司馬遷受(shou)宮刑是誰提出的(de)?今天的(de)文章會顛覆你的(de)認(ren)知!
很多人可能都(dou)以(yi)為(wei)(wei),司(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)所遭(zao)受的(de)(de)(de)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing),其實是(shi)漢武帝(di)下的(de)(de)(de)命令,當(dang)司(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)提(ti)出(chu)對李陵事件的(de)(de)(de)異議(yi)之后,就被處以(yi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)了。但是(shi)實際上,司(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)的(de)(de)(de)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)其實是(shi)司(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)自己提(ti)出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de),這究竟是(shi)怎(zen)么(me)一回事?司(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)為(wei)(wei)什么(me)會主動要求要宮(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing),漢武帝(di)當(dang)時是(shi)想(xiang)要如(ru)何懲(cheng)治司(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)呢?這背后到底還有(you)著怎(zen)樣不為(wei)(wei)人知的(de)(de)(de)事情?
1.司馬遷為何主(zhu)動要(yao)求宮刑
公元前99年,漢(han)(han)朝和匈(xiong)奴之間戰爭(zheng)不(bu)斷。最后李(li)陵(ling)向匈(xiong)奴投降。漢(han)(han)武帝對李(li)陵(ling)投降之事異常憤(fen)怒,但內心(xin)深處可能又有些認同李(li)陵(ling)是迫于無奈才投降,抱著這個矛盾心(xin)理,所以他(ta)反復點名詢問大小臣工,也問到司馬遷頭上,讓其說說對此事看法。
司(si)(si)馬遷(qian)(qian)的性格(ge)非常正直,絲毫不會做恭維(wei)保全自(zi)身之言,他站在事實的角度,客觀公正的分析李(li)陵(ling)投降(jiang)的原因,認為李(li)他原本就不是(shi)貪生怕死之輩,沒有選(xuan)擇戰死成仁,而投降(jiang)于匈奴(nu),其心中肯定(ding)有計劃,希望漢(han)武帝(di)能(neng)給他一些(xie)時間。漢(han)武帝(di)聽了大怒(nu),認為司(si)(si)馬遷(qian)(qian)乃(nai)是(shi)一個小吏,卻膽敢包(bao)庇李(li)陵(ling),所以(yi)將司(si)(si)馬遷(qian)(qian)打(da)入監(jian)獄(yu),被判(pan)了死刑。
其(qi)實(shi)西漢(han)被(bei)判死(si)(si)刑(xing),并不就意(yi)味著一定(ding)會被(bei)處(chu)死(si)(si),一般的(de)被(bei)判死(si)(si)刑(xing)之(zhi)罪是有緩和(he)的(de)余(yu)地:其(qi)一,憑先祖之(zhi)功免除(chu)死(si)(si)刑(xing);其(qi)二,花錢(qian)買命,只(zhi)要(yao)(yao)出足夠的(de)錢(qian)就可以免死(si)(si);其(qi)三(san),申請(qing)宮刑(xing)代(dai)替死(si)(si)刑(xing),當(dang)然,接(jie)受宮刑(xing)需要(yao)(yao)有一定(ding)的(de)心里準備,受刑(xing)人會終(zhong)身抬(tai)不起頭,也會有受刑(xing)后感染而死(si)(si)的(de)風險(xian)。
司馬(ma)遷祖上無殊(shu)榮(rong),家中又無錢,前兩種免死(si)方法(fa)都達不成,但他(ta)認為自己(ji)修史的(de)使(shi)命未(wei)完,還(huan)不能(neng)死(si),所以他(ta)請求以宮(gong)刑代替死(si)刑,救了自己(ji)一命。
司(si)馬遷被處以(yi)宮刑(xing)之(zhi)后,忍受常人所(suo)不(bu)能體會之(zhi)苦楚,堅韌不(bu)拔,寫下千古絕唱之(zhi)《史記》。所(suo)以(yi)說(shuo):故天將降(jiang)大任于是(斯)人也,必先(xian)苦其心志(zhi),勞其筋骨,餓其體膚,空(kong)乏(fa)其身(shen),行拂亂其所(suo)為,所(suo)以(yi)動心忍性(xing),曾(ceng)益其所(suo)不(bu)能。
2.李陵事件
事件背景
這年(nian)夏(xia)天,武帝(di)派(pai)自己寵妃(fei)李(li)(li)夫人的哥(ge)哥(ge)、貳師將軍(jun)(jun)李(li)(li)廣利(li)領(ling)兵討伐匈奴(nu),另派(pai)李(li)(li)廣的孫子、別將李(li)(li)陵隨從李(li)(li)廣利(li)押運輜(zi)重(zhong)。李(li)(li)陵帶(dai)領(ling)步(bu)卒五千人出居延,孤軍(jun)(jun)深入(ru)浚稽山(shan),與單于(yu)(yu)遭遇。匈奴(nu)以八萬騎兵圍攻李(li)(li)陵。經過八晝(zhou)夜的戰斗,李(li)(li)陵斬殺(sha)了一萬多匈奴(nu),但由(you)于(yu)(yu)他得(de)不到(dao)主力部隊的后援,結果彈盡糧絕,不幸被俘,然(ran)后投降(jiang),司馬遷(qian)為(wei)其說(shuo)情(qing),被判宮刑。
事件經過
李陵(ling)兵敗(bai)的(de)消(xiao)息傳到長安后,武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝本希望他(ta)能戰死,后聽說他(ta)卻投了降(jiang),憤怒萬分,滿(man)朝文武(wu)(wu)(wu)官員察言(yan)觀色,趨炎附勢,幾(ji)天前還紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)稱贊李陵(ling)的(de)英勇,卻附和漢武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝,指責李陵(ling)的(de)罪過。漢武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝詢問太史(shi)令司(si)馬遷(qian)(qian)的(de)看法(fa),司(si)馬遷(qian)(qian)一方面(mian)安慰武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝,一方面(mian)也痛(tong)恨那(nei)些見風使舵的(de)大(da)臣,盡力為李陵(ling)辯護。他(ta)認為李陵(ling)平時孝順母親,對朋友講信義,對人謙虛禮讓,對士(shi)(shi)兵有恩信,常常奮不顧(gu)身地急國家(jia)之所急,有國士(shi)(shi)的(de)風范。司(si)馬遷(qian)(qian)痛(tong)恨那(nei)些只知道保全自(zi)己和家(jia)人的(de)大(da)臣,他(ta)們如今見李陵(ling)出(chu)兵不利,就一味地落井下石,夸大(da)其(qi)罪名。
司馬(ma)遷(qian)對漢武帝盛言:“陵(ling)(ling)事親孝(xiao),與(yu)士信,常奮(fen)(fen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顧身以殉國家之(zhi)(zhi)急(ji)。其(qi)素所(suo)畜積也,有(you)國士之(zhi)(zhi)風。今舉事一不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)幸,全軀保(bao)妻子之(zhi)(zhi)臣隨而媒(mei)蘗其(qi)短(duan),誠(cheng)可(ke)痛(tong)也!且陵(ling)(ling)提步卒不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)滿五千(qian),深輮戎馬(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)地,抑數萬之(zhi)(zhi)師,虜救(jiu)(jiu)死(si)扶傷(shang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)暇,悉舉引弓之(zhi)(zhi)民共攻圍之(zhi)(zhi)。轉斗(dou)千(qian)里(li),矢盡道(dao)窮,士張(zhang)空拳,冒白刃,北首爭死(si)敵,得(de)(de)人之(zhi)(zhi)死(si)力(li),雖(sui)古名(ming)將不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)也。身雖(sui)陷敗,然(ran)其(qi)所(suo)摧敗亦足暴于天下。彼之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)死(si),宜(yi)欲(yu)得(de)(de)當以報漢也。(李陵(ling)(ling)只率(lv)領五千(qian)步兵,深入(ru)匈(xiong)(xiong)奴,孤軍奮(fen)(fen)戰,殺(sha)傷(shang)了許多敵人,立下了赫(he)(he)赫(he)(he)功勞。在救(jiu)(jiu)兵不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)至、彈盡糧絕、走投無路的情況下,仍然(ran)奮(fen)(fen)勇殺(sha)敵。就是(shi)古代名(ming)將也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)如此。李陵(ling)(ling)自己(ji)雖(sui)陷于失敗之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),而他殺(sha)傷(shang)匈(xiong)(xiong)奴之(zhi)(zhi)多,也足以顯赫(he)(he)于天下了。他之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)死(si),而是(shi)投降了匈(xiong)(xiong)奴,一定(ding)是(shi)想尋(xun)找適當的機會再報答漢室)”
司馬(ma)(ma)遷的意思(si)似乎是(shi)貳師將軍李(li)廣(guang)利沒有(you)盡到他(ta)的責任。他(ta)的直言觸(chu)怒了(le)漢(han)武帝,漢(han)武帝認為(wei)他(ta)是(shi)在為(wei)李(li)陵辯護,諷刺(ci)勞師遠征(zheng)、戰(zhan)敗而歸的李(li)廣(guang)利,于是(shi)下令(ling)將司馬(ma)(ma)遷打入(ru)大牢(lao)。
司馬(ma)遷(qian)被關進監(jian)獄以(yi)后,案子落到(dao)了(le)當時名(ming)聲(sheng)很臭的酷(ku)吏(li)杜(du)周手中(zhong),杜(du)周嚴刑審(shen)訊(xun)司馬(ma)遷(qian),司馬(ma)遷(qian)忍受(shou)了(le)各種肉(rou)體和(he)精神上的殘酷(ku)折(zhe)磨。面(mian)對酷(ku)吏(li),他始(shi)終不(bu)(bu)屈服,也不(bu)(bu)認罪。司馬(ma)遷(qian)在(zai)獄中(zhong)反(fan)復不(bu)(bu)停地問(wen)自己“這是我的罪嗎?這是我的罪嗎?我一個做(zuo)臣子的,就不(bu)(bu)能發表點(dian)意見?”不(bu)(bu)久(jiu),有傳聞(wen)說(shuo)李陵曾帶匈奴(nu)兵攻(gong)打漢朝。漢武帝信以(yi)為真,便草率地處(chu)死了(le)李陵的母親、妻子和(he)兒子。司馬(ma)遷(qian)也因(yin)此(ci)事被判了(le)死刑。
事件結果
據漢朝的(de)刑(xing)法(fa)(fa),死刑(xing)有(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)種減(jian)免(mian)辦法(fa)(fa):一(yi)(yi)是(shi)拿五十萬錢贖罪,二是(shi)受(shou)“腐刑(xing)”。司馬(ma)遷官小家貧,當(dang)然拿不出這(zhe)么多錢贖罪。腐刑(xing)既殘(can)酷(ku)地(di)摧殘(can)人(ren)(ren)體和(he)精神(shen),也(ye)極(ji)大地(di)侮辱人(ren)(ren)格。司馬(ma)遷當(dang)然不愿意忍受(shou)這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)刑(xing)罰(fa)(fa),悲痛欲絕的(de)他(ta)(ta)甚至想(xiang)到(dao)(dao)了自殺。可后來他(ta)(ta)想(xiang)到(dao)(dao),人(ren)(ren)總(zong)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)死,但(dan)“死或重(zhong)于(yu)泰(tai)山,或輕(qing)于(yu)鴻毛”,死的(de)輕(qing)重(zhong)意義是(shi)不同的(de)。他(ta)(ta)覺得(de)自己(ji)(ji)如果就這(zhe)樣(yang)“伏法(fa)(fa)而(er)死”,就像牛身上(shang)少了一(yi)(yi)根(gen)毛,是(shi)毫(hao)無價值的(de)。他(ta)(ta)想(xiang)到(dao)(dao)了孔子、屈(qu)原、左丘明和(he)孫臏等人(ren)(ren),想(xiang)到(dao)(dao)了他(ta)(ta)們所(suo)受(shou)的(de)屈(qu)辱以及所(suo)取得(de)的(de)驕人(ren)(ren)成果。司馬(ma)遷頓時(shi)覺得(de)自己(ji)(ji)渾身充滿了力氣,他(ta)(ta)毅然選擇了腐刑(xing)。面對(dui)最(zui)殘(can)酷(ku)的(de)刑(xing)罰(fa)(fa),司馬(ma)遷痛苦到(dao)(dao)了極(ji)點,但(dan)他(ta)(ta)此時(shi)沒有(you)(you)(you)怨恨,也(ye)沒有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)怕(pa)。他(ta)(ta)只有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)個信(xin)念,那(nei)就是(shi)一(yi)(yi)定要活(huo)下(xia)去,一(yi)(yi)定要把史記寫完(wan),“是(shi)以腸一(yi)(yi)日(ri)而(er)九(jiu)回(hui),居則忽(hu)忽(hu)若有(you)(you)(you)所(suo)亡,出則不知(zhi)所(suo)往。每念斯恥,汗(han)未嘗不發(fa)背沾衣(yi)也(ye)。”正因為還沒有(you)(you)(you)完(wan)成史記,他(ta)(ta)才忍辱負重(zhong)地(di)活(huo)了下(xia)來。
3.對司馬遷的評價
魯迅在《漢文(wen)(wen)學史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)納要》一(yi)書中有(you)專篇介(jie)紹司(si)馬(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)。魯迅認為(wei):“武(wu)帝時文(wen)(wen)人,賦莫(mo)若司(si)馬(ma)相如,文(wen)(wen)莫(mo)若司(si)馬(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)。”司(si)馬(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)寫文(wen)(wen)章(zhang)“不(bu)拘于史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法,不(bu)囿(you)于字(zi)句,發于情,肆于心而為(wei)文(wen)(wen)”,因(yin)而《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記》不(bu)失(shi)為(wei)“史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家之絕(jue)唱,無韻(yun)之《離騷》。”魯迅的(de)評價成(cheng)為(wei)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記》評論中的(de)不(bu)朽名言。
毛澤東(dong)在《為(wei)人民(min)服務》文中(zhong)說(shuo):“人總是要死(si)的,但(dan)死(si)的意義有(you)不同。中(zhong)國古(gu)時候(hou)有(you)個文學家叫做(zuo)司(si)馬遷(qian)的說(shuo)過:‘人固有(you)一死(si),或重于泰山(shan),或輕于鴻(hong)毛’。為(wei)人民(min)利益而死(si),就比(bi)泰山(shan)還(huan)重,替法西斯賣力,替剝削(xue)人民(min)和壓迫(po)人民(min)的人去死(si),就比(bi)鴻(hong)毛還(huan)輕。”毛澤東(dong)對司(si)馬遷(qian)很佩(pei)服,認為(wei)“司(si)馬遷(qian)覽瀟湘,泛西湖(hu),歷昆侖(lun),周覽名山(shan)大川,而其襟(jin)懷乃益廣”。
郭沫若特別贊賞司(si)馬遷(qian)的(de)文學才華。他說:“司(si)馬遷(qian)這位史學大(da)師(shi)實(shi)在值得我(wo)們(men)夸耀,他的(de)一部(bu)(bu)《史記(ji)》不(bu)啻是(shi)我(wo)們(men)中(zhong)國的(de)一部(bu)(bu)古代(dai)的(de)史詩,或(huo)者說它是(shi)一部(bu)(bu)歷(li)史小說集(ji)也可以。”1958年郭沫若在為司(si)馬祠題寫的(de)碑(bei)文中(zhong)對司(si)馬遷(qian)有“文章曠代(dai)雄(xiong)”、“功業追尼(ni)父(fu)”的(de)贊語。由此(ci)可見,郭沫若認(ren)為《史記(ji)》的(de)文學成就是(shi)極(ji)高的(de)。
翦伯贊認為(wei)司馬遷是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)歷(li)(li)史(shi)學(xue)的(de)(de)開山(shan)祖(zu)師,《史(shi)記(ji)》是(shi)一(yi)部(bu)以社(she)(she)(she)會為(wei)中(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史(shi)。他說:“中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史(shi)學(xue)之成為(wei)一(yi)種獨立的(de)(de)學(xue)問(wen),是(shi)從西漢起,這種學(xue)問(wen)之開山(shan)祖(zu)師是(shi)大史(shi)學(xue)家(jia)司馬遷。《史(shi)記(ji)》是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)歷(li)(li)史(shi)學(xue)出發點上一(yi)座(zuo)不朽的(de)(de)紀念碑。”他還(huan)說:“《史(shi)記(ji)》雖(sui)系(xi)紀傳體(ti),卻是(shi)一(yi)部(bu)以社(she)(she)(she)會為(wei)中(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史(shi)。”司馬遷“幾乎注意(yi)到歷(li)(li)史(shi)上社(she)(she)(she)會之每一(yi)個階層(ceng),每一(yi)個角落(luo),每一(yi)方面的(de)(de)動態,而皆予以具體(ti)生動的(de)(de)描寫。所以我以為(wei),《史(shi)記(ji)》是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)第(di)一(yi)部(bu)大規模的(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)會史(shi)”。
鄭振鐸認(ren)為(wei)(wei):自司馬遷(qian)以(yi)來,便視歷史(shi)為(wei)(wei)時代的(de)百科全書(shu),所以(yi)司馬遷(qian)取的(de)材(cai)料,范圍(wei)極廣(guang),自政治以(yi)至(zhi)經(jing)濟,自戰爭以(yi)至(zhi)學(xue)術(shu),無不(bu)包(bao)(bao)括在內,其(qi)所網絡(luo)(luo)的(de)范圍(wei)是極其(qi)廣(guang)大的(de)。所謂“文(wen)學(xue)史(shi)”也常(chang)常(chang)被網絡(luo)(luo)在這個無所不(bu)包(bao)(bao)的(de)“時代的(de)百科全書(shu)”之(zhi)中。
杜鵬程在(zai)《韓(han)城市(shi)志》序中說:“韓(han)城素稱文史之鄉,是一座歷史悠久的(de)(de)文化(hua)名(ming)城,世(shi)界歷史文化(hua)名(ming)人(ren)司(si)馬遷的(de)(de)故(gu)里,一向文化(hua)較為發達。歷朝各(ge)代(dai),名(ming)人(ren)輩出(chu),其(qi)中以西漢時期偉大的(de)(de)史學家(jia)、文學家(jia)、思想家(jia)司(si)馬遷最為著名(ming),其(qi)宏偉巨著《史記》聞名(ming)中外,影響深遠(yuan)。”
后人用“史(shi)(shi)家(jia)之絕(jue)唱 無韻之離騷”來評價司(si)馬(ma)(ma)遷的(de)(de)(de)《史(shi)(shi)記(ji)》,《史(shi)(shi)記(ji)》也(ye)是中(zhong)(zhong)國歷史(shi)(shi)上第(di)一(yi)部紀(ji)傳(chuan)體通史(shi)(shi),而他的(de)(de)(de)作者司(si)馬(ma)(ma)遷也(ye)是在不平凡的(de)(de)(de)人生中(zhong)(zhong)編撰完成了(le)這部史(shi)(shi)書。司(si)馬(ma)(ma)遷到(dao)底是怎(zen)樣的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個人?他為什么會受(shou)宮刑呢?
司馬遷簡介
司馬遷,字子(zi)長,夏陽(今陜西韓(han)城南(nan))人,是中國西漢偉(wei)大的史學(xue)(xue)家(jia)、文學(xue)(xue)家(jia)、思(si)想(xiang)家(jia)。
司馬遷小時候就(jiu)在(zai)父親司馬談(tan)的指導下讀書寫字,10歲(sui)就(jiu)能(neng)已經能(neng)閱(yue)讀《尚書》、《左(zuo)傳》、《國語》、《系本(ben)》等書。
年長之后,司馬(ma)遷離開故鄉,他(ta)的父(fu)親指示司馬(ma)遷可以遍訪河山(shan)去搜尋遺聞古(gu)事,于是司馬(ma)遷20歲(sui)時(shi)就開始游歷天下,回到京城后,被任為郎中(zhong)。
彌(mi)留(liu)之際,司馬(ma)談對司馬(ma)遷說:“我們(men)的祖(zu)先是(shi)周朝的太史(shi)(shi)。遠在上古虞舜夏(xia)禹時就(jiu)取得(de)過顯赫的功(gong)名(ming),主管天文工(gong)作。后(hou)來衰落了(le)(le),難道要斷送在我這(zhe)(zhe)裹嗎?你(ni)繼為太史(shi)(shi),就(jiu)可以(yi)接(jie)續(xu)(xu)我們(men)祖(zu)先的事業了(le)(le)。做了(le)(le)太史(shi)(shi),你(ni)可千萬別忘了(le)(le)繼續(xu)(xu)編(bian)撰歷史(shi)(shi)文獻啊!”就(jiu)這(zhe)(zhe)樣,司馬(ma)遷繼承了(le)(le)父業。
前99年(nian),貳(er)師將軍李(li)(li)廣利去酒泉擊匈奴(nu)右賢王(wang),漢武帝(di)想(xiang)讓李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)護送輜重,可(ke)是李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)謝絕(jue)了(le),并(bing)且自(zi)請步兵五千(qian)(qian)涉單于庭以寡擊眾(zhong),武帝(di)贊(zan)賞李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)勇氣(qi)并(bing)答應了(le)他。可(ke)是,李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)在半路遭遇(yu)匈奴(nu)的(de)(de)軍隊,而(er)路博德援兵不到(dao),匈奴(nu)之兵卻(que)越聚(ju)越多,后勤無法保障,李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)就投(tou)降了(le)。漢武帝(di)非常(chang)憤怒(nu),群臣也都聲討李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)罪過,只(zhi)有司馬遷說(shuo):“李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)侍奉親人孝敬(jing),與士(shi)人有信,一(yi)向懷著報(bao)國(guo)之心(xin)。他只(zhi)領(ling)了(le)五千(qian)(qian)步兵,吸引了(le)匈奴(nu)全部(bu)的(de)(de)力量,殺敵(di)一(yi)萬多,雖然戰敗(bai)降敵(di),其功可(ke)以抵過,我看李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)并(bing)非真心(xin)降敵(di),他是活下來想(xiang)找機(ji)會(hui)回報(bao)漢朝的(de)(de)。”
可(ke)是(shi),事(shi)情的結果(guo)是(shi),公孫敖謊(huang)報(bao)李陵叛國,武帝(di)就滅了李族,而司(si)馬(ma)遷也被定下罪名(ming),按律當(dang)斬。可(ke)是(shi)司(si)馬(ma)遷卻選擇了宮刑(xing)來贖身死,繼續完(wan)成父親的理想。
司馬遷為(wei)什么會受宮刑
事情起因(yin)是(shi)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de),李陵帶兵(bing)去攻打匈(xiong)奴,可是(shi)兵(bing)敗投降了(le)。那么(me)做皇帝(di)的(de)(de)當然不開心了(le),漢武帝(di)龍顏大怒,群臣也都跟著(zhu)皇帝(di)走,一起聲討李陵。可是(shi)這(zhe)個時候(hou)就司馬遷敢說實話,為李陵辯護。
可(ke)是(shi)有奸臣當道呀,公孫敖污(wu)蔑李(li)陵,因此李(li)陵被(bei)判(pan)叛國罪(zui),而給(gei)李(li)陵求情的司(si)馬(ma)遷也受到了(le)牽(qian)連,李(li)陵被(bei)誅,司(si)馬(ma)遷也按(an)律當斬(zhan)。
但(dan)是(shi),擺(bai)在(zai)司(si)馬(ma)遷(qian)眼前的(de)(de)是(shi)兩(liang)條路:要么(me)被處死,保持(chi)最后(hou)的(de)(de)尊嚴;要么(me)受(shou)宮刑,還(huan)能保一(yi)命。此時司(si)馬(ma)遷(qian)心中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)有一(yi)個未完成的(de)(de)夢(meng)想,就(jiu)是(shi)把中(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)(de)歷史記(ji)錄下(xia)來給后(hou)人看。因此,他選擇了宮刑,忍受(shou)肉體和精(jing)神上的(de)(de)折磨。
在獄中忍(ren)受(shou)了宮(gong)刑幾(ji)乎斷(duan)送性(xing)命(ming)(ming),司馬遷(qian)想到了自殺,可(ke)是(shi)看到自己(ji)收集多(duo)(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)歷史資料,他(ta)沒有(you)那么做(zuo),他(ta)說:“人固有(you)一死,或重于(yu)泰山,或輕于(yu)鴻毛。”我們無法從他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)自傳或者是(shi)其他(ta)資料中看到過宮(gong)刑的(de)(de)(de)恐怖場景,眾所周知,受(shou)宮(gong)刑的(de)(de)(de)人很可(ke)能因為感染或者失血過多(duo)(duo)而死,所以他(ta)必(bi)須(xu)生活在蠶室那樣溫暖干燥的(de)(de)(de)環境里來延(yan)續生命(ming)(ming),然(ran)后就(jiu)這樣,忍(ren)辱負重的(de)(de)(de),慢慢的(de)(de)(de)完成了《史記》
司馬遷去世(shi)后,他的女兒冒險把(ba)(ba)他的書給收藏了起來,直到漢武(wu)帝去世(shi),司馬遷的外孫官至(zhi)宰相,忠于(yu)把(ba)(ba)這本(ben)《史記(ji)》公布(bu)于(yu)世(shi)!
正是(shi)由于(yu)司(si)馬遷的忍(ren)辱負重,才有(you)(you)了《史(shi)記(ji)(ji)》這本書(shu),才能讓后人看到(dao)中(zhong)國上下(xia)幾千年的歷(li)史(shi)事實,書(shu)中(zhong)沒有(you)(you)歌(ge)功頌德,用最客觀的角(jiao)度展(zhan)現了歷(li)史(shi)。《史(shi)記(ji)(ji)》是(shi)中(zhong)國最偉大的史(shi)書(shu),司(si)馬遷對中(zhong)國歷(li)史(shi)的延續功不(bu)可(ke)沒。
因為在李陵事件后,司馬遷接受了宮刑,在創作《史記》時,以另類身份去看待歷史,詮釋歷史。
司(si)馬(ma)遷是一個(ge)很有才(cai)能(neng)的人(ren),接受宮刑以(yi)(yi)后,司(si)馬(ma)遷被迫從一個(ge)被人(ren)們看(kan)(kan)不起的社會(hui)最底層(ceng)的那個(ge)社會(hui)身份(fen)去看(kan)(kan)待人(ren),看(kan)(kan)待人(ren)生,看(kan)(kan)待歷史(shi)(shi),在接受了精(jing)神與(yu)身體的雙重折磨(mo)以(yi)(yi)后,改變了司(si)馬(ma)遷的生死觀,他充分地肯(ken)定了人(ren)們追求富有的正當性,以(yi)(yi)另類身份(fen)去完(wan)成了傳世之作《史(shi)(shi)記》。
事件背景:
天漢(han)二年夏天,武帝派自己寵妃李(li)(li)夫人的哥哥、貳(er)師將軍李(li)(li)廣利(li)領兵討伐匈奴(nu),另派李(li)(li)廣的孫子、別將李(li)(li)陵隨從李(li)(li)廣利(li)押(ya)運輜(zi)重。李(li)(li)陵帶(dai)領步卒五千人出(chu)居延,孤軍深入浚(jun)稽山,與(yu)單(dan)于遭遇。匈奴(nu)以八(ba)萬(wan)騎兵圍攻李(li)(li)陵。
經過八晝夜的戰(zhan)斗,李陵斬(zhan)殺了一(yi)萬多匈奴,但(dan)由于他(ta)得不(bu)到(dao)主力部隊(dui)的后援,結果彈(dan)盡糧(liang)絕,不(bu)幸被俘,然后投降,司馬(ma)遷為其說情,被判宮刑。
宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),又(you)稱腐(fu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、胥靡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、椓(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)殘(can)(can)酷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罰(fa)(fa)(fa),受(shou)(shou)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者會喪失性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)。 宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),即“丈夫割(ge)(ge)(ge)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)勢,女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)閉于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)男(nan)(nan)性施以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)閹(yan)割(ge)(ge)(ge),割(ge)(ge)(ge)除(chu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)外生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)候(hou)只割(ge)(ge)(ge)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)莖,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)候(hou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)破(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)(huai)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)囊(nang)和(he)睪丸。對(dui)男(nan)(nan)性施宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou),因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)傷(shang)(shang)口(kou)(kou)容(rong)易腐(fu)爛(lan),所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)通(tong)常在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)密(mi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)透風的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“蠶(can)(can)室(shi)”中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)待百日,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)全性命(ming)(ming)。唐(tang)顏師古(gu)(gu)解釋蠶(can)(can)室(shi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“凡養(yang)蠶(can)(can)者欲(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫早成(cheng)(cheng),故為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蠶(can)(can)室(shi),畜火以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)置之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)新腐(fu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)亦有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患,須(xu)入(ru)(ru)密(mi)室(shi),乃(nai)得(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)全,因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)呼為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蠶(can)(can)室(shi)耳。”意(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)受(shou)(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)后(hou),因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)傷(shang)(shang)口(kou)(kou)易感染中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風致命(ming)(ming),如(ru)(ru)要(yao)活(huo)(huo)命(ming)(ming)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)待在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)似蠶(can)(can)室(shi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)密(mi)室(shi)內,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見風與(yu)陽光的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境里(li)蹲上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)百日以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),傷(shang)(shang)口(kou)(kou)才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)被(bei)(bei)(bei)感染而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)逐漸愈(yu)合。 女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)幽(you)閉,具(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)方法(fa)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)目(mu)前(qian)無一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)監禁,也(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)用(yong)(yong)木(mu)棍敲擊(ji)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性腹部以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)造成(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下(xia)(xia)垂(chui)(chui),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)消(xiao)除(chu)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)育能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)何時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)出(chu)(chu)現已(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)遠不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)稽,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)相(xiang)傳(chuan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)遠古(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夏禹(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)已(yi)出(chu)(chu)現,最(zui)(zui)初是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)懲罰(fa)(fa)(fa)男(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性關(guan)系。《尚(shang)書》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)僅(jin)次于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)辟(斬首(shou))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罰(fa)(fa)(fa)。后(hou)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)越來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)越廣泛,至西周時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)已(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)限于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)風化(hua)案件(jian)。到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)戰國(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),孟氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勸秦(qin)(qin)王(wang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)仁(ren)義(yi)(yi)治國(guo),即被(bei)(bei)(bei)秦(qin)(qin)王(wang)處以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)[1]。漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)文(wen)帝(di)(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)曾一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)(du)廢(fei)除(chu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)肉刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),但(dan)至景(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)恢復,并(bing)規定某(mou)些死(si)(si)(si)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)代(dai)(dai)替。漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)十分(fen)普(pu)遍,大(da)(da)臣往(wang)往(wang)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)言(yan)(yan)得(de)(de)咎,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)受(shou)(shou)此(ci)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。自(zi)東(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)開始,宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)被(bei)(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)處置謀反(fan)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)未成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)家(jia)(jia)(jia)屬,算是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)赦(she)免(mian)(mian)。至隋文(wen)帝(di)(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)被(bei)(bei)(bei)廢(fei)止(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)律之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)各代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)律中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亦再(zai)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)見到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),直(zhi)(zhi)至明朝(chao)。 宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)破(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)(huai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)酷刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),位(wei)列“五刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迫害(hai)和(he)羞(xiu)辱男(nan)(nan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專利,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)實(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)。古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),尤(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)那些犯了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)“淫(yin)罪(zui)(zui)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),很(hen)多(duo)情(qing)況下(xia)(xia)也(ye)(ye)(ye)會遭受(shou)(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類很(hen)多(duo),歸結(jie)(jie)起(qi)(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),縫(feng)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)術(shu)。縫(feng)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)術(shu),也(ye)(ye)(ye)叫(jiao)做(zuo)鎖(suo)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)術(shu),即用(yong)(yong)針線(xian)繩索將女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)外陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)縫(feng)閉起(qi)(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)術(shu),因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)極(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)卑(bei)鄙、下(xia)(xia)流(liu),官(guan)(guan)場(chang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong),但(dan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)民(min)間(jian)卻非常盛(sheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。丈夫對(dui)付紅杏出(chu)(chu)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)妻子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),妒(du)婦(fu)對(dui)付與(yu)丈夫有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)染的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奴婢(bi),都(dou)(dou)樂衷于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)法(fa)。清(qing)朝(chao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)褚人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)獲所(suo)(suo)(suo)著的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《堅(jian)瓠集》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“搗蒜納婢(bi)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)內,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)繩閉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”、“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)錐鉆其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)鎖(suo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),棄(qi)鑰匙于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)井(jing)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類似記(ji)(ji)載。據(ju)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),安(an)徽毫(hao)州有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)座(zuo)古(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)“縫(feng)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)樓”,此(ci)怪名(ming)大(da)(da)概就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)民(min)間(jian)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罰(fa)(fa)(fa)。 其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)二,幽(you)閉術(shu)。明朝(chao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)王(wang)兆云在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《碣(jie)石剩(sheng)談》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)此(ci)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)(zuo):“用(yong)(yong)木(mu)槌(chui)擊(ji)婦(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)胸腹,即有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)物墜而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)掩閉其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)牝戶,只能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)便溺,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)永廢(fei)矣”,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)常所(suo)(suo)(suo)講的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“幽(you)閉”。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什(shen)么(me)器(qi)(qi)(qi)官(guan)(guan)墜落,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)道(dao)(dao)前(qian)壁,但(dan)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)兩種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)脫垂(chui)(chui)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)從(cong)根(gen)本上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)斷絕性交。對(dui)此(ci),清(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)吳薌見解獨特(te),他(ta)(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),婦(fu)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)道(dao)(dao)深處有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)塊小(xiao)骨叫(jiao)“羞(xiu)秘骨”,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)旦施加外力(li)(li)使它墜下(xia)(xia)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會像(xiang)閘門一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)閘封陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)道(dao)(dao),無法(fa)性交,從(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)懲處女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)三,騎木(mu)驢(lv)(lv)。木(mu)驢(lv)(lv)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)玩具(ju)(ju),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)比縫(feng)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)和(he)幽(you)閉更具(ju)(ju)殺(sha)(sha)傷(shang)(shang)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。縫(feng)閉和(he)堵住陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)道(dao)(dao),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)會使其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)喪命(ming)(ming),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)騎上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)木(mu)驢(lv)(lv),則小(xiao)命(ming)(ming)難保(bao)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)具(ju)(ju)橫放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鞍馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)車,上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)凸立(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)根(gen)長(chang)度(du)(du)尺(chi)余、直(zhi)(zhi)徑寸許的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)筍(象征驢(lv)(lv)毬),受(shou)(shou)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)坐在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鞍馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),小(xiao)車推(tui)動時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),下(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)械發(fa)(fa)(fa)力(li)(li),聯動木(mu)筍上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)伸縮(suo),受(shou)(shou)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)犯被(bei)(bei)(bei)堅(jian)硬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)筍搗爛(lan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)內臟(zang),多(duo)半氣息(xi)奄奄。《水滸傳(chuan)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)婆被(bei)(bei)(bei)判(pan)剮刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)后(hou),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)過騎木(mu)驢(lv)(lv)游街示眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)歷(li)。 其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)四,挖陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)術(shu)。挖陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),顧名(ming)思(si)義(yi)(yi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)挖去(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。男(nan)(nan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)去(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)“蠶(can)(can)室(shi)”里(li)待上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)個(ge)把(ba)月,也(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)痊愈(yu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le);而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)挖生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi),涉及(ji)體(ti)(ti)內多(duo)處重大(da)(da)器(qi)(qi)(qi)官(guan)(guan),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)比較(jiao)落后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫學條件(jian)下(xia)(xia),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罰(fa)(fa)(fa)顯得(de)(de)異常殘(can)(can)酷,受(shou)(shou)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)往(wang)往(wang)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)血流(liu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)止(zhi)(zhi),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)死(si)(si)(si)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)非命(ming)(ming)。另外,王(wang)夫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《識小(xiao)錄》里(li)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)牝剔去(qu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筋,如(ru)(ru)制馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)豕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)類,使欲(yu)心(xin)消(xiao)滅(mie)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa),此(ci)法(fa)破(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)(huai)程度(du)(du)較(jiao)小(xiao),操作(zuo)(zuo)起(qi)(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)較(jiao)復雜,沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“庖(pao)丁解牛”那兩下(xia)(xia)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),恐(kong)怕是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)做(zuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)五,椓(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)竅(qiao)法(fa)。椓(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)竅(qiao),也(ye)(ye)(ye)稱椓(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)或椓(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)杙,“椓(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)”和(he)“杙”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原意(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)拴牲畜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)撅子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),另據(ju)《說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)》解釋為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)棍擊(ji)伐(fa)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)。“竅(qiao)”,應(ying)該是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性下(xia)(xia)體(ti)(ti)。椓(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)竅(qiao),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)木(mu)撅子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)摧(cui)殘(can)(can)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)部,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)狠毒程度(du)(du)可(ke)(ke)(ke)想(xiang)(xiang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)知(zhi)。漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)景(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),廣川(chuan)王(wang)劉去(qu)和(he)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)后(hou)陽城昭信殘(can)(can)害(hai)姬(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)陶望卿,望卿被(bei)(bei)(bei)逼(bi),投(tou)井(jing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)死(si)(si)(si)。昭信不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)解恨,又(you)叫(jiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)把(ba)她的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尸體(ti)(ti)撈出(chu)(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),“椓(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)杙其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”。對(dui)死(si)(si)(si)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)尚(shang)且(qie)如(ru)(ru)此(ci),如(ru)(ru)果用(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)活(huo)(huo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)殘(can)(can)酷程度(du)(du)決不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)亞于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)對(dui)男(nan)(nan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閹(yan)割(ge)(ge)(ge)。 宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)“五刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)名(ming)列第二位(wei),僅(jin)次于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)砍頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“大(da)(da)辟”。從(cong)古(gu)(gu)至今,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)都(dou)(dou)把(ba)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)值看得(de)(de)很(hen)重,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)僅(jin)次于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)腦袋(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“第二生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)”。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)遭到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)破(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)(huai),無論是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)(li)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、心(xin)理(li)(li)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)精(jing)神上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),都(dou)(dou)會給(gei)(gei)受(shou)(shou)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者造成(cheng)(cheng)巨(ju)大(da)(da)打(da)擊(ji)。尤(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)“宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)花樣(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)新穎,名(ming)目(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)繁多(duo),方法(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)離奇(qi),場(chang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血腥,既可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)反(fan)映出(chu)(chu)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罰(fa)(fa)(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)達(da),封建(jian)(jian)制度(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊病,也(ye)(ye)(ye)暴露了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)行(xing)(xing)(xing)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)暗,心(xin)理(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變態。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些處心(xin)積慮、帶有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)流(liu)氓色彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)術(shu),充(chong)分(fen)體(ti)(ti)現了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)男(nan)(nan)權社會對(dui)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)摧(cui)殘(can)(can)。 司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)受(shou)(shou)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)謂(wei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),即是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)去(qu)男(nan)(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)官(guan)(guan)。 有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)寫(xie)《史(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)》,由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)批評(ping)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)窮兵黷武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)惹惱了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)他(ta)(ta),但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)又(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)明里(li)阻止(zhi)(zhi),所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)用(yong)(yong)除(chu)死(si)(si)(si)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)外最(zui)(zui)殘(can)(can)酷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罰(fa)(fa)(fa)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)懲罰(fa)(fa)(fa)他(ta)(ta),打(da)擊(ji)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)神和(he)意(yi)(yi)志,打(da)擊(ji)他(ta)(ta)獨立(li)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)評(ping)判(pan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)值追(zhui)求。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)封建(jian)(jian)帝(di)(di)(di)王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)慣用(yong)(yong)術(shu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)僅(jin)閹(yan)割(ge)(ge)(ge)肉體(ti)(ti),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)且(qie)閹(yan)割(ge)(ge)(ge)精(jing)神。 作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)封建(jian)(jian)帝(di)(di)(di)王(wang),漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)鉗制思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動機,也(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)鉗制思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劣跡(ji),但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)他(ta)(ta)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)閹(yan)割(ge)(ge)(ge)司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)些冤(yuan)枉了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)他(ta)(ta)。 讓(rang)我(wo)們(men)(men)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)回到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)公(gong)元前(qian)99年(nian),來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)回顧一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)件(jian)事(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)龍去(qu)脈吧。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian),李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)攻(gong)打(da)匈奴戰敗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)息(xi)傳(chuan)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)極(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)郁悶(men),責(ze)問大(da)(da)臣,陳步(bu)樂無奈自(zi)殺(sha)(sha),公(gong)卿隨后(hou)都(dou)(dou)將戰敗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任推(tui)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)身上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)然(ran)。司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)然(ran),漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)應(ying)該是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高,他(ta)(ta)也(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)(gan)主(zhu)動發(fa)(fa)(fa)言(yan)(yan),但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)場(chang)合他(ta)(ta)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)場(chang),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)伴君(jun)如(ru)(ru)伴虎(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)里(li),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)形也(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多(duo)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)份(fen)危險。 漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)突然(ran)點名(ming)讓(rang)他(ta)(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)看法(fa),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表情(qing)讓(rang)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)洞察(cha),還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)僅(jin)僅(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)偶然(ran),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)已(yi)經(jing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠被(bei)(bei)(bei)復原了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。總之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)讓(rang)司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)言(yan)(yan),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)想(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)言(yan)(yan),于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),他(ta)(ta)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)慷(kang)慨陳詞起(qi)(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)意(yi)(yi)思(si)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)替李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)辯護。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),突然(ran),皇帝(di)(di)(di)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)惱了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)詆毀李(li)(li)廣利。李(li)(li)廣利是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)次討(tao)伐(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)力(li)(li),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)李(li)(li)陵(ling)(ling)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)協助。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)么(me)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)涉及(ji)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)李(li)(li)廣利,漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)那樣(yang)敏感呢(ni)?因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)涉及(ji)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)路線(xian),李(li)(li)廣利是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寵妃(fei)李(li)(li)夫人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哥哥,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)路線(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)允許被(bei)(bei)(bei)懷疑(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 皇帝(di)(di)(di)發(fa)(fa)(fa)怒,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)事(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)太好辦了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。皇帝(di)(di)(di)也(ye)(ye)(ye)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)處置司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將他(ta)(ta)交給(gei)(gei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)廷尉審(shen)(shen)理(li)(li),審(shen)(shen)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)終(zhong)結(jie)(jie)果是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)誣上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。案情(qing)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)復雜,司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)被(bei)(bei)(bei)判(pan)死(si)(si)(si)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)想(xiang)(xiang)死(si)(si)(si),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)死(si)(si)(si),原因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)我(wo)們(men)(men)知(zhi)道(dao)(dao),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)寫(xie)作(zuo)(zuo)《史(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)》,他(ta)(ta)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)著中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)文(wen)化(hua)史(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樁(zhuang)偉業,因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci),他(ta)(ta)想(xiang)(xiang)繼續活(huo)(huo)下(xia)(xia)去(qu)。然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)得(de)(de)罪(zui)(zui)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)皇上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),活(huo)(huo)下(xia)(xia)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)想(xiang)(xiang)法(fa)要(yao)實(shi)(shi)現也(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)很(hen)難。 在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)當時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),基本有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)途(tu)徑可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)免(mian)(mian)死(si)(si)(si)。第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)途(tu)徑,祖(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)功(gong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)先(xian)皇頒發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丹書鐵券,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)候(hou)拿出(chu)(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)免(mian)(mian)死(si)(si)(si)。比如(ru)(ru)蕭何的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)孫曾經(jing)多(duo)次犯罪(zui)(zui),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)拿出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)高祖(zu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)給(gei)(gei)蕭家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)西,得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)赦(she)免(mian)(mian)。第二種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)途(tu)徑,家(jia)(jia)(jia)里(li)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)錢(qian),可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)多(duo)捐,然(ran)后(hou)免(mian)(mian)死(si)(si)(si)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊政策。由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)對(dui)外戰爭消(xiao)耗(hao)巨(ju)大(da)(da),國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)財(cai)政緊張,犯人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)交錢(qian)免(mian)(mian)罪(zui)(zui)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)項增加財(cai)政收入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)措施。第三種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)途(tu)徑,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)接(jie)受(shou)(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)替死(si)(si)(si)罪(zui)(zui)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)做(zuo),終(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)抬(tai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)(qi)頭(tou)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),讓(rang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)覺得(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)求生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)自(zi)甘低賤(jian)。 司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)功(gong)勞,家(jia)(jia)(jia)里(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)那么(me)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錢(qian),他(ta)(ta)只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)第三條道(dao)(dao)路可(ke)(ke)(ke)走,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)接(jie)受(shou)(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),交出(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)男(nan)(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)最(zui)(zui)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)西。 當然(ran),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)需要(yao)膽量。因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)當時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫療條件(jian)下(xia)(xia),宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)死(si)(si)(si)亡率很(hen)高。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)接(jie)受(shou)(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)活(huo)(huo)下(xia)(xia)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)未知(zhi)數。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)別無選擇(ze),除(chu)非他(ta)(ta)放棄(qi)《史(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寫(xie)作(zuo)(zuo)。 接(jie)受(shou)(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),又(you)叫(jiao)做(zuo)下(xia)(xia)蠶(can)(can)室(shi),也(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)后(hou),要(yao)將受(shou)(shou)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)像(xiang)蠶(can)(can)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)起(qi)(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)提高受(shou)(shou)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)存(cun)活(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機率。司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)幸活(huo)(huo)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)下(xia)(xia)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)。 對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)免(mian)(mian)死(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細節,司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)愿意(yi)(yi)多(duo)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《報(bao)任安(an)書》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)實(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)透露了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)實(shi)(shi)情(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。他(ta)(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“假令仆伏法(fa)受(shou)(shou)誅(zhu),若九牛亡一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)毛,與(yu)螻蟻何以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)異?”由(you)(you)此(ci),我(wo)們(men)(men)也(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)明白(bai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那句非常有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)言(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)語境。他(ta)(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)固有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)死(si)(si)(si),死(si)(si)(si),或重于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)泰山,或輕于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鴻(hong)毛。”他(ta)(ta)如(ru)(ru)果伏法(fa)受(shou)(shou)誅(zhu),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)實(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)輕于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鴻(hong)毛,他(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)想(xiang)(xiang)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)去(qu)死(si)(si)(si),即便受(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)世人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輕賤(jian)和(he)非議(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)要(yao)活(huo)(huo)著。 司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)活(huo)(huo)下(xia)(xia)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),《史(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)》名(ming)傳(chuan)千古(gu)(gu),他(ta)(ta)又(you)奪回了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話語權,盡管是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)許多(duo)年(nian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)都(dou)(dou)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)(xia)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手段懲罰(fa)(fa)(fa)他(ta)(ta),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)愿深究他(ta)(ta)當初甘受(shou)(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)痛(tong)苦選擇(ze)。 在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)點上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)確(que)實(shi)(shi)受(shou)(shou)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)冤(yuan)枉。首(shou)先(xian),具(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處罰(fa)(fa)(fa)措施并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)確(que)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)廷尉審(shen)(shen)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)果。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)次,判(pan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)死(si)(si)(si)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)點冤(yuan)枉如(ru)(ru)果與(yu)司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驚世奇(qi)冤(yuan)相(xiang)比根(gen)本就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)算不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)什(shen)么(me)。 圍(wei)線(xian)此(ci)事(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)可(ke)(ke)(ke)笑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)看法(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)顧及(ji)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)評(ping)價(jia)(jia),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)(gan)處死(si)(si)(si)史(shi)(shi)官(guan)(guan),只能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)對(dui)司(si)(si)(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)羞(xiu)辱。所(suo)(suo)(suo)謂(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)(gan)處死(si)(si)(si)史(shi)(shi)官(guan)(guan),無非是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)怕未來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輿論報(bao)應(ying)。 這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)看法(fa)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)么(me)可(ke)(ke)(ke)笑呢(ni),因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《紅樓夢》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),王(wang)熙(xi)鳳曾說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)過一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句話,她說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),我(wo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)信陰(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)司(si)(si)(si)(si)報(bao)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)大(da)(da)戶人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管家(jia)(jia)(jia)奶(nai)奶(nai)都(dou)(dou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)怕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi),雄才大(da)(da)略(lve)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)會怕,那又(you)怎么(me)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)呢(ni)?
一、受宮刑原因:
天漢二年(前99)李陵抗擊匈奴,兵敗投降,朝廷震驚。司馬遷認為李陵投降出于一時無奈,必將尋找機會報答漢朝。正好武帝問他對此事的看法,他就把他的想法向武帝說了。武帝因而大怒,以為這是替李陵游說,并借以打擊貳師將軍李廣利。司馬遷就這樣得了罪,打入獄,遭受了酷刑。也就是宮刑。
二、延伸:
天漢二年(公元前99年),正當司馬遷全身心地撰寫史記之時,卻遇上了飛來橫禍,這就是李陵事件。
這年夏天,武帝派自己寵妃李夫人的哥哥、二師將軍李廣利領兵討伐匈奴,另派李廣的孫子、別將李陵隨從李廣利押運輜重。李廣帶領步卒五千人出居延,孤軍深入浚稽山,與單于遭遇。匈奴以八萬騎兵圍攻李陵。經過八晝夜的戰斗,李陵斬殺了一萬多匈奴,但由于他得不到主力部隊的后援,結果彈盡糧絕,不幸被俘。
李陵兵敗的消息傳到長安后,武帝本希望他能戰死,后聽說他卻投了降,憤怒萬分,滿朝文武官員察言觀色,趨炎附勢,幾天前還紛紛稱贊李陵的英勇,現在卻附和漢武帝,指責李陵的罪過。漢武帝詢問太史令司馬遷的看法,司馬遷一方面安慰武帝,一方面也痛恨那些見風使舵的大臣,盡力為李陵辯護。他認為李陵平時孝順母親,對朋友講信義,對人謙虛禮讓,對士兵有恩信,常常奮不顧身地急國家之所急,有國士的風范。司馬遷痛恨那些只知道保全自己和家人的大臣,他們如今見李陵出兵不利,就一味地落井下石,夸大其罪名。他對漢武帝說:"李陵只率領五千步兵,深入匈奴,孤軍奮戰,殺傷了許多敵人,立下了赫赫功勞。在救兵不至、彈盡糧絕、走投無路的情況下,仍然奮勇殺敵。就是古代名將也不過如此。李陵自己雖陷于失敗之中,而他殺傷匈奴之多,也足以顯赫于天下了。他之所以不死,而是投降了匈奴,一定是想尋找適當的機會再報答漢室。"
司馬遷的意思似乎是二師將軍李廣利沒有盡到他的責任。他的直言觸怒了漢武帝,漢武帝認為他是在為李陵辯護,諷刺勞師遠征、戰敗而歸的李廣利,于是下令將司馬遷打入大牢。
司馬遷被關進監獄以后,案子落到了當時名聲很臭的酷吏杜周手中,杜周嚴刑審訊司馬遷,司馬遷忍受了各種肉體和精神上的殘酷折磨。面對酷吏,他始終不屈服,也不認罪。司馬遷在獄中反復不停地問自己"這是我的罪嗎?這是我的罪嗎?我一個做臣子的,就不能發表點意見?"不久,有傳聞說李陵曾帶匈奴兵攻打漢朝。漢武帝信以為真,便草率地處死了李陵的母親、妻子和兒子。司馬遷也因此事被判了死刑。
據漢朝的刑法,死刑有兩種減免辦法:一是拿五十萬錢贖罪,二是受"腐刑"。司馬遷官小家貧,當然拿不出這么多錢贖罪。腐刑既殘酷地摧殘人體和精神,也極大地侮辱人格。司馬遷當然不愿意忍受這樣的刑罰,悲痛欲絕的他甚至想到了自殺。可后來他想到,人總有一死,但"死或重于泰山,或輕于鴻毛",死的輕重意義是不同的。他覺得自己如果就這樣 "伏法而死",就像牛身上少了一根毛,是毫無價值的。他想到了孔子、屈原、左丘明和孫臏等人,想到了他們所受的屈辱以及所取得的驕人成果。司馬遷頓時覺得自己渾身充滿了力氣,他毅然選擇了腐刑。面對最殘酷的刑罰,司馬遷痛苦到了極點,但他此時沒有怨恨,也沒有害怕。他只有一個信念,那就是一定要活下去,一定要把 史記寫完,"是以腸一日而九回,居則忽忽若有所亡,出則不知所往。每念斯恥,汗未嘗不發背沾衣也。"正因為還沒有完成史記,他才忍辱負重地活了下來。
三、人物簡介:
司馬遷(前145年-不可考),字子長,夏陽(今陜西韓城南)人。西漢史學家、散文家。司馬談之子,任太史令,因替李陵敗降之事辯解而受宮刑,后任中書令。發奮繼續完成所著史籍,被后世尊稱為史遷、太史公、歷史之父。
司馬遷早年受學于孔安國、董仲舒,漫游各地,了解風俗,采集傳聞。初任郎中,奉使西南。元封三年(前108)任太史令,繼承父業,著述歷史。他以其“究天人之際,通古今之變,成一家之言”的史識創作了中國第一部紀傳體通史《史記》(原名《太史公書》)。被公認為是中國史書的典范,該書記載了從上古傳說中的黃帝時期,到漢(han)武帝元狩元年,長(chang)達3000多年的歷(li)史,是(shi)“二十五史”之首,被魯迅譽(yu)為“史家(jia)之絕唱,無韻之離騷(sao)”。
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