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清朝九大總督管理地區有多大,他們最后的結局是什么

眾妙之門 2023-06-15 20:06:41

今天(tian)小編就(jiu)給大(da)家帶(dai)來清朝九大(da)總督的文章(zhang),希望能對(dui)大(da)家有所幫助(zhu)。

滿清時期,清廷(ting)(ting)在(zai)全(quan)國相繼設(she)立了22個省,而這些省的(de)(de)最高行(xing)政長官就是(shi)各省的(de)(de)巡(xun)撫。但是(shi)在(zai)當(dang)時清廷(ting)(ting)為了能夠更方便(bian)的(de)(de)協(xie)調各省和(he)各鎮之間的(de)(de)關(guan)系,統一(yi)(yi)事(shi)權(quan),防止各省、各鎮互不相屬,互相推諉(wei)的(de)(de)情況出現。同時也為了加(jia)強(qiang)中(zhong)央對于(yu)地方的(de)(de)控制(zhi),遂(sui)決定在(zai)一(yi)(yi)省或數(shu)省設(she)立一(yi)(yi)些相對自主的(de)(de)片(pian)區(qu),由總(zong)督來(lai)總(zong)領亦或節制(zhi)這個片(pian)區(qu)軍政事(shi)務和(he)文武官員。

而(er)終清一朝,清廷一共在全國設(she)立(li)了九個(ge)由總督(du)領導(dao)的(de)片區(qu)。即東三省(sheng)總督(du)、直隸總督(du)、兩(liang)江總督(du)、兩(liang)廣(guang)總督(du)、湖南湖北總督(du)、閩浙總督(du)、陜(shan)甘總督(du)、云(yun)貴總督(du)和(he)四川總督(du)。那么(me)(me)這九個(ge)總督(du)所管理(li)的(de)區(qu)域(yu)有多(duo)大呢(ni)?他們的(de)職(zhi)責都有什么(me)(me)呢(ni)?最后的(de)結(jie)局(ju)都是如何的(de)呢(ni)?這里我就為(wei)大家(jia)一一揭(jie)曉。

東三省總督

東(dong)三(san)省(sheng)總(zong)督(du)轄奉天、吉林和黑龍(long)江三(san)省(sheng),并(bing)總(zong)管三(san)省(sheng)的軍(jun)民(min)政(zheng)務,可以說(shuo)按照地位來說(shuo),東(dong)三(san)省(sheng)總(zong)督(du)可謂是(shi)(shi)天下第(di)一督(du),畢竟他管理(li)的是(shi)(shi)滿族(zu)的龍(long)興之地滿洲啊。東(dong)三(san)省(sheng)總(zong)督(du)的前身是(shi)(shi)盛京將軍(jun),在當時東(dong)三(san)省(sheng)的軍(jun)政(zheng)事務幾乎都有(you)盛京將軍(jun)管理(li),但是(shi)(shi)在晚清隨(sui)著封禁政(zheng)策的松弛,流民(min)陸續出關(guan)(guan)墾殖,而這就是(shi)(shi)后世熟知(zhi)的“闖關(guan)(guan)東(dong)”。

隨著大(da)批的(de)(de)關(guan)內漢人進入到東(dong)(dong)北地區,東(dong)(dong)三(san)(san)(san)省(sheng)(sheng)曾經(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)旗民并(bing)治體制(zhi)顯然已經(jing)(jing)不(bu)能滿足于現今的(de)(de)需求。最(zui)終在(zai)(zai)光緒三(san)(san)(san)十三(san)(san)(san)年,清(qing)廷在(zai)(zai)東(dong)(dong)三(san)(san)(san)省(sheng)(sheng)建立行(xing)省(sheng)(sheng),改盛京將軍(jun)為東(dong)(dong)三(san)(san)(san)省(sheng)(sheng)總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du),兼管(guan)三(san)(san)(san)省(sheng)(sheng)將軍(jun)事務,并(bing)增設奉天、吉林和黑龍江三(san)(san)(san)省(sheng)(sheng)巡(xun)(xun)撫(fu),而徐世昌(chang)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)東(dong)(dong)三(san)(san)(san)省(sheng)(sheng)第(di)一任總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)。 但是(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)內地總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi),東(dong)(dong)三(san)(san)(san)省(sheng)(sheng)總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)權力遠(yuan)遠(yuan)大(da)于內地的(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)。在(zai)(zai)清(qing)廷設立東(dong)(dong)三(san)(san)(san)省(sheng)(sheng)總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)時就明(ming)確規定了該總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)是(shi)(shi)(shi)高于三(san)(san)(san)省(sheng)(sheng)巡(xun)(xun)撫(fu)之上的(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)攬行(xing)政(zheng)、軍(jun)事、財政(zheng)等各(ge)項大(da)權的(de)(de)最(zui)高長(chang)官,而不(bu)似內地的(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)只能是(shi)(shi)(shi)節制(zhi)巡(xun)(xun)撫(fu),而不(bu)能直(zhi)接管(guan)理巡(xun)(xun)撫(fu)。甚至直(zhi)到宣統元年,東(dong)(dong)三(san)(san)(san)省(sheng)(sheng)總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)更是(shi)(shi)(shi)直(zhi)接兼領了奉天巡(xun)(xun)撫(fu)。

可以說(shuo)東三(san)省總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)正如(ru)后(hou)人所(suo)說(shuo)“蓋除封建時代(dai)割據一方之(zhi)(zhi)諸(zhu)侯,殖民(min)地鎮壓異族之(zhi)(zhi)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)外(wai),權任未有若(ruo)此者(zhe)。” 但是(shi)(shi)權力如(ru)此大的東三(san)省總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)卻(que)只有三(san)人擔(dan)任過(guo),未代(dai)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)就是(shi)(shi)趙爾巽。1912年2月(yue)12日宣統在(zai)袁世凱(kai)的逼迫(po)下被迫(po)退位,滿清(qing)滅亡而(er)(er)隨之(zhi)(zhi)東三(san)省總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)在(zai)東三(san)省的統治(zhi)也宣告終結。而(er)(er)民(min)國則(ze)不(bu)再在(zai)東三(san)省設(she)立(li)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du),而(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)分別設(she)立(li)了奉天督(du)軍、吉(ji)林(lin)督(du)軍和黑龍(long)江督(du)軍,由中央(yang)統一管理。

直隸總督

直(zhi)隸(li)(li)總(zong)督轄直(zhi)隸(li)(li)、山(shan)東(dong)和河南三省(sheng),總(zong)領三省(sheng)的(de)軍(jun)民(min)政務(wu)(wu),并負責管(guan)理海(hai)(hai)河水系各河及(ji)運河事(shi)務(wu)(wu);管(guan)理直(zhi)隸(li)(li)、山(shan)東(dong)、奉天三省(sheng)通商(shang)、洋務(wu)(wu),辦(ban)理有關外交、海(hai)(hai)防(fang)、關稅及(ji)官辦(ban)軍(jun)事(shi)工業(ye)等事(shi)宜;兼管(guan)長蘆鹽(yan)政,及(ji)兼管(guan)直(zhi)隸(li)(li)巡撫(fu)事(shi)。

順治(zhi)五年(nian)為了更有效地組織(zhi)力(li)量抵抗南明的軍事(shi)進攻(gong),清廷(ting)遂在直隸(li)、山東(dong)和河(he)南三省設立(li)了三省總(zong)督(du)(du)一職。順治(zhi)十五年(nian)改(gai)直隸(li)巡撫,后順治(zhi)十八年(nian),清廷(ting)決定先后在浙江、江西(xi)、四川、廣(guang)東(dong)等十五省設立(li)總(zong)督(du)(du)一職,于是(shi)直隸(li)巡撫就(jiu)變成了直隸(li)總(zong)督(du)(du) ,自(zi)此遂成定制(zhi)。直隸(li)第一任總(zong)督(du)(du)是(shi)清朝重臣苗澄。

1912年2月12日滿清(qing)宣(xuan)告滅(mie)亡,直隸(li)總(zong)督在直隸(li)地區(qu)的統(tong)治(zhi)也宣(xuan)告終結,末代直隸(li)總(zong)督是張鎮芳。后北(bei)洋政府時期將直隸(li)長城以北(bei)改屬熱河(he)、察哈(ha)爾(er)兩(liang)個(ge)特別區(qu)域,分別由熱河(he)都(dou)統(tong)和(he)察哈(ha)爾(er)都(dou)統(tong)負責管理(li)。之后1928年國民政府時期,改直隸(li)為河(he)北(bei)省,由河(he)北(bei)省主席管理(li)。

兩江總督

兩江總督(du)轄(xia)今江蘇、安徽(hui)、江西三省和上(shang)海(hai)市(shi),總領(ling)三省一市(shi)的全部軍(jun)民(min)事(shi)(shi)務(wu)(wu),并負責操江,江蘇河道的疏(shu)浚(jun)及堤防(fang),兩淮鹽(yan)政,及管理(li)廣(guang)州、福州、廈門、寧波、上(shang)海(hai)及潮州、瓊州、淡水各通商事(shi)(shi)務(wu)(wu)及各項(xiang)“洋務(wu)(wu)”等(deng)事(shi)(shi)務(wu)(wu)。

兩(liang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)總(zong)(zong)督的(de)(de)(de)前身是順(shun)治四年在(zai)(zai)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)寧所設的(de)(de)(de)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)(nan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)西河南(nan)(nan)三(san)省總(zong)(zong)督。后(hou)(hou)河南(nan)(nan)歸直隸總(zong)(zong)督管(guan)理,而江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)(nan)則被分割(ge)成江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)和安徽兩(liang)省,之后(hou)(hou)在(zai)(zai)康熙二十一年清廷將江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)西、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)和安徽設立成一個總(zong)(zong)督區,而這個區的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)督就定名為兩(liang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)總(zong)(zong)督,后(hou)(hou)成定制。第一任兩(liang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)總(zong)(zong)督為于成龍。隨(sui)著(zhu)滿清的(de)(de)(de)滅亡,兩(liang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)總(zong)(zong)督遂(sui)被廢,未(wei)代兩(liang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)總(zong)(zong)督為張勛。后(hou)(hou)北(bei)洋時期分別在(zai)(zai)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)西、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)、安徽和上(shang)海(hai)設立了督軍和民政長職,分別管(guan)理各省的(de)(de)(de)軍務和政務。

兩廣總督

兩(liang)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)總(zong)督(du)(du)轄廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東和(he)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)西,總(zong)領二(er)省軍民(min)事務(wu)。兩(liang)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)總(zong)督(du)(du)的前身就(jiu)是廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東總(zong)督(du)(du),當時的廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東總(zong)督(du)(du)還兼轄廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)西。康熙二(er)年,清廷在廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)西也設(she)立(li)了(le)總(zong)督(du)(du)一(yi)職(zhi),但不(bu)久遂廢,廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)西政(zheng)務(wu)再次歸廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東總(zong)督(du)(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)。后在雍正十(shi)二(er)年,廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)西和(he)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東正式歸一(yi)個(ge)總(zong)督(du)(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li),而也就(jiu)是兩(liang)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)總(zong)督(du)(du)。第(di)一(yi)任兩(liang)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)總(zong)督(du)(du)是鄂彌達。

滿清滅亡后,兩(liang)(liang)廣總(zong)督(du)遂廢,未代兩(liang)(liang)廣總(zong)督(du)是張鳴岐。而后北洋(yang)政府(fu)時(shi)期,兩(liang)(liang)廣總(zong)督(du)曾經的職責(ze)被廣西(xi)、廣東督(du)軍和廣西(xi)、廣東民政長所取代。

湖廣總督

湖廣(guang)總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)轄湖南和湖北(bei),總(zong)(zong)領兩省的軍民政務(wu),并兼任湖北(bei)巡撫事。其實在(zai)清康(kang)熙二十六年后湖廣(guang)總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)就不再叫湖廣(guang)總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)了(le),而是(shi)叫湖北(bei)湖南總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du),只(zhi)不過在(zai)明朝(chao)時期湖南和湖北(bei)歸湖廣(guang)省管理,所以(yi)人們(men)就習慣稱這個總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)為(wei)湖廣(guang)總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)。第一任湖廣(guang)總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)為(wei)蔡毓榮。

滿清滅(mie)亡后(hou),湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)湖(hu)(hu)北總(zong)(zong)督(du)遂廢,未代湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)湖(hu)(hu)北總(zong)(zong)督(du)為段祺瑞。北洋時(shi)期湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)湖(hu)(hu)北總(zong)(zong)督(du)被湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)、湖(hu)(hu)北督(du)軍和民政(zheng)長(chang)所取代。

閩浙總督

閩浙(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)轄福(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)、浙(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)江(jiang)和(he)(he)臺(tai)灣,總(zong)(zong)(zong)領(ling)三(san)省軍民政務,并兼任福(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)巡撫事(shi)。閩浙(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)的前身是福(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du),順治(zhi)五年(nian)該總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)改名(ming)為浙(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)閩總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du),并轄福(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)。順治(zhi)十五年(nian),浙(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)江(jiang)和(he)(he)福(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)分別設立總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)一職。后(hou)在康熙十二年(nian),浙(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)江(jiang)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)被廢(fei),浙(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)江(jiang)改有福(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)管轄,三(san)年(nian)后(hou)改名(ming)為福(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)浙(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)江(jiang)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)。直(zhi)到(dao)乾隆三(san)年(nian)合并浙(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)江(jiang)和(he)(he)福(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)為閩浙(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du),自此(ci)成定制(zhi)。后(hou)光緒十一年(nian)臺(tai)灣建(jian)省,臺(tai)灣巡撫也(ye)歸(gui)閩浙(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)節制(zhi)。第一任閩浙(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)為楊廷璋。

滿清滅(mie)亡后,閩浙總督遂廢,未代閩浙總督為松壽。北洋(yang)時期閩浙總督職權(quan)有各(ge)省督軍和民政長接任(ren)。

陜甘總督

陜(shan)甘(gan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)(du)轄(xia)陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)、甘(gan)肅和(he)(he)伊犁(li)三省(sheng),并總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)領三省(sheng)軍民政務(wu),及兼(jian)管茶馬(ma)和(he)(he)巡撫事務(wu)。陜(shan)甘(gan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)(du)前(qian)身是順(shun)治二年(nian)(nian)所設的(de)陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)三邊總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)(du),初期先(xian)后(hou)(hou)兼(jian)管了四(si)川(chuan)和(he)(he)甘(gan)肅兩省(sheng),后(hou)(hou)在康熙五(wu)(wu)十七年(nian)(nian)四(si)川(chuan)單獨設立總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)(du)后(hou)(hou),三年(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)該總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)(du)改(gai)名為(wei)川(chuan)陜(shan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)(du)。乾(qian)隆二十五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)經過反復的(de)幾次(ci)兼(jian)管和(he)(he)改(gai)名后(hou)(hou),陜(shan)甘(gan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)(du)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)成定(ding)制。第一任陜(shan)甘(gan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)尹繼善。

滿(man)清滅(mie)后(hou),陜甘總(zong)督(du)遂廢,未代陜甘總(zong)督(du)為長(chang)庚。北洋政府時(shi)期(qi)陜甘總(zong)督(du)被陜甘邊(bian)防督(du)辦替(ti)代。

云貴總督

云(yun)(yun)(yun)貴(gui)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)轄云(yun)(yun)(yun)南(nan)和貴(gui)州兩省(sheng),總(zong)(zong)(zong)領二省(sheng)軍民政務(wu),并兼管(guan)云(yun)(yun)(yun)南(nan)巡撫事。云(yun)(yun)(yun)貴(gui)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)的前身是(shi)貴(gui)州總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du),康(kang)熙三年(nian),清廷廢除了云(yun)(yun)(yun)南(nan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du),將云(yun)(yun)(yun)南(nan)交由(you)貴(gui)州總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)管(guan)理(li)。康(kang)熙二十(shi)六年(nian),云(yun)(yun)(yun)貴(gui)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)始(shi)立并成定制。雍(yong)正十(shi)年(nian),云(yun)(yun)(yun)貴(gui)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)還兼管(guan)廣西,二年(nian)后廢,重新掌管(guan)云(yun)(yun)(yun)南(nan)和貴(gui)州。第一任云(yun)(yun)(yun)貴(gui)總(zong)(zong)(zong)督(du)嚴格意義上(shang)是(shi)洪承疇。

滿清滅亡,云貴總督遂廢,未代(dai)云貴總督為李經(jing)羲。北洋時期云貴改(gai)有督軍和民政長(chang)管理。

四川總督

四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)總(zong)督(du)(du)轄四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),總(zong)領一(yi)省軍政(zheng)事務(wu),并兼四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)巡撫。順治(zhi)十(shi)四(si)年(nian)四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)總(zong)督(du)(du)始立,后被廢,四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)相繼被川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)湖總(zong)督(du)(du)、陜甘(gan)總(zong)督(du)(du)和(he)湖廣總(zong)督(du)(du)兼管(guan)。乾隆十(shi)三年(nian),因大小(xiao)金(jin)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)之戰,四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)總(zong)督(du)(du)被再次恢(hui)復,并成(cheng)定制(zhi)。第一(yi)任四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)總(zong)督(du)(du)為劉兆(zhao)麒。

滿(man)清滅亡后,四川(chuan)總(zong)督遂(sui)廢除,未代四川(chuan)總(zong)督為趙爾豐。后北洋時期四川(chuan)有四川(chuan)督軍和民政長(chang)共(gong)同管理。

可以說滿清九位總督在滿清滅亡(wang)都被廢除,之(zhi)后北(bei)洋(yang)時期再未(wei)(wei)復立(li),自此曾(ceng)經無(wu)(wu)比榮耀(yao)的封疆大吏(li)再未(wei)(wei)出(chu)現。各省也有督軍和(he)民政長(chang)共(gong)同管理,再無(wu)(wu)巡撫和(he)總督。

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