歷(li)(li)史(shi)朝代的(de)興衰與更(geng)替(ti),一個個鮮活的(de)歷(li)(li)史(shi)人物,在歷(li)(li)史(shi)長河(he)中留(liu)下了深(shen)深(shen)的(de)印記,接(jie)下來(lai)小編帶(dai)您(nin)走進陳玉成的(de)故事。
1859年,陳玉成、楊輔清(qing)封(feng)鎖長(chang)江,阻止韋(wei)俊(jun)投(tou)(tou)靠李秀成,挑起和(he)州兵變,雙(shuang)方武裝沖突。韋(wei)俊(jun)走投(tou)(tou)無路,只好選擇(ze)向(xiang)湖北(bei)巡撫胡(hu)林翼(yi)投(tou)(tou)降,這(zhe)是太平天(tian)國第(di)一位投(tou)(tou)降的高級將領,影響相當惡劣(lie)。接(jie)著,李昭壽、薛之元叛變,江北(bei)基地紛紛陷落,天(tian)京處境(jing)危急。
為扭(niu)轉(zhuan)頹勢,陳玉成、李(li)(li)秀成再次聯手,攻打李(li)(li)昭(zhao)壽、薛之元,并(bing)殲滅(mie)總兵周天培部清軍,收復部分失地。太平軍東線有了進展,胡林(lin)翼則執(zhi)行“東征計(ji)劃”,率(lv)湘軍殺入安徽,直取太湖(hu),威脅西線安全。此時,李(li)(li)秀成受困浦口,李(li)(li)世賢兵力不足,只(zhi)能(neng)守住皖南(nan),24歲陳玉成只(zhi)好(hao)獨自增(zeng)援太湖(hu),與(yu)湘軍主力決戰(zhan)。
1859年12月,陳玉成兵(bing)分三路,攻打天堂(tang)鎮,試圖直接解圍,遭(zao)湘軍強力反擊,作戰失利。湘軍主力云(yun)集,曾國(guo)藩、胡林翼(yi)、多隆阿、鮑超、唐訓方、李續燾(dao)、趙克彰、蔣凝學、朱品(pin)隆等悉數出(chu)動(dong),總計(ji)兵(bing)馬4萬余,聲勢十分浩(hao)大。
反攻(gong)天(tian)堂(tang)鎮失利(li),陳(chen)玉(yu)成料想(xiang)太湖(hu)必(bi)定(ding)有一(yi)場惡仗。此時,李秀成、李世賢、楊(yang)輔(fu)清自(zi)顧(gu)不暇(xia),陳(chen)玉(yu)成獨木難(nan)支,只好請求張樂行、龔德樹等“捻(nian)軍(jun)”首領幫忙,聚集(ji)7萬兵(bing)馬,號稱20萬,準(zhun)備與湘(xiang)軍(jun)主(zhu)力在太湖(hu)進行決戰(zhan)。如此,太湖(hu)之戰(zhan)注(zhu)定(ding)非常激烈。
7萬(wan)大(da)軍在手(shou),精(jing)銳部隊(dui)也有三四萬(wan),算是一支勁旅。考慮(lv)到糧草、彈(dan)藥(yao)不足,且(qie)太平軍連續作戰(zhan),十(shi)分疲憊,陳玉成決定回到安慶休整(zheng)月(yue)余,然(ran)后再決戰(zhan)。期間,胡林翼繼續推(tui)進,并(bing)抽調200兵馬北(bei)上防守壽州,以防陳玉成攻打皖北(bei),窺伺中原(yuan)。
1860年1月,陳(chen)玉成從安慶增援太(tai)湖,“連營三十余(yu)里(li),筑壘一百余(yu)座”,直接(jie)威脅湘軍,太(tai)湖守(shou)軍士(shi)氣高漲。對此(ci),胡林翼(yi)命令(ling)鮑超率“霆軍”駐(zhu)守(shou)小池驛,兵(bing)馬4000;蔣凝學(xue)部(bu)駐(zhu)守(shou)龍家涼亭,兵(bing)馬2000;多隆(long)阿駐(zhu)守(shou)新倉(cang),兵(bing)馬6000左右,其(qi)中八旗馬隊沖(chong)擊力強悍(han),是一支勁旅。
為防止太湖軍隊出擊,曾國(guo)藩派總兵朱品(pin)隆、李榕等率6000兵馬(ma)增援唐訓方(fang),列陣西北,壯大(da)聲勢。8日,太平軍從城內殺出,試圖(tu)與陳(chen)玉成夾擊湘軍,中途遭遇唐訓方(fang)埋伏,陣亡數百人,只能退回城內死守(shou)。守(shou)軍出不來,英王陳(chen)玉成只好前進扎營,直逼胡林翼(yi)防線(xian),大(da)戰即將(jiang)開(kai)始。
13日,多隆(long)阿(a)、鮑超(chao)(chao)主動出擊,攻打太平軍(jun)地(di)靈(ling)港大(da)營,陳玉(yu)成出兵反擊,另派一支部隊繞(rao)道(dao)偷襲(xi)“霆軍(jun)”大(da)營,迫(po)使鮑超(chao)(chao)撤兵回援。接著(zhu),太平軍(jun)連(lian)續夜(ye)(ye)襲(xi),采取“車輪戰術”,分五部輪番襲(xi)擾,“晝(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)不息,未(wei)敢(gan)休(xiu)息片刻”,鮑超(chao)(chao)非常(chang)無奈(nai)。
14日(ri),胡林翼決(jue)定(ding)三路出兵,主動(dong)進攻,誰知陳玉成提(ti)前一個(ge)時辰采(cai)取行動(dong),猛攻湘軍,“層層排列(lie),漫山遍(bian)野,多(duo)彪(biao)悍之徒”。多(duo)隆阿率兵從東路、中路抵御,與太(tai)平(ping)軍廝殺,鮑超(chao)則率部繞道西路,妄圖背后(hou)夾擊(ji)。考慮鮑超(chao)兵力(li)不足,多(duo)隆阿派(pai)八旗(qi)馬隊增(zeng)援西路,協助作戰。
湘軍(jun)繞道(dao)偷(tou)襲,陳玉成早有(you)防備(bei),太(tai)平軍(jun)后(hou)(hou)路(lu)設伏,迎(ying)戰清軍(jun)。鮑(bao)超(chao)所部(bu)“霆軍(jun)”彪悍(han)無比(bi),太(tai)平軍(jun)拼力作戰,死傷(shang)慘重。陳玉成下令放棄部(bu)分(fen)村莊,讓清軍(jun)劫掠(lve),然后(hou)(hou)掉頭反殺,雙方(fang)再(zai)次血(xue)戰,“自(zi)己至(zhi)酉,血(xue)戰縱橫”,戰斗異常慘烈。
戰斗中(zhong),副都統(tong)西林布、喀爾庫(ku)等悍將被擊(ji)斃,八(ba)旗(qi)馬隊陣(zhen)亡(wang)1300余(yu)人(ren),可謂損失慘重(zhong)。副都統(tong),八(ba)旗(qi)系統(tong)武將二把手,相(xiang)當于總兵,也就是省級(ji)戰區(qu)司令員,地位非常(chang)高。鮑超(chao)呢?隊友損失過大,難(nan)以獨自(zi)作戰,只好撤(che)兵回營(ying)。
鮑(bao)超(chao)(chao)所部(bu)“霆軍”太過(guo)彪悍,又經常偷襲太平軍后(hou)路,陳玉(yu)成非常惱火,決定拿鮑(bao)超(chao)(chao)開刀,主力(li)圍攻“霆軍”,以求突(tu)破。陳玉(yu)成此舉,讓鮑(bao)超(chao)(chao)吃(chi)盡了苦頭,若不(bu)(bu)是湘軍集團(tuan)強大(da),曾國(guo)藩、胡(hu)林翼(yi)源(yuan)源(yuan)不(bu)(bu)斷出兵(bing)攻打陳玉(yu)成側后(hou),且(qie)保證“霆軍”糧餉供(gong)應及(ji)時到位,鮑(bao)超(chao)(chao)是難逃一(yi)死。
16日(ri),陳(chen)玉成開始主(zhu)攻(gong)小(xiao)池驛,利(li)用火(huo)炮猛攻(gong)湘軍營壘(lei),鮑(bao)超率(lv)“霆(ting)(ting)軍”反擊,被太平軍打回(hui)原形,狼狽不(bu)堪。20日(ri),陳(chen)玉成加(jia)大進攻(gong)力度,并采(cai)取夜襲,“更番疊進,威(wei)逼霆(ting)(ting)營”,湘軍晝夜不(bu)得安寧。21日(ri),鮑(bao)超主(zhu)動(dong)出擊,親自操刀沖(chong)鋒,被太平軍用槍(qiang)支擊中(zhong)左(zuo)臂,鮮血直流,只能退回(hui)。
湘軍處境艱(jian)難,曾國藩抽(chou)調圍城(cheng)的唐訓方部(bu)(bu)、曾貞干部(bu)(bu)、李續(xu)燾部(bu)(bu)、趙克彰部(bu)(bu),總計7000兵馬,增援(yuan)小池驛(yi),給鮑(bao)超強有力支(zhi)持。此外,多隆阿(a)率八旗馬隊(dui)從(cong)東線趕來,鮑(bao)超所部(bu)(bu)士(shi)氣大(da)振,一(yi)場(chang)硬仗(zhang)即將到(dao)來,雙方磨刀霍霍,劍(jian)拔弩張。
湘軍主力云(yun)集小池驛,胡林翼(yi)因身體不適回到武昌,前線該由誰來(lai)掛帥,負責統一指揮呢?此時,胡林翼(yi)是湖(hu)北(bei)巡撫,擁有地方實權,他(ta)提出的人選是多隆(long)阿(a)。原(yuan)因很簡單,多隆(long)阿(a)驍(xiao)勇善戰(zhan),頗具(ju)謀略,還擁有旗人身份加持,可(ke)以平(ping)衡滿漢利益,封住(zhu)朝廷“嘴巴”,是再合適不過了。
選擇多隆(long)阿(a),曾國(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)不服,他想從江西調(diao)來弟(di)(di)弟(di)(di)曾國(guo)(guo)荃。結果(guo)呢(ni)?胡林翼(yi)有實權,曾國(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)只有空(kong)頭侍郎銜(xian),還不是封疆大吏,影響不了大局,多隆(long)阿(a)成了前線(xian)主帥。也(ye)許是這原因,胡林翼(yi)死后(hou),曾國(guo)(guo)藩(fan)(fan)、曾國(guo)(guo)荃兄弟(di)(di)倆(lia)排斥多隆(long)阿(a),侵(qin)吞(tun)安慶(qing)之功。多隆(long)阿(a)不滿,拒絕(jue)參與(yu)東征金陵,后(hou)調(diao)往西北作戰,被起義軍用(yong)槍(qiang)支打死。
22日,多隆阿(a)以前線(xian)主帥名義,指揮各路兵馬進(jin)援小池驛。考慮“霆(ting)(ting)軍(jun)”傷亡慘重(zhong),多隆阿(a)、唐(tang)訓(xun)方分(fen)(fen)別率一支(zhi)勁旅采取突(tu)襲(xi)方式(shi),沖破太平軍(jun)防(fang)線(xian),進(jin)入大營,進(jin)行“換防(fang)”。湘軍(jun)生力軍(jun)扎營,抵御太平軍(jun)進(jin)攻,守陣地(di);“霆(ting)(ting)軍(jun)”部分(fen)(fen)下火線(xian),進(jin)入營內休整。多隆阿(a)此舉(ju),堪稱險棋,后果也很嚴重(zhong)。
多隆(long)阿、唐(tang)訓(xun)方突襲,闖入(ru)營壘,陳(chen)玉(yu)成(cheng)反(fan)應過來(lai)后,連續發動猛攻,不(bu)給湘軍扎(zha)營之機會(hui)。太平軍攻勢猛烈,唐(tang)訓(xun)方部招(zhao)架不(bu)住,開始突圍。進(jin)來(lai)容易,出(chu)來(lai)可(ke)就沒那(nei)么簡單了,陳(chen)玉(yu)成(cheng)親(qin)自率兵(bing)攔截,突圍湘軍幾(ji)乎全部被(bei)殺,唐(tang)訓(xun)方僅帶十余逃出(chu),狼狽不(bu)堪。
唐(tang)訓(xun)方(fang)所(suo)部(bu)失敗,多(duo)隆阿只能(neng)繼續(xu)增兵來(lai)小池驛,和陳玉(yu)成連續(xu)交戰(zhan),但都被擊敗了。連續(xu)戰(zhan)敗,朱品隆、蔣凝(ning)學、李(li)榕(rong)所(suo)部(bu)采取觀望態度,不敢主動(dong)出(chu)擊,以(yi)免成為(wei)下(xia)一個(ge)唐(tang)訓(xun)方(fang)。此時,太平軍(jun)也傷(shang)亡不少,但湘軍(jun)增援部(bu)隊畏(wei)懼,陳玉(yu)成還是(shi)處在有(you)力地位。
苦戰多(duo)日,多(duo)隆阿、鮑超等一直被(bei)圍著吊打,小池驛大(da)營隨時(shi)可能陷落。只要拿下(xia)小池驛,太平軍(jun)(jun)就(jiu)可以(yi)進入太湖(hu),湘軍(jun)(jun)此次“東征計劃”注定流產。可惜,陳(chen)玉(yu)成沒(mei)有生(sheng)力軍(jun)(jun)可調(diao)動,短時(shi)間(jian)內還無法消滅鮑超,給了胡林翼調(diao)兵之時(shi)間(jian),最終扭轉戰局,實乃一大(da)遺(yi)憾。
24日,曾國藩、胡林翼達成一致,抽(chou)調松子關金國琛部14營(ying)(ying),天(tian)堂鎮守將余(yu)際(ji)昌部9營(ying)(ying),總計1萬余(yu)人(ren),攻擊潛山(shan)高橫嶺(ling)、仰(yang)天(tian)庵(an),威脅陳玉成后路(lu)。
此時(shi),安(an)徽太平軍(jun)主力都在前線,后路十分空虛。2月初,太平軍(jun)糧道被金國(guo)琛截斷,后路營壘悉數被摧毀,陳玉成陷入困境。
17日(ri),各路(lu)湘(xiang)軍(jun)(jun)大(da)規模反擊,陳玉成(cheng)(cheng)親自(zi)指(zhi)揮作(zuo)戰(zhan)。太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)失(shi)利,大(da)營(ying)被多隆(long)阿縱火焚(fen)燒,陳玉成(cheng)(cheng)只好撤兵回(hui)安慶。18日(ri),太(tai)(tai)湖(hu)守軍(jun)(jun)撤出,湘(xiang)軍(jun)(jun)奪取(qu)城池。
此次太(tai)(tai)湖(hu)之(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),24歲英王(wang)陳(chen)玉(yu)成(cheng)一直壓著鮑超吊打,還(huan)斬殺清軍兩位副(fu)都統(戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)區司令),戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)績(ji)不錯(cuo)。但是(shi)(shi),湘軍后勤優勢太(tai)(tai)明顯,曾國藩、胡(hu)林翼協調配合(he),陳(chen)玉(yu)成(cheng)孤軍奮戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),太(tai)(tai)湖(hu)失守(shou)。由此可知,若(ruo)勢均力敵(di),單打獨斗,鮑超、多(duo)隆阿不是(shi)(shi)陳(chen)玉(yu)成(cheng)對手。此時(shi),陳(chen)玉(yu)成(cheng)24歲,正是(shi)(shi)名(ming)將(jiang)成(cheng)長中。
號稱(cheng)「 ”滿(man)萬(wan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)戰(zhan)”,「 ”日(ri)(ri)行千里”的(de)東亞第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)雄(xiong)師八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)勁旅,入關(guan)沒多(duo)久就(jiu)淪(lun)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)幫拿(na)著(zhu)鳥籠到(dao)處(chu)(chu)溜達的(de)紈绔子(zi)(zi)弟,連(lian)基本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)騎射本(ben)(ben)(ben)領都丟失(shi)(shi)了(le)。三(san)(san)藩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂時(shi),八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)弟不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)迎(ying)戰(zhan)叛軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),綠(lv)(lv)營(ying)(ying)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力;太平(ping)(ping)天(tian)(tian)(tian)國(guo)運動(dong)(dong)時(shi),八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)基本(ben)(ben)(ben)等(deng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)廢渣(zha),武昌、南(nan)(nan)京(jing)(jing)駐防八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)被太平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)全殲,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)漏。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo),八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)弟再(zai)(zai)怎么差,總是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)兩位(wei)拿(na)得(de)(de)出(chu)手(shou)(shou)的(de)猛將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),僧(seng)格林(lin)沁(qin)(qin)、多(duo)隆阿(a)(a)(a)、塔(ta)齊(qi)布等(deng)就(jiu)很(hen)能打(da)(da)(da)(da),也(ye)(ye)很(hen)耐打(da)(da)(da)(da)。除(chu)了(le)這三(san)(san)位(wei),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)也(ye)(ye)算(suan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)晚清(qing)(qing)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)悍將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)枚(mei),雖(sui)(sui)說(shuo)(shuo)他(ta)(ta)經(jing)常(chang)(chang)(chang)打(da)(da)(da)(da)敗(bai)(bai)仗,可(ke)(ke)屢敗(bai)(bai)屢戰(zhan),從(cong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)服(fu)輸;他(ta)(ta)曾(ceng)(ceng)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)英(ying)(ying)王(wang)(wang)(wang)陳玉(yu)成(cheng)活(huo)捉,將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)(qi)凌(ling)遲處(chu)(chu)死。但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)仗著(zhu)在(zai)「 ”辛(xin)酉(you)政變”中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)力挺(ting)(ting)慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功勞,為(wei)(wei)所(suo)欲(yu)為(wei)(wei),又(you)(you)(you)(you)喜(xi)歡評論同(tong)(tong)(tong)僚(liao),以(yi)(yi)(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)得(de)(de)罪(zui)太多(duo)人(ren),后(hou)被慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)賜(si)死。 勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),瓜爾(er)佳氏,滿(man)洲(zhou)(zhou)鑲白旗(qi)(qi)人(ren)。名字中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)雖(sui)(sui)有(you)個(ge)「 ”勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”字,卻經(jing)常(chang)(chang)(chang)打(da)(da)(da)(da)敗(bai)(bai)仗,人(ren)稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)「 ”敗(bai)(bai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)”。陳玉(yu)成(cheng)臨行前還(huan)(huan)大(da)罵一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)頓,說(shuo)(shuo)他(ta)(ta)打(da)(da)(da)(da)仗不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行,清(qing)(qing)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)無(wu)(wu)數(shu)精兵(bing)(bing)悍將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)被他(ta)(ta)揮霍殆(dai)盡(jin),實(shi)乃朝(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)人(ren)。趙雨生在(zai)《被擄紀略(lve)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)記載(zai)陳玉(yu)成(cheng)痛(tong)(tong)斥勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)段話:「 ”爾(er)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)小孩,在(zai)妖朝(chao)(chao)(chao)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)誤國(guo)庸(yong)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)。本(ben)(ben)(ben)總裁在(zai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)開國(guo)元(yuan)勛,本(ben)(ben)(ben)總裁三(san)(san)洗湖(hu)北(bei)(bei),九下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)江(jiang)南(nan)(nan),爾(er)見仗即跑。在(zai)白云山(shan)踏爾(er)二十(shi)五營(ying)(ying),全軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)覆滅(mie)(mie),爾(er)帶十(shi)余(yu)匹馬抱(bao)頭而(er)(er)(er)竄,我(wo)叫(jiao)饒你(ni)(ni)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)性命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。我(wo)怎配(pei)跪你(ni)(ni)?好(hao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)重的(de)物件!”一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)語(yu)道(dao)出(chu)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事水(shui)平(ping)(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)低(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)。但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能否認的(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)雄(xiong)心(xin)勃(bo)勃(bo),心(xin)里素質也(ye)(ye)非(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)常(chang)(chang)(chang)強(qiang)大(da),失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)(bai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千次(ci)就(jiu)再(zai)(zai)戰(zhan)斗一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千次(ci),從(cong)哪里跌(die)倒就(jiu)從(cong)哪里爬起(qi);無(wu)(wu)論對(dui)(dui)手(shou)(shou)多(duo)么強(qiang)大(da),他(ta)(ta)都敢(gan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)前拼(pin)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),雖(sui)(sui)然(ran)(ran)結果都輸了(le)。對(dui)(dui)此(ci),我(wo)們(men)只(zhi)能這么說(shuo)(shuo),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)你(ni)(ni)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)好(hao)樣的(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)典型勵志哥。 1851年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue),金田起(qi)義(yi)(yi)爆發,太平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)橫掃八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)、綠(lv)(lv)營(ying)(ying),廣(guang)西(xi)清(qing)(qing)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)統帥(shuai)壓根抵擋不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)住,往往一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)觸即潰(kui)。對(dui)(dui)此(ci),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)表示很(hen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)屑,直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)參劾欽(qin)差大(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)賽(sai)尚阿(a)(a)(a)「 ”廣(guang)西(xi)賊(zei)勢猖(chang)獗,廣(guang)東、湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)皆可(ke)(ke)憂。賽(sai)尚阿(a)(a)(a)督師無(wu)(wu)功,請明(ming)賞罰以(yi)(yi)(yi)振紀綱(gang)。河(he)決不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)治(zhi)(zhi)河(he)員之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui),刑(xing)輕盜風(feng)日(ri)(ri)熾,應明(ming)敕法以(yi)(yi)(yi)肅典常(chang)(chang)(chang)。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)工奏(zou)折多(duo)留(liu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),恐(kong)滋流(liu)弊。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切事務(wu),朱(zhu)批多(duo)而(er)(er)(er)諭旨少。市井細民,時(shi)或(huo)私論圣德(de)。”一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)副(fu)賢良之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)孔(kong)躍然(ran)(ran)紙上(shang)(shang)(shang),咸(xian)(xian)豐(feng)皇(huang)帝(di)非(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)常(chang)(chang)(chang)喜(xi)歡。1853年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue),太平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)殺(sha)進(jin)南(nan)(nan)京(jing)(jing),城(cheng)內(nei)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)弟全部被殺(sha),江(jiang)南(nan)(nan)清(qing)(qing)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)聞(wen)風(feng)喪膽(dan)。此(ci)時(shi),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)奉命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)率兵(bing)(bing)南(nan)(nan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)剿賊(zei),與(yu)欽(qin)差大(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)琦善在(zai)揚州(zhou)建立「 ”江(jiang)北(bei)(bei)大(da)營(ying)(ying)”,阻(zu)止太平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)北(bei)(bei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原,威脅清(qing)(qing)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)統治(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)。然(ran)(ran)而(er)(er)(er),林(lin)鳳祥一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)頓猛打(da)(da)(da)(da),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)所(suo)部潰(kui)敗(bai)(bai),北(bei)(bei)伐(fa)(fa)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)順(shun)利渡(du)江(jiang),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)月(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)就(jiu)殺(sha)進(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)。 林(lin)鳳祥北(bei)(bei)伐(fa)(fa)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)殺(sha)進(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan),急壞(huai)了(le)咸(xian)(xian)豐(feng)皇(huang)帝(di),于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)讓(rang)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)趕盡(jin)從(cong)江(jiang)北(bei)(bei)回援,組建一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)支機動(dong)(dong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)團,阻(zu)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)太平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)很(hen)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong),收到(dao)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)令后(hou),立刻北(bei)(bei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)作(zuo)戰(zhan),在(zai)懷(huai)慶郊外連(lian)續(xu)與(yu)林(lin)鳳祥激戰(zhan),可(ke)(ke)沒有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利。雖(sui)(sui)說(shuo)(shuo)如(ru)(ru)此(ci),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)比其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)各路清(qing)(qing)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)強(qiang)很(hen)多(duo),直(zhi)隸(li)總督納爾(er)經(jing)額在(zai)臨洺關(guan)慘(can)敗(bai)(bai)后(hou),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)提督直(zhi)隸(li)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)務(wu),與(yu)僧(seng)格林(lin)沁(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)追擊(ji)(ji)(ji)北(bei)(bei)伐(fa)(fa)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。在(zai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)津郊外,勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)北(bei)(bei)伐(fa)(fa)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),又(you)(you)(you)(you)被林(lin)鳳祥猛揍(zou),從(cong)此(ci)開始玩龜殼(ke)戰(zhan)術(shu),試(shi)圖困死北(bei)(bei)伐(fa)(fa)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),僧(seng)格林(lin)沁(qin)(qin)斬(zhan)獲頗多(duo),還(huan)(huan)在(zai)阜城(cheng)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)斃北(bei)(bei)伐(fa)(fa)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)三(san)(san)號戰(zhan)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)吉文元(yuan),深(shen)得(de)(de)咸(xian)(xian)豐(feng)嘉獎(jiang)。此(ci)時(shi),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)滿(man),與(yu)僧(seng)格林(lin)沁(qin)(qin)鬧起(qi)了(le)矛盾(dun),相(xiang)互(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)(zai)協同(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)戰(zhan)。對(dui)(dui)此(ci),咸(xian)(xian)豐(feng)只(zhi)好(hao)讓(rang)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)去高塘,追擊(ji)(ji)(ji)李開芳;僧(seng)格林(lin)沁(qin)(qin)則留(liu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)來繼續(xu)攻(gong)打(da)(da)(da)(da)連(lian)鎮。然(ran)(ran)而(er)(er)(er),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)1萬(wan)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)鐵騎,硬是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)拿(na)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)400人(ren)駐守的(de)高塘,還(huan)(huan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)伸手(shou)(shou)要(yao)錢。 對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),咸(xian)(xian)豐(feng)失(shi)(shi)望了(le),于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)令將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)(qi)撤(che)職(zhi),發配(pei)新疆(jiang)「 ”鍛煉(lian)”,攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)高塘任務(wu)交由僧(seng)格林(lin)沁(qin)(qin)。勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)去新疆(jiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)兩年(nian)(nian)(nian),兩淮一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶「 ”捻軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)”活(huo)躍,咸(xian)(xian)豐(feng)只(zhi)好(hao)恢(hui)復勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)職(zhi)務(wu),讓(rang)其(qi)(qi)督師剿滅(mie)(mie)賊(zei)寇。勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)打(da)(da)(da)(da)仗不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行,可(ke)(ke)招降(jiang)(jiang)納叛還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)給力,苗(miao)沛(pei)(pei)霖和李昭壽(shou)相(xiang)繼被收買(mai),淮北(bei)(bei)形式表面(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)片大(da)好(hao)。此(ci)時(shi),英(ying)(ying)法聯軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)登陸天(tian)(tian)(tian)津,而(er)(er)(er)后(hou)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)殺(sha)向北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing),沿(yan)途清(qing)(qing)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)敗(bai)(bai)涂地,絲毫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)抵抗。但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣,他(ta)(ta)很(hen)英(ying)(ying)勇,與(yu)僧(seng)格林(lin)沁(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蒙古、東三(san)(san)省(sheng)馬隊3萬(wan)余(yu)人(ren)在(zai)通州(zhou)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)里橋迎(ying)戰(zhan)7000現代化(hua)裝備的(de)英(ying)(ying)法聯軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。此(ci)戰(zhan),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)身先士卒,拿(na)著(zhu)彎刀沖入敵陣,被洋(yang)槍擊(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左額,鮮血滿(man)面(mian)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi),八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)里橋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)雖(sui)(sui)然(ran)(ran)慘(can)敗(bai)(bai),可(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)英(ying)(ying)勇還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting)留(liu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)深(shen)刻印象,畢竟滿(man)洲(zhou)(zhou)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)敢(gan)拼(pin)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)多(duo)了(le)。 咸(xian)(xian)豐(feng)駕崩后(hou),端華、載(zai)垣、肅順(shun)等(deng)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)大(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)專(zhuan)(zhuan)權(quan),無(wu)(wu)視慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),還(huan)(huan)經(jing)常(chang)(chang)(chang)羞辱她。勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)非(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)常(chang)(chang)(chang)惱(nao)火(huo),公(gong)(gong)開支持慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),叫(jiao)板八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)大(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)。勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)奏(zou):「 ”柄操之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)(shang),非(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)所(suo)得(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)。皇(huang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖齡(ling)嗣位(wei),輔政得(de)(de)人(ren),方(fang)足以(yi)(yi)(yi)資治(zhi)(zhi)理。怡親王(wang)(wang)(wang)載(zai)垣、鄭親王(wang)(wang)(wang)端華等(deng)非(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宣力有(you)年(nian)(nian)(nian),赫(he)赫(he)師尹,民具(ju)爾(er)瞻;今竟攬君國(guo)大(da)權(quan),以(yi)(yi)(yi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)仆而(er)(er)(er)代綸音,挾至尊而(er)(er)(er)令天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),實(shi)無(wu)(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)副(fu)寄(ji)托(tuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)望,而(er)(er)(er)饜四海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)。”「 ”嗣圣既未(wei)親政,皇(huang)太后(hou)又(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)臨朝(chao)(chao)(chao),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政柄盡(jin)付之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)該王(wang)(wang)(wang)等(deng)數(shu)人(ren)。其(qi)(qi)托(tuo)諸掣簽簡放,鈐用符信圖章(zhang),以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)取信于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren),無(wu)(wu)如(ru)(ru)人(ren)皆不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)信,民碞可(ke)(ke)畏,天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)難欺。”除(chu)了(le)表態(tai)支持,勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)還(huan)(huan)親率京(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)4000前往承德(de),武力擁(yong)戴慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),致(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)大(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)輕舉妄動(dong)(dong),為(wei)(wei)慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、恭(gong)親王(wang)(wang)(wang)部署「 ”辛(xin)酉(you)政變”贏得(de)(de)時(shi)間。換句話說(shuo)(shuo),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)力挺(ting)(ting)慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),與(yu)她站在(zai)同(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)戰(zhan)線。 勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)力挺(ting)(ting)慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)也(ye)(ye)沒虧待(dai)他(ta)(ta),再(zai)(zai)次(ci)授予其(qi)(qi)欽(qin)差身份,南(nan)(nan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)剿滅(mie)(mie)「 ”捻軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)”。勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)到(dao)達安(an)徽后(hou),原先叛降(jiang)(jiang)的(de)太平(ping)(ping)天(tian)(tian)(tian)國(guo)奏(zou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)苗(miao)沛(pei)(pei)霖再(zai)(zai)次(ci)投懷(huai)送(song)抱(bao),并獻上(shang)(shang)(shang)陳玉(yu)成(cheng)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)禮(li)物。勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)很(hen)高興(xing),希(xi)望陳玉(yu)成(cheng)能投降(jiang)(jiang),高官(guan)厚祿少不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)了(le),但(dan)(dan)被拒絕,于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)在(zai)河(he)南(nan)(nan)延津縣將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)(qi)凌(ling)遲處(chu)(chu)死,并霸占(zhan)(zhan)陳玉(yu)成(cheng)妻子(zi)(zi)曾(ceng)(ceng)氏(后(hou)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)被抓,曾(ceng)(ceng)氏又(you)(you)(you)(you)被德(de)興(xing)阿(a)(a)(a)霸占(zhan)(zhan))。有(you)了(le)慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)支持,勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)開始飆了(le),在(zai)安(an)徽經(jing)常(chang)(chang)(chang)批評同(tong)(tong)(tong)僚(liao),與(yu)曾(ceng)(ceng)國(guo)藩、官(guan)文、袁(yuan)甲三(san)(san)、李續(xu)宜等(deng)關(guan)系非(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)常(chang)(chang)(chang)差。此(ci)外,勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)在(zai)安(an)徽「 ”養寇自(zi)(zi)(zi)重”,只(zhi)要(yao)愿(yuan)意歸降(jiang)(jiang),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)律保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)薦(jian)高官(guan),還(huan)(huan)劃出(chu)地盤(pan)給他(ta)(ta)們(men)征稅,當「 ”土皇(huang)帝(di)”。苗(miao)沛(pei)(pei)霖、李昭壽(shou)等(deng)劣(lie)跡(ji)斑斑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),打(da)(da)(da)(da)著(zhu)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting)旗(qi)(qi)號為(wei)(wei)非(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)作(zuo)歹,打(da)(da)(da)(da)家劫(jie)舍,強(qiang)占(zhan)(zhan)民女,以(yi)(yi)(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)民怨沸騰。勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)如(ru)(ru)此(ci),慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)惱(nao)火(huo),后(hou)果很(hen)嚴重。 為(wei)(wei)了(le)緩和內(nei)部矛盾(dun),慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)調往西(xi)北(bei)(bei)剿滅(mie)(mie)起(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)到(dao)西(xi)北(bei)(bei),又(you)(you)(you)(you)擺起(qi)官(guan)架(jia)子(zi)(zi),處(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)得(de)(de)罪(zui)同(tong)(tong)(tong)僚(liao);還(huan)(huan)經(jing)常(chang)(chang)(chang)無(wu)(wu)視朝(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)令,自(zi)(zi)(zi)搞(gao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)套。勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)常(chang)(chang)(chang)言,古語(yu)有(you)云:「 ”閫以(yi)(yi)(yi)外將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)治(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),非(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting)所(suo)能遙(yao)制。”「 ”漢(han)周亞夫壁細柳(liu)時(shi),軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)但(dan)(dan)聞(wen)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)令,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)聞(wen)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)詔(zhao)。”打(da)(da)(da)(da)仗不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)算(suan),還(huan)(huan)想(xiang)擁(yong)兵(bing)(bing)自(zi)(zi)(zi)重,自(zi)(zi)(zi)比周亞夫,真是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)搞(gao)笑。更狠的(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)從(cong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)懷(huai)疑自(zi)(zi)(zi)己實(shi)力不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行,認為(wei)(wei)打(da)(da)(da)(da)敗(bai)(bai)仗是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因為(wei)(wei)沒有(you)實(shi)權(quan),調動(dong)(dong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)了(le)省(sheng)內(nei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊所(suo)致(zhi)(zhi)。為(wei)(wei)此(ci),他(ta)(ta)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)向慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)要(yao)官(guan),而(er)(er)(er)且是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)名,「 ”若(ruo)欲(yu)使(shi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)專(zhuan)(zhuan)顧西(xi)北(bei)(bei),則非(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)得(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)實(shi)缺封疆(jiang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足集事。”勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)此(ci)言是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)想(xiang)當陜甘總督之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節(jie)奏(zou)。對(dui)(dui)此(ci),慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)非(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)常(chang)(chang)(chang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)滿(man),于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)向將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)(qi)內(nei)調回京(jing)(jing),好(hao)好(hao)混子(zi)(zi)日(ri)(ri)就(jiu)算(suan)了(le)。可(ke)(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)干,直(zhi)言:「 ”欲(yu)縛保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)者,可(ke)(ke)即執付‘司敗(bai)(bai)’,何庸(yong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)言為(wei)(wei)餌?唯紀辛(xin)酉(you)間事,非(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)則諸公(gong)(gong)何以(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)今日(ri)(ri)?”暗示慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)忘恩負義(yi)(yi),過(guo)河(he)拆橋。 勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)擁(yong)兵(bing)(bing)自(zi)(zi)(zi)重,得(de)(de)罪(zui)同(tong)(tong)(tong)僚(liao),又(you)(you)(you)(you)自(zi)(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)終(zhong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)決定痛(tong)(tong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)殺(sha)手(shou)(shou)。1862年(nian)(nian)(nian)底(di),慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)密令多(duo)隆阿(a)(a)(a)前往西(xi)北(bei)(bei),將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)解(jie)除(chu)兵(bing)(bing)權(quan),押解(jie)回京(jing)(jing)。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)(nian)8月(yue),慈(ci)(ci)(ci)禧(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)賜(si)予勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)三(san)(san)尺白綾,命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)其(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)盡(jin)。
有句話,“內戰內行,外戰外行”,用于形容近代淮軍最好不過了。1862年,李鴻章率6000淮軍東征,擊敗李秀成留守蘇南的數十萬大軍,所向無敵,成為晚清主要軍事支柱。連曾國藩都搞不定的“捻軍”集團,也是李鴻章搞定,淮軍名氣更加顯赫。可惜,對打列強時,淮軍表現非常糟糕。1895年,平壤之戰爆發,淮軍前敵統帥葉志超,還沒見到日軍就潰逃,狂奔500余里,日軍直抵鴨綠江邊,并侵入遼東。
整體上看,淮軍“內戰內行,外戰戰外行”,其他清軍也差不多。不過,晚清有這么一位悍將,與太平軍作戰,他屢次被英王陳玉成擊敗,后率領臨時招募的兵勇擊敗號稱世界第二強的法蘭西陸軍,取得鎮南關大捷。此人,就是赫赫有名的民族英雄馮子材。
馮子材,廣西欽州人,晚清著名悍將,民族英雄。早年馮子材家境貧困,為謀取生路,馮子材聚眾參加劉八領導的天地會,進行反清斗爭,因表現突出,在天地會中享有很高地位。但是,天地會流寇作戰,沒有一塊固定根據地,很快就被清朝剿滅。如此,馮子材決定歸順朝廷,換種生活方式。歸順朝廷,馮子材隸屬向榮部,追隨張國梁混,前途一片美好。
1851年,金田起義爆發,八旗 、綠營正規軍腐朽無能,壓根無法阻擋太平軍。廣西前線清軍,敢于跟太平軍硬碰硬作戰的,就只有張國梁麾下“捷勇”,其中馮子材尤其勇猛,屢立戰功。張國梁評價:“子善戰,吾自愧不如也”。張國梁,何許人也?咸豐將其譽為“江南長城”,若不陣亡,也輪不到曾國藩打南京。
對馮子材,張國梁十分賞識,將其視為鐵桿親信。張國梁擔任“江南大營”副帥后,直接提拔他為總兵,正二品武官,相當于軍分區司令員,地位顯赫。
追隨提督張國梁,馮子材成為“江南大營”頂梁柱之一,自然也就要面對許多血戰。“江南大營”以八旗、綠營為主,是清朝奪取南京之希望所在,湘軍只能是炮灰,輪不到曾國藩唱主角。“江南大營”威脅天京安全,太平軍便將其視為主要勁敵,彼此間交戰不斷。不幸的是,馮子材三次帶兵打仗,都是被陳玉成軍團擊敗,有一次還差點全軍覆沒。
1856年,楊秀清調動各路兵馬摧毀“江南大營”,陳玉成追隨秦日綱,在紫金山外擊敗馮子材,撕破清軍封鎖線。1858年,張國梁讓馮子材率5000兵馬渡過長江,增援“江北大營”主帥德興阿。結果呢?小店之戰,馮子材再一次被陳玉成擊敗,所部損失殆盡,僅帶三百余人逃回江南,狼狽不堪。1860年,陳玉成、李秀成聯手,第二次摧毀“江南大營”,馮子材抵抗失敗,與張國梁一起潰逃到鎮江丹陽。李秀成乘勝追擊,張國梁戰死,所部由馮子材統領。
張國梁陣亡沙場,馮子材沒了靠山。曾國藩節制江蘇、浙江、江西、安徽四省軍務期間,馮子材被冷落一邊,不受重用。1864年7月,太平天國滅亡,馮子材回到廣西擔任提督,剿滅本省天地會。但是,馮子材跟湘軍集團關系不好,劉長佑、劉坤一等湘軍元老對他多有排擠,馮子材無奈辭職回家。
1884年,清軍主力在越南北部戰敗,法軍一路追殺,焚毀鎮南關要塞,朝野震動。此時,兩廣總督張之洞向朝廷推薦馮子材,讓他召集舊部,出關迎戰法蘭西陸軍,保家衛國。馮子材已經67歲,離開戰場多年,聽說朝廷有需要,也就答應出山,抗擊法蘭西。
1885年,清軍在鎮南關與法蘭西陸軍交戰,關前隘被突破,法軍蜂擁而入。關鍵時刻,馮子材躍出戰壕,跨上戰馬,手持彎刀,率先沖入敵陣。主帥帶頭沖鋒陷陣,清軍士氣高漲,連連擊敗法軍,并乘勝追擊,收復文淵、諒山,此為鎮南關大捷。
1885年,鎮南關大捷,是清朝跟西方列強交戰以來首次勝利,沉重打擊了法蘭西侵略氣焰。要知道,法蘭西號稱世界第二強國,陸軍裝備也十分精良,遠非兩次鴉片戰爭時可比。結果呢?67歲老將馮子材,硬是能將法國陸軍擊敗,不但守住了鎮南關,還乘勝追擊,收復文淵、諒山,扭轉了越南戰局。
武器裝備方面,太平軍遠遠不如法軍。馮子材打不贏太平軍,屢次被陳玉成打得落荒而逃,為何能擊敗號稱世界第二強的法蘭西陸軍呢?很簡單,陳玉成是少有的名將,獨自帶兵作戰,很少有人能擊敗他。多隆阿、鮑超可以,是因為背后有胡林翼策劃,統籌兼顧,而不是單干。
馮子材能擊敗法軍,主要原因三點。其一、馮子材曾多次進入越南作戰,對邊疆環境非常熟悉,可以充分借助地形優勢,節節阻擊對手。其二、張之洞強力支援前線,馮子材所需戰略物資,張之洞都能充分滿足。最后,馮子材敢搏殺,沖殺在第一線,起到模范作用。
鎮南關大捷,馮子材名氣暴漲,他想繼續深入越南作戰,擴大戰果。可惜,李鴻章奉行“外需和戎”政策,主張乘勝即收,以免遭受法蘭西報復。不久,清朝與法蘭西簽署和約,結束戰爭,“中國不敗而敗,法國不勝而勝”,可惜了。
1903年,馮子材病逝,享年85歲,清朝在欽州建“馮勇毅公專祠”紀念,稱“宮保祠”,讓世人懷念。
參(can)考書目:《清史稿》
太平軍北伐
忠王李(li)秀(xiu)成(cheng)在監獄中,洋洋灑灑寫下(xia)了(le)數萬言《自述書》,講述自己參加太平(ping)天國運動的經過,對重要諸(zhu)侯王進行一番點評,還總(zong)結太平(ping)天國滅亡的原因(yin)。李(li)秀(xiu)成(cheng)認為,太平(ping)天國滅亡,主要原因(yin)有(you)“十點”,其中北伐占了(le)“三(san)點”。
林鳳(feng)祥、李開芳率兵北伐;曾(ceng)立昌(chang)率兵增(zeng)援(yuan)北伐;秦日綱再次增(zeng)援(yuan)北伐,太平軍(jun)精銳損失(shi)慘重。
對于太(tai)平軍北伐,很多人(ren)都(dou)說這是楊(yang)秀清犯下的巨大戰略錯(cuo)誤,區(qu)區(qu)2萬人(ren)就敢直(zhi)接(jie)殺(sha)向燕京,無異于自取滅亡(wang)。
其實,楊(yang)(yang)秀清何(he)嘗(chang)不知(zhi)道(dao)北伐危機重(zhong)重(zhong),他(ta)也知(zhi)道(dao)獲(huo)勝的概率很小(xiao),林(lin)鳳祥、李(li)開芳很難攻(gong)入燕京(jing)。但是,此時太平天(tian)國軍事局(ju)勢險惡,楊(yang)(yang)秀清也是無可奈何(he)。
1853年3月(yue),太(tai)(tai)平(ping)軍殺入南京,奪取清(qing)朝第(di)二大(da)城(cheng)市(shi),并改名天京,作為(wei)太(tai)(tai)平(ping)天國的(de)(de)都城(cheng),與大(da)清(qing)王朝隔(ge)江(jiang)對峙(zhi)。1851年1月(yue),金田起(qi)義爆發(fa),包括家屬在內(nei),太(tai)(tai)平(ping)軍只有(you)2萬人。2年2月(yue)后,這(zhe)支軍隊居然攻入南京,這(zhe)確實是(shi)一個了不(bu)起(qi)的(de)(de)成(cheng)就,洪秀全、楊(yang)秀清(qing)創(chuang)業的(de)(de)速度(du)實在太(tai)(tai)快了。
雖說殺入了南京,但太平天國的軍事局勢卻(que)非(fei)常(chang)險惡,隨時可能被清軍撲滅。
此時(shi),太平軍只(zhi)控制(zhi)南京(jing)、鎮(zhen)江(jiang)、揚(yang)州等三(san)座城市,且只(zhi)是控制(zhi)城池(chi)而已,郊外都是清(qing)軍“江(jiang)南大營”、“江(jiang)北大營”駐扎,他們圍攻城池(chi),太平天國處(chu)在清(qing)軍的戰略包(bao)圍之中(zhong)。
守衛(wei)孤立的戰略據點,內外糧道斷絕,這是兵家(jia)之大忌(ji),況且清軍(jun)八旗、綠(lv)營(ying)等并未傷(shang)到(dao)(dao)元氣。金田起義以來,向(xiang)(xiang)榮、張國梁等一直在追擊太平軍(jun),從廣西一路跟蹤到(dao)(dao)南(nan)京。此時,向(xiang)(xiang)榮麾下(xia)將士6萬余人,幾乎沒有傷(shang)到(dao)(dao)元氣。
為了快速進軍,太平天(tian)國實(shi)行“運動(dong)戰(zhan)(zhan)術”,在大范圍(wei)內機動(dong)作戰(zhan)(zhan),卻忽視了殲滅敵人的(de)有(you)生(sheng)力量。金田(tian)起義以來,洪秀全、楊秀清(qing)等從未(wei)組織過一(yi)次大規模的(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)略會戰(zhan)(zhan),清(qing)朝的(de)主要軍事力量并(bing)未(wei)受到(dao)打擊。如此,向(xiang)榮、張國梁等有(you)足夠的(de)兵(bing)力圍(wei)攻天(tian)京,組建“江(jiang)南大營”。
洪秀全前(qian)腳剛(gang)進入南京,咸豐皇帝派(pai)欽(qin)差大臣琦善(shan)率2萬八旗、綠營(ying)軍(jun)(jun)南下,在(zai)揚州郊外組建(jian)“江北大營(ying)”。如此(ci),天(tian)京、鎮江、揚州等三座孤立(li)城池就處在(zai)“江南大營(ying)”、“江北大營(ying)”的(de)戰略(lve)包(bao)圍之中,限制了太平軍(jun)(jun)的(de)進步(bu)一步(bu)發展。
也(ye)許有人會說,洪秀(xiu)全、楊(yang)秀(xiu)清等(deng)可以集中優勢兵力(li)攻打“兩大營(ying)(ying)(ying)”,一舉消滅(mie)清朝南方武裝(zhuang)力(li)量。理(li)想很美好,現實很殘酷(ku),此時太平軍(jun)(jun)并沒有能力(li)摧毀“兩大營(ying)(ying)(ying)”。原(yuan)因很簡單,太平軍(jun)(jun)缺乏(fa)重(zhong)型武器,又沒有足夠(gou)的糧(liang)食補給,短期(qi)內拿不下“兩大營(ying)(ying)(ying)”。
在天(tian)京周圍跟“兩大營”打持久戰(zhan),太(tai)平(ping)軍(jun)(jun)一(yi)點勝算(suan)都沒有(you),畢(bi)竟向榮、張國(guo)(guo)梁不是吃素(su)的。此時,“兩大營”圍困天(tian)京,只要進(jin)行拉(la)鋸(ju)戰(zhan),洪(hong)秀全、楊(yang)秀清(qing)只有(you)死路(lu)一(yi)條。要知(zhi)道,清(qing)朝(chao)還可(ke)以從(cong)(cong)長江上游調兵(bing)、從(cong)(cong)北(bei)方調兵(bing),尤其是從(cong)(cong)關(guan)外調來八(ba)旗馬隊(dui),而太(tai)平(ping)天(tian)國(guo)(guo)只能(neng)孤軍(jun)(jun)奮(fen)戰(zhan)。
清軍入(ru)關(guan)(guan)后,為了(le)防止有朝一(yi)日(ri)被趕回關(guan)(guan)外,故而在北方(fang)駐扎重兵,作為最后的(de)看家本錢。留在關(guan)(guan)外的(de)八旗馬隊,依然過(guo)著原始游牧(mu)生活,戰斗(dou)力(li)很強悍(han),這(zhe)是太平天國的(de)勁(jing)敵。關(guan)(guan)外八旗馬隊究竟多(duo)厲(li)害呢?陳(chen)玉成的(de)勁(jing)敵多(duo)隆阿,麾下也就是五百多(duo)達斡爾騎兵。安(an)慶之戰時(shi),陳(chen)玉成多(duo)次猛攻(gong),卻破不了(le)八旗馬隊的(de)防線(xian)。
“兩大(da)營”圍(wei)攻天京(jing)、鎮江、揚州(zhou),太平軍(jun)短期(qi)內搞不定。
此時,若是咸豐皇帝從北方(fang)調(diao)集重兵南下,讓八旗馬(ma)隊打頭陣(zhen),太平(ping)天國估計堅持不到1864年(nian)。如此,楊秀清只(zhi)能主動出擊,派兵林鳳祥、李(li)開芳(fang)北伐中原,在外線作戰(zhan),掩護天京戰(zhan)場,以及西征戰(zhan)場。
楊秀(xiu)清(qing)的戰(zhan)略布局中,林鳳祥、李(li)開芳率2萬(wan)“老兄弟”北上,阻止清(qing)軍(jun)主力南下,為天京戰(zhan)場、西(xi)征戰(zhan)場服務。
等到(dao)西征獲勝,籌(chou)集足夠多糧(liang)食,并占據(ju)長江中游腹地,就可以(yi)全力北伐,與清(qing)朝一決雌雄(xiong)。至(zhi)于北伐目標,“間道疾趨燕京(jing),勿貪攻(gong)城掠(lve)地,以(yi)靡時日。”這是東王的要(yao)求(qiu),但成(cheng)功的概(gai)率非常小,楊秀(xiu)清(qing)并不相信林鳳祥真(zhen)的可以(yi)做(zuo)到(dao)。
太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)實(shi)際戰斗力如(ru)何,楊秀清比(bi)誰都清楚。金田起義以來,若非清軍(jun)(jun)各部矛盾重重,相互(hu)見死不救,沒有(you)絕(jue)對優勢的情(qing)況下(xia),太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)幾乎無(wu)法奪(duo)取一座像(xiang)樣的城池(chi)。例如(ru),太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)圍攻桂林,打了兩個多月,連(lian)城墻都摸不著。圍攻長沙,連(lian)西(xi)王蕭朝貴都報銷(xiao)了。
北伐軍才(cai)2萬(wan)人(ren),而且是(shi)輕裝上陣,沒(mei)有攜(xie)帶重(zhong)型(xing)工程武(wu)器,想要奪取(qu)堅固的燕京(jing),談(tan)何(he)容(rong)易呢?北伐途中,林鳳祥(xiang)為獲得補給(gei),親自指揮(hui)攻打懷(huai)慶,戰(zhan)斗(dou)相近三個月,毫無進展,還(huan)差點被清軍合圍。
從(cong)北伐(fa)軍兵力、裝備(bei)上看,林(lin)鳳祥、林(lin)開芳獲勝的概率非常小。區區2萬人,還(huan)是輕裝上陣,怎能奪取(qu)燕京呢?
對此,楊秀清自然知(zhi)道,但他也無奈。如果(guo)不派兵北伐,吸引(yin)清軍的注意(yi)力,天京戰(zhan)場、西征戰(zhan)場都要承受更大的壓力,太平天國處境更加艱難(nan)。
太平(ping)軍北(bei)(bei)伐,不(bu)但能(neng)阻止(zhi)清(qing)軍南下增援“兩(liang)大(da)營”,還因(yin)林鳳祥快速進兵(bing),“江(jiang)北(bei)(bei)大(da)營”不(bu)得不(bu)抽調兵(bing)力北(bei)(bei)上堵截,從而緩解(jie)了天(tian)京的(de)戰略壓力。
可惜,林鳳(feng)祥作(zuo)戰(zhan)不靈活,沒有(you)吃透楊(yang)秀清的意思。快速進兵(bing)受(shou)阻后,林鳳(feng)祥可以在(zai)兩淮建立基地,時刻威(wei)脅燕京(jing),從而(er)拖住(zhu)北(bei)方清軍的力量,為天京(jing)戰(zhan)場(chang)、西征(zheng)戰(zhan)場(chang)創造(zao)更(geng)好的條(tiao)件。
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