(kai)(kai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)挖(wa)掘不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，附(fu)近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)會被(bei)(bei)(bei)指(zhi)控“盜(dao)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)”，必(bi)須繳出(chu)(chu)(chu)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)“盜(dao)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賠(pei)款。礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)所(suo)(suo)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)，民(min)窮財(cai)盡(jin)(jin)，“鞭(bian)笞(chi)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)吏(li)(li)，剽(piao)劫(jie)行(xing)旅，商民(min)恨刺(ci)骨”“其(qi)(qi)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)直入(ru)民(min)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，奸淫(yin)婦(fu)女(nv)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)掠入(ru)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)署(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，士民(min)公憤”，而(er)(er)(er)“帝(di)(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)問”，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)代一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)惡(e)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)輔(fu)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)賡沉(chen)痛地(di)(di)(di)說：“今(jin)日(ri)(ri)(ri)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)由(you)(you)內(nei)(nei)閣(ge)，盡(jin)(jin)移于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)司(si)禮。”大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)士沈鯉在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《請(qing)罷(ba)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)疏(shu)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，亦(yi)(yi)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)“皆有(you)(you)(you)(you)司(si)加(jia)(jia)派(pai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)包賠(pei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。戶科給事(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)田(tian)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)益曾忍(ren)無(wu)可(ke)(ke)忍(ren)地(di)(di)(di)批(pi)評他(ta)(ta)(ta)：“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)錢(qian)(qian)珠(zhu)(zhu)玉(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)命(ming)脈。”萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)（1597年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）至(zhi)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1605年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)使(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)內(nei)(nei)庫銀(yin)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)近三(san)(san)(san)百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)兩(liang)(liang)，“半以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)助浮費(fei)，半以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)市珠(zhu)(zhu)寶”，更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)入(ru)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)宦官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腰包。 [編(bian)輯(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)段(duan)]萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)三(san)(san)(san)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)征(zheng) 指(zhi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)神(shen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)帝(di)(di)(di)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)（1573～1619）年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)息叛(pan)亂(luan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寧(ning)(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)役、播州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)役和(he)支援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)抗(kang)擊(ji)(ji)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)侵略的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)役。三(san)(san)(san)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)皆捷，但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)力物(wu)(wu)(wu)力也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)遭受到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)巨(ju)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)損失(shi)。 寧(ning)(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)役 即鎮(zhen)壓哱(bei)(bei)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan)。拜(bai)(bai)(bai)原(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)族人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，嘉靖中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)降(jiang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，積(ji)功(gong)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)指(zhi)揮。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)初(chu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)游擊(ji)(ji)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)標兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)丁千(qian)余(yu)(yu)，專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)制(zhi)寧(ning)(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，多蓄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)副(fu)(fu)(fu)總(zong)(zong)(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)致(zhi)(zhi)仕，子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)哱(bei)(bei)承(cheng)恩襲職(zhi)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，火落(luo)(luo)赤等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)犯洮(tao)河(he)告急(ji)，拜(bai)(bai)(bai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)請(qing)率(lv)所(suo)(suo)部(bu)(bu)(bu)三(san)(san)(san)千(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)往(wang)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，至(zhi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)，見各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)鎮(zhen)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)皆出(chu)(chu)(chu)其(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，歸途取(qu)(qu)路(lu)(lu)(lu)塞(sai)外，戎兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)亦(yi)(yi)遠(yuan)避(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)益驕橫，有(you)(you)(you)(you)輕(qing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)。巡撫(fu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)馨每抑(yi)裁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)核其(qi)(qi)冒餉(xiang)(xiang)罪(zui)，哱(bei)(bei)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)因(yin)(yin)(yin)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)日(ri)(ri)(ri)，糾(jiu)合其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)承(cheng)恩、義(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)哱(bei)(bei)云(yun)及(ji)(ji)(ji)土(tu)(tu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)秀(xiu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，嗾使(shi)(shi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)鋒劉(liu)(liu)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)旸(yang)叛(pan)亂(luan)，殺(sha)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)馨及(ji)(ji)(ji)副(fu)(fu)(fu)使(shi)(shi)石繼芳(fang)，縱火焚公署(shu)，收符印，發(fa)(fa)(fa)帑(tang)釋(shi)囚(qiu)。脅迫總(zong)(zong)(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)惟忠(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)馨“扣(kou)餉(xiang)(xiang)激(ji)變(bian)”奏(zou)報，并(bing)(bing)(bing)索(suo)取(qu)(qu)敕印，惟忠(zhong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)縊死(si)(si)(si)(si)。此(ci)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)旸(yang)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)稱總(zong)(zong)(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)謀主，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)承(cheng)恩、許(xu)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)左(zuo)右副(fu)(fu)(fu)總(zong)(zong)(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)，土(tu)(tu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)秀(xiu)、哱(bei)(bei)云(yun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)左(zuo)右參(can)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，占(zhan)據(ju)寧(ning)(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)鎮(zhen)，刑牲(sheng)而(er)(er)(er)盟。出(chu)(chu)(chu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)連(lian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)衛、廣武(wu)(wu)、玉(yu)泉營、靈州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)（今(jin)寧(ning)(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)靈武(wu)(wu)）等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)城(cheng)(cheng)，惟平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)虜堅(jian)守不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)。叛(pan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)又(you)(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)許(xu)花(hua)馬池一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶聽(ting)其(qi)(qi)住牧(mu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)誘餌，得(de)套(tao)部(bu)(bu)(bu)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)領(ling)(ling)著力兔等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)助，勢力越(yue)(yue)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)，全(quan)陜震(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)。三(san)(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)日(ri)(ri)(ri)，副(fu)(fu)(fu)總(zong)(zong)(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)李(li)昫奉(feng)(feng)(feng)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)魏學(xue)曾檄，攝總(zong)(zong)(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)剿(jiao)，但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)叛(pan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)恃套(tao)部(bu)(bu)(bu)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)支持(chi)，勢甚(shen)強(qiang)(qiang)。此(ci)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)特調副(fu)(fu)(fu)麻(ma)(ma)貴(gui)(gui)馳援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，貴(gui)(gui)率(lv)蒼頭軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)攻(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)同時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，阻擊(ji)(ji)套(tao)部(bu)(bu)(bu)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)，斬(zhan)獲甚(shen)多。四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，又(you)(you)(you)調李(li)如(ru)(ru)松(song)(song)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)寧(ning)(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)總(zong)(zong)(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)浙(zhe)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)御(yu)史(shi)梅國(guo)(guo)(guo)楨監(jian)(jian)(jian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、宣(xuan)(xuan)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)、山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)及(ji)(ji)(ji)浙(zhe)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、苗兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)圍剿(jiao)。七(qi)(qi)(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，麻(ma)(ma)貴(gui)(gui)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)搗(dao)毀(hui)套(tao)部(bu)(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)營，追奔(ben)至(zhi)賀蘭山(shan)(shan)，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)(qi)盡(jin)(jin)逐出(chu)(chu)(chu)塞(sai)。各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)路(lu)(lu)(lu)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)代學(xue)曾為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葉夢熊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)帥下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)寧(ning)(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)城(cheng)(cheng)團(tuan)(tuan)團(tuan)(tuan)包圍，并(bing)(bing)(bing)決(jue)(jue)(jue)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灌城(cheng)(cheng)。叛(pan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)失(shi)去(qu)外援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)彈盡(jin)(jin)糧(liang)絕(jue)，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)火并(bing)(bing)(bing)，九月(yue)(yue)(yue)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)劉(liu)(liu)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)旸(yang)殺(sha)土(tu)(tu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)秀(xiu)，承(cheng)恩殺(sha)許(xu)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)周國(guo)(guo)(guo)柱又(you)(you)(you)殺(sha)劉(liu)(liu)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)旸(yang)。軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)心(xin)(xin)(xin)渙散。李(li)如(ru)(ru)松(song)(song)攻(gong)破(po)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)又(you)(you)(you)圍哱(bei)(bei)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，拜(bai)(bai)(bai)闔門自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)盡(jin)(jin)，承(cheng)恩等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)被(bei)(bei)(bei)擒，至(zhi)此(ci)，哱(bei)(bei)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)息。 播州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)役 播州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)位(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)川、貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、湖北間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，山(shan)(shan)川險(xian)要，廣袤千(qian)里(li)。自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)唐(tang)(tang)楊端之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，楊氏世(shi)代統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)此(ci)地(di)(di)(di)，接受中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)任(ren)命(ming)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)初(chu)，楊鏗(keng)內(nei)(nei)附(fu)，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)任(ren)命(ming)其(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)播州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)宣(xuan)(xuan)慰司(si)使(shi)(shi)。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)初(chu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)播州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)宣(xuan)(xuan)慰司(si)使(shi)(shi)，驕橫跋(ba)扈，作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)惡(e)多端，并(bing)(bing)(bing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)公開(kai)(kai)(kai)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)亂(luan)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)廷(ting)(ting)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)楊應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)龍(long)(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan)舉棋不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)定(ding)(ding)，未采(cai)取(qu)(qu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)力對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)策。因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)龍(long)(long)本(ben)(ben)(ben)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)面(mian)向明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)佯(yang)稱出(chu)(chu)(chu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)出(chu)(chu)(chu)錢(qian)(qian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)抵罪(zui)贖罪(zui)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)面(mian)又(you)(you)(you)引苗兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)攻(gong)入(ru)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)川、貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、湖廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)屯(tun)堡與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)，搜(sou)戮居(ju)民(min)，奸淫(yin)擄掠。二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)川巡撫(fu)譚希思于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)綦(qi)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、合江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)（今(jin)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)川瀘(lu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)）設防。次(ci)(ci)(ci)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)巡撫(fu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)司(si)楊國(guo)(guo)(guo)柱率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)三(san)(san)(san)千(qian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)剿(jiao)，失(shi)利(li)，楊國(guo)(guo)(guo)柱被(bei)(bei)(bei)殺(sha)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)廷(ting)(ting)罷(ba)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)郭子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)章代之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。又(you)(you)(you)起(qi)用(yong)前(qian)(qian)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)御(yu)史(shi)李(li)化(hua)(hua)龍(long)(long)兼兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)侍(shi)(shi)郎，節制(zhi)川、湖、貴(gui)(gui)三(san)(san)(san)省(sheng)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)調劉(liu)(liu)綎(ting)(ting)及(ji)(ji)(ji)麻(ma)(ma)貴(gui)(gui)、陳璘、董一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)元(yuan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)南(nan)征(zheng)。二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，征(zheng)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)集，二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)李(li)化(hua)(hua)龍(long)(long)指(zhi)揮下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)八(ba)路(lu)(lu)(lu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)，每路(lu)(lu)(lu)約三(san)(san)(san)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。劉(liu)(liu)綎(ting)(ting)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)綦(qi)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，連(lian)破(po)楠木山(shan)(shan)、羊簡臺、三(san)(san)(san)峒天(tian)險(xian)。又(you)(you)(you)敗(bai)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)龍(long)(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)棟(dong)所(suo)(suo)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)苗軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。巾幗英雄(xiong)秦良(liang)玉(yu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)丈夫馬千(qian)乘(cheng)亦(yi)(yi)率(lv)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)攻(gong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)金(jin)(jin)(jin)筑(zhu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)七(qi)(qi)(qi)寨，并(bing)(bing)(bing)偕(xie)同酉陽等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)土(tu)(tu)司(si)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)攻(gong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)桑木關為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)南(nan)川路(lu)(lu)(lu)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)功(gong)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)幾路(lu)(lu)(lu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)取(qu)(qu)得(de)勝利(li)。三(san)(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)底，劉(liu)(liu)綎(ting)(ting)攻(gong)占(zhan)婁山(shan)(shan)關，四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，楊應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)龍(long)(long)率(lv)諸苗決(jue)(jue)(jue)死(si)(si)(si)(si)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，又(you)(you)(you)敗(bai)。綎(ting)(ting)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)占(zhan)楊應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)龍(long)(long)所(suo)(suo)依天(tian)險(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)龍(long)(long)爪、海云(yun)，至(zhi)海龍(long)(long)囤(dun)（今(jin)遵義(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北），與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)諸路(lu)(lu)(lu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)合圍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉(liu)(liu)綎(ting)(ting)又(you)(you)(you)破(po)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)。應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)龍(long)(long)知(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)勢已去(qu)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)妾自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)縊，子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)棟(dong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)被(bei)(bei)(bei)執(zhi)，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)，播州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)其(qi)(qi)地(di)(di)(di)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)遵義(yi)、平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)府(fu)(fu)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)屬四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)川、貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。 朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)役 即援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)逐倭(wo)（日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)）之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，掌握日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐臣(chen)秀(xiu)吉命(ming)加(jia)(jia)藤清(qing)正(zheng)、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)行(xing)長(chang)(chang)率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)從對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)馬攻(gong)占(zhan)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)釜山(shan)(shan)，又(you)(you)(you)渡臨津江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)逼王(wang)(wang)(wang)京(jing)（今(jin)漢城(cheng)(cheng)）。朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)王(wang)(wang)(wang)李(li)昖(yan)沉(chen)湎酒(jiu)色、弛于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)武(wu)(wu)備，軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)望風而(er)(er)(er)潰(kui)。李(li)昖(yan)逃(tao)奔(ben)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)壤(rang)(rang)、后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)又(you)(you)(you)奔(ben)義(yi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)（今(jin)新(xin)義(yi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北）。日(ri)(ri)(ri)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)占(zhan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)京(jing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，毀(hui)墳墓(mu)，劫(jie)王(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、陪臣(chen)，剽(piao)掠府(fu)(fu)庫。又(you)(you)(you)攻(gong)入(ru)開(kai)(kai)(kai)城(cheng)(cheng)、平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)壤(rang)(rang)。朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)八(ba)道(dao)(dao)(dao)幾乎(hu)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)淪陷(xian)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)種形勢下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)請(qing)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)。但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)因(yin)(yin)(yin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)少(shao)力弱，地(di)(di)(di)理(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)熟，游擊(ji)(ji)史(shi)儒戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)死(si)(si)(si)(si)，副(fu)(fu)(fu)總(zong)(zong)(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)祖承(cheng)訓僅(jin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)身免。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)廷(ting)(ting)得(de)敗(bai)訊后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)宋應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)昌為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)經(jing)(jing)略、李(li)如(ru)(ru)松(song)(song)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)征(zheng)提(ti)督(du)，集四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)馬赴(fu)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)。次(ci)(ci)(ci)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)壤(rang)(rang)，擊(ji)(ji)敗(bai)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)行(xing)長(chang)(chang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)，獲平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)壤(rang)(rang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)捷，此(ci)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)又(you)(you)(you)復(fu)(fu)(fu)開(kai)(kai)(kai)城(cheng)(cheng)，扭(niu)轉(zhuan)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)局。后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)又(you)(you)(you)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)逼王(wang)(wang)(wang)京(jing)，但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)距王(wang)(wang)(wang)京(jing)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碧蹄館因(yin)(yin)(yin)輕(qing)敵(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)伏，損失(shi)慘重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。三(san)(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉(liu)(liu)綎(ting)(ting)、陳璘率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)抵朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)扼(e)臨津、寶山(shan)(shan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)處(chu)，并(bing)(bing)(bing)斷(duan)日(ri)(ri)(ri)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧(liang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，日(ri)(ri)(ri)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)缺(que)(que)糧(liang)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)放棄王(wang)(wang)(wang)京(jing)，退縮至(zhi)釜山(shan)(shan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)(di)，開(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)談判。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)尚(shang)書石星力主和(he)議。但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)同江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)界(jie)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)無(wu)理(li)要求，談判破(po)裂。二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)(ri)(ri)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)再次(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)神(shen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)石星等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)獄，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)邢(xing)玠為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)薊遼總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)，麻(ma)(ma)貴(gui)(gui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)備倭(wo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，調薊遼、宣(xuan)(xuan)府(fu)(fu)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)同、山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)及(ji)(ji)(ji)福建(jian)、吳淞水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)，又(you)(you)(you)募(mu)川、漢兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)往(wang)援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。次(ci)(ci)(ci)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)李(li)如(ru)(ru)梅、東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)麻(ma)(ma)貴(gui)(gui)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)劉(liu)(liu)綎(ting)(ting)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)陳璘，分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)道(dao)(dao)(dao)向釜山(shan)(shan)挺(ting)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，陳璘與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)領(ling)(ling)李(li)舜(shun)臣(chen)緊密配(pei)合，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)海上(shang)(shang)(shang)打敗(bai)敵(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)精(jing)銳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)行(xing)長(chang)(chang)所(suo)(suo)部(bu)(bu)(bu)，八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，豐臣(chen)秀(xiu)吉死(si)(si)(si)(si)，日(ri)(ri)(ri)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)撤(che)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)聯軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)乘(cheng)勢進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)擊(ji)(ji)，日(ri)(ri)(ri)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)敗(bai)。但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)李(li)舜(shun)臣(chen)和(he)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)老(lao)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)鄧子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)龍(long)(long)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海上(shang)(shang)(shang)會戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)犧牲(sheng)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)基本(ben)(ben)(ben)結(jie)束(shu)。 三(san)(san)(san)次(ci)(ci)(ci)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役雖取(qu)(qu)得(de)勝利(li)，但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)使(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)力物(wu)(wu)(wu)力遭受巨(ju)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)損失(shi)。史(shi)載：“二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，寧(ning)(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)用(yong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)，費(fei)帑(tang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)百(bai)余(yu)(yu)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)。其(qi)(qi)冬，朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)用(yong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)，首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)尾八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，費(fei)帑(tang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)七(qi)(qi)(qi)百(bai)余(yu)(yu)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)。二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，播州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)用(yong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)，又(you)(you)(you)費(fei)帑(tang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)三(san)(san)(san)百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)。三(san)(san)(san)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)征(zheng)踵接，國(guo)(guo)(guo)用(yong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)匱。”經(jing)(jing)此(ci)三(san)(san)(san)次(ci)(ci)(ci)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)元(yuan)氣(qi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)傷，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)滅亡(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。 [編(bian)輯(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)段(duan)]女(nv)真堀起(qi) 此(ci)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北女(nv)真族努(nu)爾哈赤興起(qi)，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)日(ri)(ri)(ri)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)帝(di)(di)(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隱患。 1619年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)區司(si)令(ling)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)楊鎬(hao)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)路(lu)(lu)(lu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)金(jin)(jin)(jin)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)薩爾滸大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)敗(bai)，死(si)(si)(si)(si)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)余(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，開(kai)(kai)(kai)原(yuan)、鐵(tie)嶺淪陷(xian)，北京(jing)震(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)。朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)用(yong)熊廷(ting)(ting)弼守遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，屯(tun)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)，才將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)局勢扭(niu)轉(zhuan)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)“斷(duan)頭政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”，連(lian)“票擬”、“朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)批(pi)”都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)已經(jing)(jing)完全(quan)停止(zhi)，即使(shi)(shi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)(shi)科技領(ling)(ling)先當(dang)(dang)(dang)代、農(nong)業(ye)技術明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)顯(xian)優于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)前(qian)(qian)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)，但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)已長(chang)(chang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)陷(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)癱瘓。 朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)薩爾滸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次(ci)(ci)(ci)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1620年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）逝世(shi)，葬(zang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)定(ding)(ding)陵(ling)。《明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)帝(di)(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)(wang)陵(ling)》提(ti)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)陵(ling)1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘，萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)帝(di)(di)(di)尸骨復(fu)(fu)(fu)原(yuan)，“生(sheng)(sheng)前(qian)(qian)體形上(shang)(shang)(shang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)駝(tuo)背”。 [編(bian)輯(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)段(duan)]大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji) 紅薯傳入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)——李(li)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)珍撰寫(xie)《本(ben)(ben)(ben)草綱目》。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)——利(li)瑪竇(dou)繪制(zhi)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)世(shi)界(jie)地(di)(di)(di)圖(tu)《山(shan)(shan)海輿地(di)(di)(di)圖(tu)》。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)——朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)載出(chu)(chu)(chu)版《律呂精(jing)義(yi)》。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)——定(ding)(ding)陵(ling)開(kai)(kai)(kai)建(jian)。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)——利(li)瑪竇(dou)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)油畫引入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)——楊繼洲撰寫(xie)《針(zhen)灸大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)》。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)13日(ri)(ri)(ri)——海南(nan)瓊州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)7.5級(ji)地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)(zhen)。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)——天(tian)主教(jiao)傳入(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海。出(chu)(chu)(chu)生(sheng)(sheng) 萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)六(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)——沈德符，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)——胡正(zheng)言，鐫刻家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)——朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)檢，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)思宗(zong)(zong)(zong)逝世(shi) 萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)——梁辰魚(yu)(yu)，劇(ju)(ju)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)——田(tian)義(yi)，太(tai)(tai)(tai)監(jian)(jian)(jian) [編(bian)輯(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)段(duan)]評價 《明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)史(shi)·神(shen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)本(ben)(ben)(ben)紀》：“故論(lun)考(kao)謂(wei)：明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亡(wang)(wang)實亡(wang)(wang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)神(shen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)。”趙翼(yi)《廿二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)史(shi)札記(ji)·萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)》：“論(lun)者謂(wei)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亡(wang)(wang)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)亡(wang)(wang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)崇(chong)禎(zhen)而(er)(er)(er)亡(wang)(wang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。”清(qing)高宗(zong)(zong)(zong)乾隆在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)長(chang)(chang)陵(ling)神(shen)功(gong)圣德碑》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)則(ze)道(dao)(dao)(dao)：“明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亡(wang)(wang)非亡(wang)(wang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)流(liu)寇，而(er)(er)(er)亡(wang)(wang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)神(shen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)荒(huang)唐(tang)(tang)，及(ji)(ji)(ji)天(tian)啟時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)閹宦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)橫，大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)臣(chen)志在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)祿位(wei)(wei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)錢(qian)(qian)，百(bai)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)務鉆營阿諛(yu)。及(ji)(ji)(ji)思宗(zong)(zong)(zong)即位(wei)(wei)，逆閹雖誅(zhu)，而(er)(er)(er)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勢，已如(ru)(ru)河(he)決(jue)(jue)(jue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)復(fu)(fu)(fu)塞(sai)，魚(yu)(yu)爛不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)復(fu)(fu)(fu)收矣。而(er)(er)(er)又(you)(you)(you)苛察太(tai)(tai)(tai)甚(shen)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)懷自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)免之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)民(min)疾苦(ku)而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)告，故相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)聚(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)盜(dao)，闖賊(zei)乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)社遂屋。嗚呼！有(you)(you)(you)(you)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)者，可(ke)(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)所(suo)(suo)戒(jie)懼哉？” 黃(huang)仁(ren)(ren)宇在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)書將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)荒(huang)怠(dai)，聯系(xi)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)群體在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)“立(li)(li)儲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)爭(zheng)”觀念(nian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)抗(kang)。怠(dai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)集團(tuan)(tuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種報復(fu)(fu)(fu)。黃(huang)仁(ren)(ren)宇說：“他(ta)(ta)(ta)（即萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)）身上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)什么時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)候，沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)做出(chu)(chu)(chu)確(que)切(qie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)答(da)復(fu)(fu)(fu)。但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)追溯皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)位(wei)(wei)繼承(cheng)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)連(lian)串使(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)感到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)快的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)，那么1587年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)丁亥，即萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條界(jie)線。這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)表面(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)并(bing)(bing)(bing)無(wu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)蕩(dang)，但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)本(ben)(ben)(ben)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)史(shi)卻有(you)(you)(you)(you)它(ta)(ta)特別重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)。” 但(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)若(ruo)站在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)理(li)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度，朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)翊(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鈞(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)種怠(dai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)理(li)解為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)習得(de)性失(shi)助或(huo)(huo)(huo)憂郁癥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臨床表現(xian)(xian)。 在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)》文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)末總(zong)(zong)(zong)結(jie)，“1587年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)15年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，歲(sui)次(ci)(ci)(ci)丁亥，表面(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)似乎(hu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)海升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)，無(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)記(ji)，實際上(shang)(shang)(shang)我們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)帝(di)(di)(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)卻已經(jing)(jing)走到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)它(ta)(ta)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盡(jin)(jin)頭。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)候，皇(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勵精(jing)圖(tu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)者晏安(an)(an)(an)耽樂，首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)輔(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨裁或(huo)(huo)(huo)者調和(he)，高級(ji)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)領(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)富于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)創造(zao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)者習于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)茍安(an)(an)(an)，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廉(lian)潔奉(feng)(feng)(feng)公或(huo)(huo)(huo)者貪污舞(wu)弊(bi)，思想(xiang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極端進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)步或(huo)(huo)(huo)者絕(jue)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)保守，最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo)，都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)善惡(e)，統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)實上(shang)(shang)(shang)取(qu)(qu)得(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)意(yi)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)我們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故事(shi)(shi)(shi)只(zhi)好(hao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)悲劇(ju)(ju)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)束(shu)。萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)丁亥年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)鑒，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)史(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)失(shi)敗(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)(zong)記(ji)錄”。

朱翊鈞(jun)是昏君還是明君

朱翊鈞是明君。

朱(zhu)翊鈞在位期間實行了(le)很多(duo)的改(gai)革計(ji)劃(hua)，當(dang)時(shi)的社會不管是(shi)(shi)經濟還(huan)是(shi)(shi)生(sheng)活都有了(le)大大的改(gai)善，甚(shen)至還(huan)開創了(le)“萬(wan)歷中(zhong)興”。

朱翊鈞簡介

明(ming)(ming)神宗(zong)朱翊鈞(jun)(jun)（1563年(nian)-1620年(nian)），明(ming)(ming)朝第十三(san)位皇帝，明(ming)(ming)穆宗(zong)第三(san)子。隆慶(qing)二年(nian)（1568年(nian)）立為(wei)皇太子，隆慶(qing)六年(nian)（1572年(nian)），穆宗(zong)駕崩，10歲(sui)的朱翊鈞(jun)(jun)即位，次年(nian)改(gai)元萬歷。在位48年(nian)，是(shi)明(ming)(ming)朝在位時間最長(chang)的皇帝。

登(deng)基(ji)初期(qi)(qi)，面臨內憂外患(huan)，由內閣首輔張(zhang)居(ju)正主持(chi)萬歷朝新政(zheng)。萬歷十(shi)年(nian)六月，內閣首輔張(zhang)居(ju)正病逝，萬歷皇帝親(qin)政(zheng)，初期(qi)(qi)勤于政(zheng)務，曾著布(bu)衣率群臣(chen)步行至天壇祈雨。中期(qi)(qi)，親(qin)自諭旨主持(chi)萬歷三大(da)征(zheng)。

萬歷四(si)十七年（1619年），遼東(dong)經略楊鎬(hao)四(si)路進攻后金(jin)，在(zai)薩爾滸之戰(zhan)大敗(bai)，死四(si)萬余(yu)人，開原和鐵嶺(ling)淪陷，首都(dou)燕(yan)京震(zhen)動。朱翊鈞用熊廷弼守遼東(dong)，屯兵筑城，才稍(shao)稍(shao)將東(dong)北局勢(shi)扭轉。女真人自此在(zai)中國(guo)東(dong)北崛起(qi)，逐漸(jian)成(cheng)為(wei)大明(ming)帝國(guo)的心腹(fu)大患。

公元1620年7月21日，萬歷皇帝崩，廟號神(shen)宗，謚號范天合道哲(zhe)肅敦簡(jian)光文章武安仁止(zhi)孝顯皇帝，葬十三陵之定(ding)陵。

明神(shen)宗的(de)一(yi)生可以分為四(si)個階(jie)段：10歲(sui)之(zhi)前為皇太子；10歲(sui)到(dao)20歲(sui)，小(xiao)皇帝(di)時(shi)期，他只是一(yi)個象征(zheng)性的(de)權威，凡(fan)事依大學士(shi)張居正而行；20歲(sui)以后，親政時(shi)期。

親(qin)(qin)政(zheng)前期，勤于(yu)政(zheng)務；親(qin)(qin)政(zheng)后(hou)期，雖然并不(bu)上朝(chao)，但并不(bu)代表不(bu)管事，親(qin)(qin)自主持萬歷三大征。派出李如松等將領率明(ming)軍在日本關白豐臣秀吉挑(tiao)起的抗倭援朝(chao)戰爭中打敗日軍，是(shi)一位具(ju)有民族英雄氣質的皇帝。

晚(wan)年，由于國本之(zhi)爭，遲遲沒(mei)有讓皇長子（朱常洛(luo)）出閣(ge)讀書，從而埋下大明王朝的滅亡(wang)的禍根(gen)。

揭秘被丑化的(de)萬歷皇(huang)帝是個怎(zen)樣的(de)人？

掐指一算，后人對明朝萬歷皇帝有一些不好的印象：一是所謂清算張；二是所謂20年不打官司；第三，所謂萬歷皇帝貪財；四、《明史》所謂“明死，神亡”的說法.所以，也難怪萬歷皇帝的歷史形象從清朝開始就不怎么好了，而且深得民心。


萬歷皇帝真的這么不堪嗎？但事實絕非如此。有些史書是這樣描述和評價萬歷的。其實把鹿說成馬有點自大。事實上，萬歷皇帝絕不是昏庸的皇帝。他不僅寬容有為，而且具有高超的軍事指揮能力。他還具有大多數帝王所缺乏的高瞻遠矚的眼光和大胸懷。從人類文明不斷發展進步的角度來看，萬歷皇帝從根本上是強于清朝康熙皇帝的。


張當政時，年輕的萬歷皇帝長期接受良好的皇室教育。應該說這讓他具備了做一個好皇帝的素質基礎。張死后，終于能親自管理政務的萬歷皇帝，勤奮、睿智、果斷、有成就。但萬歷皇帝在親政后期，在大臣們眼中有了很大的變化，就是皇帝不怎么愛朝鮮了。他似乎不喜歡每天和大臣們面對面討論國家大事，也不參加很多象征性的儀式和典禮。這種情況甚至持續了20年左右。


于是有人留下了萬歷皇帝“懶于對朝”、“與外庭隔絕三十年不去郊廟”等記載。這種記錄有些夸張，但卻是真實的。


但如果萬歷長期不顧國家大事，那就不對了。


后宮里的萬歷皇帝，和所有的皇帝一樣，自然是必然要尋歡作樂，飲酒作樂，但萬歷絕不是對國家大事漠不關心。他只是厭倦了朝九晚五準時上班的刻板生活。他覺得只要事情能處理得當，為什么要局限于21世紀工薪階層天天去辦公室上班的日復一日的單調？萬歷皇帝一心想成為內務府的一員，于是把辦公桌搬到了臥室。他讓太監把各級官員的奏章和各種文件都送到他的臥室。萬歷不是懶，他只是想灑脫，他只是討厭形式主義。


事實上，萬歷在長期隱居后宮期間，從未忘記做功課。像往常一樣，他認真對待他的作業。但在朝廷上，總有一些腐敗的文人遞上一些振振有詞卻又晦澀難懂的奏章，讓他覺得索然無味。他實在懶得搭理這樣的存折，于是“留在中間不發”。有些想靠罵皇帝來博取功名甚至名聲的官員，甚至在奏章里，竟然為了私欲、色欲、富貴而罵自己，實在令陛下惱火。萬歷皇帝很生氣，他覺得這件事的后果應該很嚴重。沖動之下，他想殺了這廝的猴子！但萬歷畢竟是個受過良好教育的人。他覺得沒必要為這么點小事生氣傷肝。他甚至不想辯解什么，因為頭腦清醒的人會為自己開脫的！但是，有一次他終于發脾氣了，直到他為人民把那個家伙辭退了，他才又恢復了平靜。


平心而論，萬歷其實是一個溫柔善良、有教養、寬宏大量的皇帝。同時，他又是一個有個性、有脾氣、有智慧的皇帝。后來的康熙皇帝也不過如此，比萬歷好不了一點點。應該說，在萬歷時代，整個國家的基調是愉悅的、享受的，幾乎所有的人都沉浸在世俗的歡樂中。萬歷不想破壞老百姓的好心情。在他心中，他把“無為”視為高桂。與康雍統治時期的言論禁錮不同，明朝的言論和結社自由幾乎超過了今天的美國。萬歷能冷靜對待大臣們激烈、尖銳甚至罵人的話，他從來沒有因為自己言語過激而殺過人。萬歷也理解知識分子的愛國情懷。他允許他們自由交往，自由討論國家大事和天下興亡。他不想下令取締他們，更不想派錦衣衛的特務去清理他們的利益。


后世的康熙或許在勤奮上比萬歷更勝一籌，但當時的文字獄讓社會氣氛極度緊張。不僅各種人的集會和結社行為被嚴格禁止，就連普通人在街上聊天也不得不小心翼翼。如果是這樣的話，難怪整個清朝沒有人敢批評皇帝，也難怪有關滿清的文字和圖像充斥了今人的眼睛，只有奉承和贊美。


總之，他沒上法庭也沒關系。其實明朝的制度，有沒有他，朝廷照樣轉。這一時期是中國歷史上最自由的時期之一。很多地方沒有地方官，沒有稅吏，沒有強制兵役，人員自由流動，商業貿易自由發展，南方手工業迅速發展，資本主義萌芽。

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