今天小編(bian)給大(da)家帶來鄭國(guo)的故(gu)事,感興趣的讀(du)者(zhe)可(ke)以跟著小編(bian)一起(qi)看一看。
鄭國內亂不止
春(chun)秋的(de)前幾十年是鄭莊公(gong)的(de)輝(hui)煌時期,他(ta)之(zhi)所以能夠成就霸業,除了其自身才(cai)能出眾,也離不開眾公(gong)子和大臣們(men)的(de)鼎(ding)力支持。鄭莊公(gong)在世(shi)時,他(ta)們(men)是鄭國的(de)棟梁之(zhi)才(cai)。然而,鄭莊公(gong)過世(shi)后,他(ta)們(men)又在忙(mang)些什么?
1)虎父無犬子
鄭莊公的(de)成功離(li)不開他(ta)的(de)幾個兒子,尤其是太子忽和公子突。太子忽曾跟(gen)隨父親征戰沙場多年,并獨自(zi)為齊僖(xi)公驅逐北戎。而公子突也曾向鄭莊公獻言獻策,用計打敗強悍(han)的(de)北戎,創(chuang)造(zao)了以弱勝強的(de)經典戰例(li)。
鄭莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)在(zai)位期間,戰事(shi)頻發,幾個兒子(zi)常(chang)有機(ji)會隨父從(cong)征,多年(nian)的歷練(lian)使他(ta)們個個成(cheng)為(wei)了(le)首屈(qu)(qu)一(yi)指的將帥之才。然而,事(shi)情總有其兩(liang)面性。所(suo)謂一(yi)山難(nan)容二(er)虎,誰(shui)也不愿屈(qu)(qu)居人下(xia)。鄭莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)過世(shi)后,次子(zi)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)突便率先發難(nan),奪了(le)太子(zi)忽的君位,同時也拉開了(le)長達(da)20年(nian)之久的鄭國諸公(gong)(gong)子(zi)爭奪國君寶座的序幕。
2)昔(xi)日賢臣弒(shi)殺國君(jun)
鄭莊公的四個兒子先后做過鄭國國君,朝政如此(ci)動蕩,其(qi)中不乏鄭國大夫的“出手相助”。
公(gong)子(zi)突:鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)厲(li)公(gong),前700年(nian)(nian)~前697年(nian)(nian)在(zai)位(wei)(wei)(wei),被鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)大(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)祭仲(zhong)驅逐;太子(zi)忽(hu):鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)昭公(gong),前697年(nian)(nian)~前695年(nian)(nian)在(zai)位(wei)(wei)(wei),被鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)大(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)高渠彌弒(shi)殺(sha);公(gong)子(zi)亹:鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)子(zi)亹,前695年(nian)(nian)~前694年(nian)(nian)在(zai)位(wei)(wei)(wei),被齊襄公(gong)殺(sha)死;公(gong)子(zi)嬰(ying):鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)子(zi)嬰(ying),前694年(nian)(nian)~前680年(nian)(nian)在(zai)位(wei)(wei)(wei),被鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)大(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)傅(fu)瑕弒(shi)殺(sha);公(gong)子(zi)突:鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)厲(li)公(gong),前680年(nian)(nian)~前673年(nian)(nian)在(zai)位(wei)(wei)(wei),與鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)大(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)傅(fu)瑕勾(gou)結弒(shi)殺(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)子(zi)嬰(ying)而回國(guo)繼位(wei)(wei)(wei)。除了鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)子(zi)亹死于齊襄公(gong)之手(shou),其(qi)(qi)他幾(ji)任國(guo)君(jun)皆慘遭(zao)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)大(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)毒(du)手(shou)。可見,禮崩樂壞不只是天子(zi)與諸(zhu)侯(hou)之間,國(guo)君(jun)與臣子(zi)也(ye)是如此。當(dang)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)大(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)向周桓王射出那一(yi)(yi)箭(jian)之時,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)莊公(gong)曾心(xin)存不安,然(ran)而他的(de)臣子(zi)卻(que)看在(zai)眼里(li),記在(zai)心(xin)頭。鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)莊公(gong)過世后,其(qi)(qi)臣子(zi)紛(fen)紛(fen)效仿(fang)之,于是,他的(de)兒子(zi)們一(yi)(yi)個個倒在(zai)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)莊公(gong)昔日寵(chong)臣的(de)屠刀之下。
俗話說,上(shang)下一心,其利斷金。鄭國的君(jun)臣關系如(ru)此惡(e)化,鄭國那里還(huan)能復振(zhen)莊公之霸業?
綜上,鄭(zheng)莊(zhuang)公成就自己霸業之(zhi)時,也培(pei)養出一批才華(hua)出眾的(de)兒子和大(da)夫。令(ling)人扼腕嘆息的(de)是,鄭(zheng)莊(zhuang)公過世后,他們(men)并(bing)沒(mei)有繼(ji)續(xu)同心協(xie)力地延(yan)續(xu)鄭(zheng)國的(de)霸業,而是忙著爭奪自己的(de)私(si)利,以致于鄭(zheng)國朝政為之(zhi)動蕩20多年,從此滑(hua)下霸主的(de)神(shen)壇。
鄭國的地理位置不佳
雖然(ran)鄭(zheng)桓公(gong)當初為(wei)了鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)東遷(qian)絞盡腦汁,最終(zhong)采納太史伯(bo)的(de)建議,將(jiang)鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)遷(qian)到虢(guo)、鄶(kuai)之間(jian),以(yi)為(wei)會遠(yuan)離別國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)侵襲。然(ran)而,隨著列強不斷地蠶(can)食(shi)周邊小國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)漸漸地就成為(wei)了四沖之地。南邊是楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),北面(mian)是晉國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),東邊是宋國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),西面(mian)是秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。太史伯(bo)曾提過這(zhe)幾個(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家會崛起(qi),但是,鄭(zheng)桓公(gong)從未想(xiang)過這(zhe)么快,鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就成為(wei)了春秋(qiu)四霸之間(jian)的(de)夾(jia)心餅(bing)干。
自從鄭(zheng)(zheng)厲公(gong)之(zhi)子鄭(zheng)(zheng)文(wen)公(gong)即位后(hou)(hou),南(nan)邊(bian)的(de)(de)楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)異軍突起,鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)作為中(zhong)原的(de)(de)南(nan)大門,飽受(shou)楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)侵襲,后(hou)(hou)只能認楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)為大哥,茍且偷安(an)。可(ke)是(shi),中(zhong)原諸國(guo)(guo)不樂意了,先(xian)是(shi)齊國(guo)(guo),后(hou)(hou)是(shi)晉國(guo)(guo),屢屢出手(shou)教訓鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)。鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)這邊(bian)剛幡然悔悟,重新站隊中(zhong)原,楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)大棒(bang)接憧而至。于(yu)是(shi)乎(hu),鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)就成了眾(zhong)矢(shi)之(zhi)地。中(zhong)原諸國(guo)(guo),特別是(shi)晉國(guo)(guo),與楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)爭霸(ba)的(de)(de)這么(me)多(duo)年(nian)里(li),鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)因其特殊的(de)(de)地理位置成日被南(nan)一拳、北一腳打得是(shi)遍體(ti)鱗傷,奄奄一息,哪里(li)還(huan)有什么(me)機會翻盤呢?
春秋五霸的崛起
鄭(zheng)國的(de)一箭射掉了周(zhou)王室的(de)威嚴,從此(ci),諸(zhu)侯(hou)各國在禮(li)崩樂壞的(de)道路上漸(jian)行漸(jian)遠。既然周(zhou)天子已經無力管控這(zhe)個(ge)大家(jia)庭,那么(me)諸(zhu)侯(hou)們為了自身(shen)的(de)生存和發(fa)展,紛紛開(kai)始自謀生路。在鄭(zheng)國內亂的(de)20年里,齊桓公率先(xian)稱(cheng)霸(ba)了,接著便(bian)是宋襄公、晉文公、秦(qin)穆公和楚莊王。
鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)內亂結束(shu)的(de)(de)(de)那一(yi)天,才發現天下的(de)(de)(de)格局發生了(le)劇(ju)烈的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)。特別是(shi)(shi)南邊的(de)(de)(de)楚國(guo)雖然還(huan)沒有稱霸(ba)(ba),但是(shi)(shi)已經兵臨鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)城下。春秋五霸(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)(de)迅速崛起(qi),使得鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)不但毫無(wu)機會向(xiang)外(wai)擴張(zhang),而且常(chang)常(chang)腹背受敵(di)。于(yu)是(shi)(shi),還(huan)沒有來得及重振霸(ba)(ba)業的(de)(de)(de)鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo),就(jiu)這樣成為了(le)春秋諸霸(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)(de)必(bi)爭之地。
鄭莊公(gong)去世后,內(nei)憂外患使得鄭國(guo)從此一(yi)蹶不振(zhen)。
鄭(zheng)莊公培養出來(lai)的(de)公子們和賢臣們因忙著爭奪(duo)自己的(de)私(si)利,而沒(mei)有繼續同(tong)心協力地延(yan)續鄭(zheng)國(guo)的(de)霸(ba)業;四沖之(zhi)地的(de)地理位置使得(de)鄭(zheng)國(guo)成為了眾矢(shi)之(zhi)地;春秋五霸(ba)如焰火(huo)般圍繞著鄭(zheng)國(guo)依次(ci)綻(zhan)放,他們的(de)迅速崛起使得(de)鄭(zheng)國(guo)再無機會恢(hui)復昔(xi)日的(de)霸(ba)業。
鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),別名(ming)(ming)奠國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)為(wei)(wei)姬姓,伯爵。春秋戰國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)重(zhong)要(yao)諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。周(zhou)(zhou)宣(xuan)王(wang)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)806年(nian)(nian)(nian))封(feng)周(zhou)(zhou)厲王(wang)幼子(zi)(zi)(zi)友于(yu)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(今(jin)陜西華縣的(de)(de)(de)(de)東方),史稱鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。周(zhou)(zhou)幽(you)(you)王(wang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)身為(wei)(wei)周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)室的(de)(de)(de)(de)司徒,看出西周(zhou)(zhou)馬上就要(yao)滅亡(wang),于(yu)是,在(zai)(zai)太史伯的(de)(de)(de)(de)建議下,于(yu)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)774年(nian)(nian)(nian))將鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)財產、部(bu)族(zu)、宗族(zu)連同商人、百姓遷移(yi)到(dao)(dao)東虢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)鄶之(zhi)間(今(jin)河(he)南嵩山以(yi)(yi)東),號稱新(xin)(xin)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(今(jin)河(he)南省新(xin)(xin)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)帶),這是鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歷(li)史上有(you)名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)遷移(yi)。桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)771年(nian)(nian)(nian)),犬戎殺死周(zhou)(zhou)幽(you)(you)王(wang)和(he)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)武公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)即位(wei)(wei),繼位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)武公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)攻(gong)(gong)滅鄶和(he)東虢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),建立(li)了(le)(le)實際(ji)獨立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),定(ding)首都(dou)為(wei)(wei)新(xin)(xin)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。武公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)位(wei)(wei)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)去(qu)世(shi),兒(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)登基。鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)武公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)是周(zhou)(zhou)平王(wang)手下的(de)(de)(de)(de)卿士,很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制了(le)(le)自(zi)己(ji)屬下卿大(da)夫的(de)(de)(de)(de)勢(shi)力,在(zai)(zai)春秋初年(nian)(nian)(nian),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)非(fei)常活躍。甚至,一(yi)段時(shi)(shi)(shi)間之(zhi)內,強(qiang)(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也對(dui)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)俯首稱臣,跟隨鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)東征西討。莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內部(bu)肅(su)清(qing)了(le)(le)反動勢(shi)力,外部(bu)滅了(le)(le)許國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),敗了(le)(le)宋國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),還射中了(le)(le)周(zhou)(zhou)天子(zi)(zi)(zi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)肩膀,是當時(shi)(shi)(shi)最強(qiang)(qiang)盛的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家,史稱“鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)小(xiao)霸”。莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)位(wei)(wei)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)去(qu)世(shi)。兒(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)厲公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)驅逐太子(zi)(zi)(zi)自(zi)立(li)為(wei)(wei)君(jun)。厲公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)位(wei)(wei)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)亂,因(yin)此從此鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)日(ri)益衰(shuai)落(luo),齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)逐漸取得有(you)利地位(wei)(wei),開始(shi)控制周(zhou)(zhou)邊小(xiao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。厲公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下傳(chuan)兩(liang)代(dai)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)繆公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),以(yi)(yi)后鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)為(wei)(wei)晉(jin)(jin)、楚(chu)兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)威逼,幾乎年(nian)(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)不得安寧。繆公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下傳(chuan)兩(liang)代(dai)到(dao)(dao)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi),楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)曾攻(gong)(gong)占(zhan)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)忍辱存國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下傳(chuan)四代(dai)到(dao)(dao)簡公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)任用子(zi)(zi)(zi)產為(wei)(wei)相執政,鑄造(zao)刑鼎(ding),發(fa)展經濟,救助百姓,因(yin)而鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)新(xin)(xin)富強(qiang)(qiang)。簡公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下傳(chuan)四代(dai)到(dao)(dao)哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi),晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)韓、趙、魏三(san)家強(qiang)(qiang)盛,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)再次(ci)(ci)衰(shuai)弱(ruo)。哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)幽(you)(you)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi),韓武子(zi)(zi)(zi)攻(gong)(gong)占(zhan)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),殺害了(le)(le)幽(you)(you)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。后來幽(you)(you)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)弟儒公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)復國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),多次(ci)(ci)與三(san)晉(jin)(jin)發(fa)生戰爭。繻之(zhi)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)康(kang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi),韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)再次(ci)(ci)強(qiang)(qiang)盛。康(kang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)375年(nian)(nian)(nian))韓哀侯率軍(jun)再次(ci)(ci)攻(gong)(gong)占(zhan)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)滅亡(wang),國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土(tu)并入韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。立(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)432年(nian)(nian)(nian),歷(li)21君(jun)。
春(chun)秋(qiu)三小(xiao)霸(ba)(ba)(ba),指的是春(chun)秋(qiu)初(chu)期最早稱(cheng)(cheng)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)的三位霸(ba)(ba)(ba)主,由于其(qi)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)業不如春(chun)秋(qiu)五(wu)霸(ba)(ba)(ba),故(gu)被(bei)成(cheng)為(wei)三小(xiao)霸(ba)(ba)(ba),他們分別是:鄭(zheng)莊公(gong)、齊僖公(gong)、楚武王(wang)。其(qi)中,就鄭(zheng)莊公(gong)來說,繻葛之(zhi)戰(zhan)中鄭(zheng)國(guo)擊敗周(zhou)、虢(guo)、衛、蔡、陳(chen)聯軍,前719年又擊敗宋、陳(chen)、蔡、衛、魯(lu)等國(guo)聯軍,使得鄭(zheng)國(guo)空前強盛,就連當時(shi)的大國(guo)齊國(guo)也跟著(zhu)鄭(zheng)國(guo)東(dong)征西討,因此鄭(zheng)莊公(gong)被(bei)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)?鄭(zheng)莊小(xiao)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)?。不過(guo),對(dui)于在(zai)春(chun)秋(qiu)初(chu)期率先崛起和稱(cheng)(cheng)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)的鄭(zheng)國(guo),卻在(zai)之(zhi)后(hou)逐漸(jian)衰(shuai)落。公(gong)元前375年,也即戰(zhan)國(guo)初(chu)期,戰(zhan)國(guo)七雄(xiong)之(zhi)一(yi)的韓國(guo)正(zheng)式消滅了鄭(zheng)國(guo)。那么,問題(ti)來了,鄭(zheng)國(guo)在(zai)春(chun)秋(qiu)初(chu)期就已(yi)經是?小(xiao)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)?了,為(wei)何到后(hou)來會逐漸(jian)衰(shuai)落?
一
首(shou)先(xian),鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)春秋初(chu)(chu)期(qi)的(de)崛(jue)起和?小霸(ba)?,固然和鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)實力存在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定的(de)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)。但(dan)是(shi),這也和鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)緊(jin)緊(jin)抓住了春秋初(chu)(chu)期(qi)的(de)歷史機遇存在(zai)(zai)直接的(de)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)。在(zai)(zai)周(zhou)幽王烽火戲諸侯,也即西(xi)周(zhou)滅(mie)(mie)亡后,鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)君主(zhu)率先(xian)全(quan)力支持周(zhou)平王即位。在(zai)(zai)周(zhou)平王東遷洛邑(yi),建(jian)立(li)東周(zhou)后,鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)自然獲得了非常大的(de)封賞,并(bing)且借著周(zhou)王室的(de)支持或(huo)者說是(shi)默認,陸(lu)續消滅(mie)(mie)了多個諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo),比如鄶國(guo)(guo)(guo)(今河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)新(xin)密(mi))、東虢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(今河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)滎陽)、鄢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(今河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)鄢陵(ling))、胡國(guo)(guo)(guo)(今河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)漯河(he)市郾城區(qu)(qu)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan))。在(zai)(zai)此基(ji)礎上,鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)得以占據了當時的(de)中原核(he)心區(qu)(qu)域(yu)。
二
值得(de)注意的(de)(de)是,在西周(zhou)滅(mie)亡和東(dong)周(zhou)建立之際,牢牢抓(zhua)住這一(yi)(yi)歷(li)史(shi)機遇的(de)(de),除(chu)了(le)鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)之外,還有秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)。根據《左(zuo)傳》、《春秋(qiu)》等史(shi)料的(de)(de)記(ji)載,公(gong)(gong)元前770年,秦(qin)(qin)襄公(gong)(gong)派(pai)兵護送周(zhou)平(ping)王東(dong)遷,被(bei)封為諸侯,又被(bei)賜(si)封岐(qi)山以西之地。自(zi)此,秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)正式成為周(zhou)朝的(de)(de)諸侯國(guo)(guo)。就鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)來說,經(jing)過鄭(zheng)(zheng)桓公(gong)(gong)、鄭(zheng)(zheng)武公(gong)(gong)、鄭(zheng)(zheng)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)這三(san)位君主(zhu)的(de)(de)努力,最(zui)終在春秋(qiu)初期一(yi)(yi)度稱(cheng)霸中原(yuan)。不(bu)過,在鄭(zheng)(zheng)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)去(qu)世后,鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)逐漸走(zou)向了(le)衰落,并最(zui)終被(bei)戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)七雄之一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)韓國(guo)(guo)所消滅(mie)。對此,在筆者看來,其(qi)原(yuan)因主(zhu)要分(fen)為以下幾點。一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面,鄭(zheng)(zheng)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)去(qu)世后,鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)發生了(le)長期的(de)(de)內亂(luan)。
三
彼時(shi),鄭昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)、鄭厲公(gong)(gong)(gong)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)子亹(wei)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)子儀為(wei)了(le)(le)爭奪鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)君主的位置,展開(kai)(kai)了(le)(le)長(chang)達20年(nian)左右的互相攻伐(fa)。等(deng)到鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)恢(hui)復元氣的時(shi)候,已經是(shi)齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)稱霸(ba)諸(zhu)侯的時(shi)間了(le)(le)。而(er)在齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)后,晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)和楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)展開(kai)(kai)了(le)(le)長(chang)達百年(nian)左右的?晉(jin)楚(chu)爭霸(ba)?。換而(er)言之(zhi),在春秋初期(qi),齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)、晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)等(deng)大國(guo)(guo)(guo)還沒有崛起(qi),鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)得(de)以打(da)著周王(wang)室的旗號,以此在各(ge)個諸(zhu)侯之(zhi)間縱橫斡旋(xuan)。但是(shi),因為(wei)鄭莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)去世后的內亂,鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)存過了(le)(le)繼續壯大自身實力的機會,等(deng)到齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)、晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)等(deng)大國(guo)(guo)(guo)崛起(qi)后,鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)只能(neng)選擇左右搖擺了(le)(le)。
四
最后(hou),另(ling)一(yi)方面(mian),除(chu)了(le)內亂之(zhi)(zhi)外,鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)理位置,也限制了(le)其實力(li)的(de)(de)(de)進一(yi)步壯(zhuang)大。在(zai)(zai)春秋(qiu)時期(qi),鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)處在(zai)(zai)晉國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、宋國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)等大國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)包圍之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),在(zai)(zai)消滅(mie)(mie)鄶國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、東虢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、鄢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、胡國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)等小國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)拿這些大國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)顯然是(shi)(shi)無(wu)能為力(li)的(de)(de)(de)。即便是(shi)(shi)實力(li)相對較弱的(de)(de)(de)宋國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),也不是(shi)(shi)鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)可以擊敗(bai)的(de)(de)(de)。除(chu)此之(zhi)(zhi)外,鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)春秋(qiu)初期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)崛起,離不開周王室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)支持。但是(shi)(shi),在(zai)(zai)?周鄭(zheng)(zheng)交惡(e)?之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),周王室(shi)(shi)自然疏遠了(le)鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),轉而支持齊桓公、晉文(wen)公等君主稱霸。因(yin)此,失去周王室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)扶持,也是(shi)(shi)鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)走向衰落的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。到了(le)戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)初期(qi),鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)雖然還具有(you)一(yi)戰(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)力(li),不過(guo),又是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為內亂的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin),鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)逐漸(jian)被韓(han)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)消滅(mie)(mie),從而告(gao)別了(le)春秋(qiu)戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)歷史大舞臺。
春秋戰國時期耳熟能詳的就是齊國、楚國和晉國這三位霸主了,但是在初秋戰國時期第一個崛起成長的國家就是鄭國了。只(zhi)是后來被其他國(guo)(guo)家給(gei)比了(le)(le)下去,鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)的鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)公在繼位以后大力著手(shou)發展(zhan)經(jing)濟國(guo)(guo)力迅速的得到了(le)(le)提(ti)升(sheng)也使(shi)得這與其他的幾位諸侯國(guo)(guo)家的距離越(yue)來越(yue)大,鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)公去世后鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)的國(guo)(guo)力就(jiu)逐漸下降了(le)(le)。
周朝時期鄭國是周的一個諸侯國而鄭國的開國國軍就是鄭桓公,鄭國的第二個繼承人是鄭武公。鄭國(guo)(guo)的(de)地(di)位比其(qi)他諸(zhu)侯國(guo)(guo)高(gao)首先(xian)的(de)一個原因就是周平(ping)王當(dang)時遷都(dou)時鄭武公(gong)護駕有功,在(zai)皇室(shi)中(zhong)也是有卿士的(de)官職(zhi)的(de),因此鄭國(guo)(guo)在(zai)其(qi)他諸(zhu)侯國(guo)(guo)中(zhong)的(de)地(di)位相(xiang)當(dang)的(de)高(gao)。
鄭國在傳到第三位的時候發生了改變,這個人就是鄭莊公,鄭莊公是一個有雄才大略的人。鄭莊公通(tong)過(guo)自己不斷的(de)努力經(jing)營(ying)讓鄭國(guo)(guo)在春(chun)秋戰國(guo)(guo)時期的(de)初期強大起來,這個時候(hou)天(tian)下就有著天(tian)下最(zui)大的(de)諸侯(hou)非鄭國(guo)(guo)莫屬,而鄭莊公本人(ren)也春(chun)秋三小霸王(wang)之(zhi)一之(zhi)首(shou)。
可(ke)以說鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)就(jiu)是在鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的經營(ying)下逐漸強大,但(dan)是鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)國(guo)力衰弱也是因(yin)為鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。原因(yin)就(jiu)是因(yin)為鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的一(yi)生都善于計謀(mou)和(he)料(liao)理事物,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)在他的經營(ying)下越(yue)來越(yue)好雖然鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)許多的孩子但(dan)是他疏于管教導致自己的孩子沒有(you)能力管理國(guo)家。鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死后(hou)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)沒有(you)合適的繼(ji)承人只(zhi)得鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)厲(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)繼(ji)承了國(guo)位(wei)。
鄭莊公死后鄭國(guo)陷(xian)入混亂鄭厲公倉促繼位但是鄭國(guo)的大權(quan)大都掌握在(zai)祭足(zu)的手中,鄭厲公對祭足(zu)的專權(quan)十分的忌憚想偷偷處死他,但是失敗(bai)最后被(bei)流(liu)亡。本來(lai)(lai)大權(quan)眼看就(jiu)被(bei)祭足(zu)掌握這個時(shi)候(hou)鄭昭公忽然返回(hui)鄭國(guo)繼承了皇位,可惜沒多久就(jiu)被(bei)人暗殺了。眾人無法又立(li)公子亹成為了新的國(guo)君,鄭國(guo)就(jiu)這樣經過(guo)國(guo)君更迭導致國(guo)力越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)弱(ruo)。
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