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本文是錢穆先生一九七四年九月在韓國延世大學的講演
要談中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)歷史上的(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu),首先(xian)應該提到(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)統(tong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)精(jing)神和(he)理想(xiang)。此項(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)統(tong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)精(jing)神和(he)理想(xiang),創(chuang)始(shi)于三(san)千年(nian)前的(de)周公,完成于兩千五百年(nian)前的(de)孔子。此項(xiang)(xiang)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)主要意義,并不(bu)專為(wei)傳(chuan)授知識,更不(bu)專為(wei)訓(xun)練職(zhi)業,亦不(bu)專為(wei)幼(you)年(nian)、青年(nian)乃至中(zhong)(zhong)年(nian)以(yi)下人而(er)設。此項(xiang)(xiang)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)主要對(dui)象,乃為(wei)全社會,亦可說為(wei)全人類,不(bu)論幼(you)年(nian)、青年(nian)、中(zhong)(zhong)年(nian)、老年(nian),不(bu)論男(nan)女(nv),不(bu)論任(ren)何職(zhi)業,亦不(bu)論種族分別(bie),都包括在此項(xiang)(xiang)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)精(jing)神與教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)理想(xiang)之內。
在中(zhong)(zhong)國的文化體系(xi)里,沒(mei)有(you)創造出宗(zong)教,直到魏、晉、南北朝以后,始(shi)有(you)印度佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教傳入(ru),隋(sui)、唐時代,乃(nai)有(you)伊斯(si)蘭教、耶教等相(xiang)繼東來。中(zhong)(zhong)國社(she)會(hui)并不排拒外來宗(zong)教,而(er)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教在中(zhong)(zhong)國社(she)會(hui)上,尤擁有(you)廣大信(xin)徒。亦可(ke)說(shuo),佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教雖創始(shi)于(yu)印度,但(dan)其終極完成則(ze)在中(zhong)(zhong)國。但(dan)在中(zhong)(zhong)國文化體系(xi)中(zhong)(zhong),佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教仍不占(zhan)重要地位(wei)。最占(zhan)重要地位(wei)者,仍為孔子之儒教。
孔(kong)子儒教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),不成為(wei)一項宗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),而實賦有極深(shen)厚的宗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)情感與宗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)精神。如(ru)耶教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)等,其教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)義都(dou)不牽(qian)涉到(dao)實際政治(zhi),但(dan)孔(kong)子儒教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),則以治(zhi)國平天下為(wei)其終極理想,故(gu)(gu)儒教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鼓勵(li)人(ren)從政。又如(ru)耶教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)等,其信徒(tu)都(dou)超然在(zai)一般(ban)社會之上來從事其傳教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)工作(zuo)。但(dan)孔(kong)子儒家(jia),其信徒(tu)都(dou)沒入在(zai)一般(ban)社會中,在(zai)下則宏揚(yang)師(shi)道,在(zai)上則服務(wu)政治(zhi)。只求(qiu)淑(shu)世,不求(qiu)出(chu)世。故(gu)(gu)儒教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)信徒(tu),并(bing)不如(ru)一般(ban)宗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之另有團體,另成組織。
在中(zhong)國文(wen)化體系(xi)中(zhong),教(jiao)(jiao)育即負起了其(qi)它民族所有宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)的責任(ren)(ren)。儒家教(jiao)(jiao)義(yi)(yi),主要在教(jiao)(jiao)人(ren)如何(he)(he)為(wei)人(ren)。亦可說(shuo)儒教(jiao)(jiao)乃是一(yi)種人(ren)道教(jiao)(jiao),或(huo)說(shuo)是一(yi)種人(ren)文(wen)教(jiao)(jiao),只要是一(yi)個人(ren),都(dou)(dou)該受此教(jiao)(jiao)。不論(lun)男(nan)女老(lao)幼(you),不能自外。不論(lun)任(ren)(ren)何(he)(he)知(zhi)識(shi)、任(ren)(ren)何(he)(he)職業,都(dou)(dou)該奉此教(jiao)(jiao)義(yi)(yi)為(wei)中(zhong)心,向此教(jiao)(jiao)義(yi)(yi)為(wei)歸宿(su)。在其(qi)教(jiao)(jiao)義(yi)(yi)中(zhong),如孝、弟、忠、恕(shu),如仁、義(yi)(yi)、禮、智,都(dou)(dou)是為(wei)人(ren)條件(jian),應為(wei)人(ren)人(ren)所服膺而遵守。
中(zhong)國(guo)的這一套(tao)傳統教育(yu),既(ji)可(ke)代替(ti)宗(zong)(zong)教功(gong)能,但亦并(bing)不反對(dui)外來(lai)宗(zong)(zong)教之傳入。因(yin)在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)人觀念里(li),我(wo)(wo)既(ji)能服膺遵守一套(tao)人生正道(dao),在(zai)我(wo)(wo)身(shen)后(hou),若(ruo)果有上(shang)帝(di)諸神(shen),主張正道(dao),則我(wo)(wo)亦自有上(shang)天堂進極樂國(guo)的資格。別人信奉宗(zong)(zong)教,只要其在(zai)現實社會中(zhong)不為(wei)非(fei)作歹(dai),我(wo)(wo)以(yi)與人為(wei)善之心(xin),自也不必加以(yi)爭(zheng)辯(bian)與反對(dui)。因(yin)此在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)文化體系中(zhong),雖不創興宗(zong)(zong)教,卻可(ke)涵容外來(lai)宗(zong)(zong)教,兼收并(bing)包,不起沖突。
在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國儒(ru)家教(jiao)義中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有一(yi)(yi)種人(ren)(ren)(ren)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)觀(guan),把人(ren)(ren)(ren)生的意(yi)義與價(jia)(jia)值作評(ping)判標準(zhun),來(lai)把人(ren)(ren)(ren)分作幾種品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)類。即如(ru)自(zi)然物(wu)(wu)乃至人(ren)(ren)(ren)造物(wu)(wu),亦(yi)(yi)同(tong)樣為他們(men)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)第高(gao)(gao)下(xia)(xia)。無生物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)如(ru)石(shi)與玉,一(yi)(yi)則品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao),一(yi)(yi)則品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)低(di)。有生物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),如(ru)飛禽(qin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之凰鳳,走獸中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之麒麟(lin)。水生動物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),如(ru)龍(long)與龜,樹木中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)如(ru)松、柏,如(ru)梅、蘭、竹、菊。人(ren)(ren)(ren)造物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),如(ru)遠(yuan)古傳下(xia)(xia)的鐘、鼎、彝器,以及一(yi)(yi)應(ying)精美高(gao)(gao)貴(gui)(gui)的藝術(shu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin),在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國人(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)目中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),皆有甚高(gao)(gao)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)。物(wu)(wu)如(ru)此,人(ren)(ren)(ren)亦(yi)(yi)然。故中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國人(ren)(ren)(ren)常連稱人(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu),亦(yi)(yi)稱人(ren)(ren)(ren)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)。物(wu)(wu)有品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin),人(ren)(ren)(ren)亦(yi)(yi)有品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)。天地(di)生物(wu)(wu),應(ying)該(gai)是一(yi)(yi)視(shi)同(tong)仁的。但人(ren)(ren)(ren)自(zi)該(gai)有人(ren)(ren)(ren)道作標準(zhun)來(lai)贊助(zhu)天道,故曰:“贊天地(di)之化(hua)育”,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國人(ren)(ren)(ren)貴(gui)(gui)能(neng)天人(ren)(ren)(ren)合(he)德,以人(ren)(ren)(ren)來(lai)合(he)天。不(bu)主(zhu)以人(ren)(ren)(ren)蔑天,亦(yi)(yi)不(bu)主(zhu)以天蔑人(ren)(ren)(ren)。在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國傳統(tong)教(jiao)育中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有其天道觀(guan),亦(yi)(yi)有其人(ren)(ren)(ren)道觀(guan)。有其自(zi)然觀(guan),亦(yi)(yi)有其人(ren)(ren)(ren)文(wen)觀(guan)。兩者(zhe)貴(gui)(gui)能(neng)相得(de)而益彰,不(bu)貴(gui)(gui)專走一(yi)(yi)偏。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)品觀中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),主要有(you)(you)君(jun)(jun)子與小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)別。君(jun)(jun)者,群也。人(ren)(ren)(ren)須在大群中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)做人(ren)(ren)(ren),不(bu)專(zhuan)顧一(yi)已之(zhi)私,并兼(jian)顧大群之(zhi)公,此(ci)(ci)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)乃(nai)曰(yue)“君(jun)(jun)子”。若其(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),心(xin)胸小(xiao)(xiao),眼(yan)光狹,專(zhuan)為(wei)小(xiao)(xiao)己個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)私圖謀,不(bu)計(ji)及(ji)大群公眾利(li)益,此(ci)(ci)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)則曰(yue)“小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)”。在班固(gu)《漢(han)書》的(de)《古(gu)今人(ren)(ren)(ren)表》里,把從(cong)來歷(li)史(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)物分(fen)成(cheng)九(jiu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。先分(fen)上(shang)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia)(xia)(xia)三(san)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng),又在每等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)各(ge)分(fen)上(shang)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia)(xia)(xia),于是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)上(shang)上(shang)至下(xia)(xia)(xia)下(xia)(xia)(xia)共(gong)九(jiu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。歷(li)史(shi)上(shang)做皇帝,大富大貴(gui)(gui),而列人(ren)(ren)(ren)下(xia)(xia)(xia)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),乃(nai)至列入下(xia)(xia)(xia)下(xia)(xia)(xia)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)盡(jin)不(bu)少。上(shang)上(shang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)是(shi)(shi)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren),上(shang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)是(shi)(shi)仁人(ren)(ren)(ren),上(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)是(shi)(shi)智(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)仁智(zhi)兼(jian)盡(jin)為(wei)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren),故此(ci)(ci)三(san)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng),實是(shi)(shi)一(yi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。最下(xia)(xia)(xia)下(xia)(xia)(xia)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)是(shi)(shi)愚(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。可見中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)觀念,人(ren)(ren)(ren)品分(fen)別,乃(nai)由(you)其(qi)(qi)智(zhi)愚(yu)來。若使其(qi)(qi)知(zhi)識(shi)開明,能(neng)知(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)所(suo)貴(gui)(gui),自能(neng)做成(cheng)一(yi)上(shang)品人(ren)(ren)(ren)。因(yin)其(qi)(qi)知(zhi)識(shi)閉塞(sai),不(bu)知(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)所(suo)貴(gui)(gui),專(zhuan)為(wei)己私,乃(nai)成(cheng)一(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)品人(ren)(ren)(ren)。故曰(yue):“先知(zhi)覺(jue)后(hou)(hou)知(zhi),先覺(jue)覺(jue)后(hou)(hou)覺(jue)”,此(ci)(ci)則須待有(you)(you)教育。茍能(neng)受教育,實踐人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)所(suo)貴(gui)(gui),則人(ren)(ren)(ren)皆可以(yi)為(wei)堯舜。人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)理想,乃(nai)使人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)同為(wei)上(shang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren),人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)同為(wei)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren),此(ci)(ci)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)平等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)觀。
中國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)言(yan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)品(pin)(pin),又(you)常言(yan)品(pin)(pin)性(xing)(xing)品(pin)(pin)德。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之分品(pin)(pin),乃從其(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之德性(xing)(xing)分。天(tian)(tian)命之謂性(xing)(xing),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)本由天(tian)(tian)賦,但(dan)要人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)能受(shou)教(jiao)育(yu),能知修養(yang),能把此天(tian)(tian)賦之性(xing)(xing),實踐自(zi)得,確有(you)之己,始謂之德。德只(zhi)從天(tian)(tian)性(xing)(xing)來。天(tian)(tian)性(xing)(xing)相(xiang)同(tong),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)具有(you)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),同(tong)類則皆(jie)相(xiang)似,故人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)皆(jie)能為堯(yao)舜。而(er)且(qie)堯(yao)舜尚在上古時代,那(nei)時教(jiao)育(yu)不發達,堯(yao)舜能成為第一等人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),我們(men)生在教(jiao)育(yu)發達之后(hou)世,只(zhi)要教(jiao)育(yu)得其(qi)道(dao),豈不使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)皆(jie)可(ke)為堯(yao)舜。若使全世界人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類,同(tong)受(shou)此等教(jiao)育(yu)熏(xun)陶,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)同(tong)得為第一等之圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。到(dao)那(nei)時,便是中國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)理想中所謂大同(tong)太平之境。到(dao)此則塵世即是天(tian)(tian)堂。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)死后(hou)的(de)天(tian)(tian)堂且(qie)不論,而(er)現實的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)世,也可(ke)以是天(tian)(tian)堂了(le)。故說中國(guo)傳(chuan)統教(jiao)育(yu)的(de)理想與(yu)精神,是有(you)他一番極深厚的(de)宗教(jiao)情趣與(yu)宗教(jiao)信仰的(de)。
中國人(ren)傳統教(jiao)育的(de)理想(xiang)與精神(shen),既然注(zhu)重在(zai)人(ren)之德(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)上,要(yao)(yao)從先天(tian)(tian)(tian)自(zi)然天(tian)(tian)(tian)賦(fu)(fu)之性(xing)(xing)(xing),來(lai)達(da)成其(qi)后天(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)道文(wen)化之德(de),因(yin)此(ci)中國人(ren)的(de)思(si)想(xiang),尤其(qi)是儒(ru)家,便(bian)特(te)別注(zhu)意到人(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)問題上來(lai)。孟(meng)子說:“盡(jin)其(qi)心者,知其(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。知其(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing),則知天(tian)(tian)(tian)矣(yi)。”性(xing)(xing)(xing)由(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)賦(fu)(fu),人(ren)若能知得自(zi)己的(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing),便(bian)可由(you)此(ci)知得天(tian)(tian)(tian)。但(dan)人(ren)要(yao)(yao)知得自(zi)己的(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing),該能把自(zi)己的(de)那(nei)一顆心,從其(qi)各方面獲得一盡(jin)量完滿的(de)發揮,那(nei)才能知得自(zi)己的(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。人(ren)心皆(jie)知飲(yin)(yin)食(shi)(shi)男女(nv),飲(yin)(yin)食(shi)(shi)男女(nv)亦是人(ren)之性(xing)(xing)(xing),但(dan)人(ren)的(de)心不(bu)該全在(zai)飲(yin)(yin)食(shi)(shi)男女(nv)上,人(ren)的(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)亦不(bu)只僅(jin)是飲(yin)(yin)食(shi)(shi)男女(nv)。人(ren)若專在(zai)飲(yin)(yin)食(shi)(shi)男女(nv)上留意用心,此(ci)即孟(meng)子所謂養(yang)其(qi)小(xiao)體為小(xiao)人(ren)。
人的生命(ming)(ming),有小(xiao)(xiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti),有大(da)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。推極而(er)言,古今將(jiang)來,全(quan)(quan)世界人類生命(ming)(ming),乃(nai)是(shi)此生命(ming)(ming)之大(da)全(quan)(quan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。每一(yi)人之短暫生命(ming)(ming),乃(nai)是(shi)此生命(ming)(ming)之最小(xiao)(xiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。但(dan)人類生命(ming)(ming)大(da)全(quan)(quan)體(ti)(ti)(ti),亦由(you)每一(yi)人之生命(ming)(ming)小(xiao)(xiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)會通積累(lei)而(er)來。不應由(you)大(da)體(ti)(ti)(ti)抹殺了小(xiao)(xiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti),亦不應由(you)小(xiao)(xiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)忽(hu)忘了大(da)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。
儒家教義,乃從(cong)每(mei)一(yi)人(ren)與(yu)生俱來(lai)(lai)各自(zi)(zi)(zi)固有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)良知良能,亦可說是其(qi)本(ben)能,此即(ji)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)先天之(zhi)(zhi)性。由此為(wei)本(ben),根(gen)據人(ren)類生命大(da)全體之(zhi)(zhi)終極理想(xiang),來(lai)(lai)盡(jin)量(liang)發展(zhan)此自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)先天性,使達于其(qi)最高(gao)可能,此即(ji)人(ren)文(wen)(wen)后(hou)天之(zhi)(zhi)性。使自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)先天,化(hua)成人(ren)文(wen)(wen)后(hou)天。使人(ren)文(wen)(wen)后(hou)天,完(wan)成自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)先天。乃始是盡(jin)性知天。若把(ba)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)先天單(dan)稱(cheng)性,則(ze)人(ren)文(wen)(wen)后(hou)天應稱(cheng)德。性須成德,德須承性。性屬(shu)天,人(ren)人(ren)所同。德屬(shu)人(ren),可以人(ren)人(ren)有(you)異。甚則(ze)有(you)大(da)人(ren)小人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)別(bie)。有(you)各色人(ren)品,有(you)各類文(wen)(wen)化(hua)。
世界諸大宗教(jiao),都不(bu)免有(you)尊(zun)天抑人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)嫌。惟有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國儒家教(jiao)義,主張(zhang)由人(ren)(ren)(ren)合天。而在人(ren)(ren)(ren)群中(zhong)(zhong),看重每(mei)一(yi)小己(ji)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)。由每(mei)一(yi)小己(ji)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)來盡性成(cheng)(cheng)德(de),由此(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)來上合于天道(dao)。沒(mei)有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao),則天道(dao)不(bu)完成(cheng)(cheng)。沒(mei)有(you)每(mei)一(yi)小己(ji)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)道(dao),則人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)亦(yi)不(bu)完成(cheng)(cheng)。近代人(ren)(ren)(ren)喜言(yan)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)自(zi)由,實則中(zhong)(zhong)國儒家教(jiao)義,主張(zhang)盡性成(cheng)(cheng)德(de),乃(nai)是每(mei)一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高最(zui)(zui)(zui)大的自(zi)由。由此(ci)每(mei)一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高最(zui)(zui)(zui)大的自(zi)由,來達(da)成(cheng)(cheng)全人(ren)(ren)(ren)類最(zui)(zui)(zui)高最(zui)(zui)(zui)大的平等,即是人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)皆(jie)為上上第一(yi)等人(ren)(ren)(ren),人(ren)(ren)(ren)皆(jie)可以為堯舜。儒家教(jiao)義由此(ci)理想來教(jiao)導(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類,此(ci)為對人(ren)(ren)(ren)類最(zui)(zui)(zui)高最(zui)(zui)(zui)大之(zhi)博愛(ai),此(ci)即孔(kong)子之(zhi)所謂仁。
中國儒家(jia)此一(yi)種教育理想與教育精神,既不(bu)全(quan)注(zhu)重在(zai)知識傳授與職業訓(xun)練上,更(geng)不(bu)注(zhu)重在(zai)服從(cong)法(fa)令與追隨(sui)風氣上,其所(suo)重者,乃在(zai)擔任(ren)教育工(gong)作之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師(shi)(shi)道上,乃在(zai)堪任(ren)師(shi)(shi)道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)品人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)格上。故說:“經(jing)師(shi)(shi)易得(de),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)師(shi)(shi)難求。”若要一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)來傳授一(yi)部經(jing)書(shu),其人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)易得(de)。若要一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)來指(zhi)導人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,其人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)難求。因其人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)必先自(zi)己懂得(de)實踐了為人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,乃能(neng)來指(zhi)導人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。必先自(zi)己能(neng)盡性成(cheng)(cheng)德(de)(de),乃能(neng)教人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)盡性成(cheng)(cheng)德(de)(de),《中庸》上說:“盡己之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性,乃能(neng)盡人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性。”孔子被稱為“至圣(sheng)先師(shi)(shi)”,因其人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)品人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)格最(zui)高(gao),乃能(neng)勝任(ren)為人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)師(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,教人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)亦能(neng)各自(zi)盡性成(cheng)(cheng)德(de)(de),提高(gao)其各自(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)品人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)格。
韓(han)愈(yu)《師(shi)說(shuo)》謂(wei):“師(shi)者,所以傳道(dao)(dao)、授業(ye)(ye)(ye)、解(jie)(jie)惑(huo)。”其(qi)實此三(san)事(shi)(shi)只是一(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi)。人(ren)各有業(ye)(ye)(ye),但不能離道(dao)(dao)以為(wei)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。如為(wei)人(ren)君,盡君道(dao)(dao)。為(wei)人(ren)臣,盡臣道(dao)(dao)。政(zheng)治家(jia)(jia)有政(zheng)治家(jia)(jia)之道(dao)(dao)。中國人(ren)常說(shuo)信義通(tong)商(shang),商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)家(jia)(jia)亦有商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)家(jia)(jia)之道(dao)(dao)。社會各業(ye)(ye)(ye),必專而分,但人(ren)生大道(dao)(dao),則(ze)必通(tong)而合。然(ran)人(ren)事(shi)(shi)復(fu)雜,利(li)害(hai)分歧(qi),每一(yi)(yi)專門分業(ye)(ye)(ye),要來(lai)(lai)共(gong)通(tong)合成一(yi)(yi)人(ren)生大道(dao)(dao),其(qi)間必遇許多問(wen)題,使(shi)人(ren)迷(mi)惑(huo)難解(jie)(jie),則(ze)貴有人(ren)來(lai)(lai)解(jie)(jie)其(qi)惑(huo)。所以傳道(dao)(dao)者必當授之業(ye)(ye)(ye)而解(jie)(jie)其(qi)惑(huo)。而授業(ye)(ye)(ye)解(jie)(jie)惑(huo),亦即是傳道(dao)(dao)。
孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)門下有(you)(you)(you)德(de)行(xing)、言(yan)語、政(zheng)(zheng)事(shi)、文學(xue)(xue)四科(ke)。言(yan)語如今(jin)言(yan)外(wai)交(jiao),外(wai)交(jiao)政(zheng)(zheng)事(shi)屬(shu)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)科(ke)。文學(xue)(xue)則(ze)如今(jin)人在(zai)書本(ben)上(shang)傳授知(zhi)識(shi)。但(dan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)門所(suo)授,乃(nai)有(you)(you)(you)最高的人生大道(dao)德(de)行(xing)一(yi)科(ke)。子(zi)(zi)夏列文學(xue)(xue)科(ke),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)教之曰:“汝(ru)為君(jun)子(zi)(zi)儒,毋(wu)為小(xiao)人儒。”則(ze)治(zhi)文學(xue)(xue)科(ke)者,仍必上(shang)通于德(de)行(xing)。子(zi)(zi)路長(chang)治(zhi)軍,冉(ran)(ran)有(you)(you)(you)擅理財(cai),公西華熟嫻(xian)外(wai)交(jiao)禮節,各(ge)就(jiu)其才性所(suo)近,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)各(ge)專(zhuan)一(yi)業。但(dan)冉(ran)(ran)有(you)(you)(you)為季孫(sun)氏家宰,為之理財(cai),使季孫(sun)氏富于周公,此(ci)已違(wei)背了政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)大道(dao)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)告其門人曰:“冉(ran)(ran)有(you)(you)(you)非(fei)吾徒(tu),小(xiao)子(zi)(zi)鳴鼓而(er)攻之可(ke)也。”但(dan)季孫(sun)氏也只能用(yong)冉(ran)(ran)有(you)(you)(you)代他(ta)理財(cai),若要用(yong)冉(ran)(ran)有(you)(you)(you)來幫他(ta)弒君(jun),冉(ran)(ran)有(you)(you)(you)也不為。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)冉(ran)(ran)有(you)(you)(you)還(huan)得算是孔(kong)(kong)(kong)門之徒(tu),還(huan)得列于政(zheng)(zheng)事(shi)科(ke)。至(zhi)于德(de)行(xing)一(yi)科(ke),尤是孔(kong)(kong)(kong)門之最高科(ke)。如顏淵,用(yong)之則(ze)行(xing),舍之則(ze)藏(zang),學(xue)(xue)了滿身本(ben)領,若使違(wei)離于道(dao),寧肯(ken)藏(zang)而(er)不用(yong)。可(ke)見在(zai)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)門教義中(zhong),道(dao)義遠重于職(zhi)業。
宋代大(da)教(jiao)育(yu)家(jia)(jia)胡瑗,他教(jiao)人(ren)(ren)分(fen)(fen)經義(yi)、治事(shi)(shi)(shi)兩齋。經義(yi)講(jiang)求人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)大(da)道,治事(shi)(shi)(shi)則(ze)(ze)各就(jiu)才(cai)(cai)性所近,各治一事(shi)(shi)(shi),又兼(jian)治一事(shi)(shi)(shi)。如治民講(jiang)武(wu),堰水歷算等(deng)(deng)。從來中國學校,亦重(zhong)專業(ye)教(jiao)育(yu),如天文(wen)、歷法、刑律、醫(yi)藥等(deng)(deng)。近代教(jiao)育(yu)上(shang)(shang),有(you)(you)專家(jia)(jia)與通(tong)(tong)(tong)才(cai)(cai)之(zhi)爭。其(qi)實成才(cai)(cai)則(ze)(ze)就(jiu)其(qi)性之(zhi)所近,宜(yi)于(yu)專而(er)分(fen)(fen)。中國傳(chuan)統教(jiao)育(yu),也(ye)不提倡通(tong)(tong)(tong)才(cai)(cai),所提倡者,乃是(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)德通(tong)(tong)(tong)識(shi)。故(gu)曰:“士(shi)先器識(shi),而(er)后(hou)文(wen)藝(yi)。”有(you)(you)了通(tong)(tong)(tong)德通(tong)(tong)(tong)識(shi),乃為通(tong)(tong)(tong)儒通(tong)(tong)(tong)人(ren)(ren)。人(ren)(ren)必然是(shi)一人(ren)(ren)。各業(ye)皆由人(ren)(ren)擔任(ren)(ren)。如政治、如商業(ye),皆須(xu)由人(ren)(ren)擔任(ren)(ren)。其(qi)人(ren)(ren)則(ze)(ze)必具通(tong)(tong)(tong)德,此指人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)共(gong)(gong)通(tong)(tong)(tong)當有(you)(you)的(de),亦稱(cheng)達德。擔任(ren)(ren)這(zhe)一業(ye),也(ye)須(xu)懂得這(zhe)一業(ye)在人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)大(da)道共(gong)(gong)同立場上(shang)(shang)的(de)地(di)位和(he)意義(yi),此謂(wei)之(zhi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)識(shi)。通(tong)(tong)(tong)德屬(shu)于(yu)仁,通(tong)(tong)(tong)識(shi)屬(shu)于(yu)智(zhi)。其(qi)人(ren)(ren)具有(you)(you)通(tong)(tong)(tong)德通(tong)(tong)(tong)識(shi),乃為上(shang)(shang)品人(ren)(ren),稱(cheng)大(da)器,能成大(da)業(ye),斯為大(da)人(ren)(ren)。若其(qi)人(ren)(ren)不具通(tong)(tong)(tong)德通(tong)(tong)(tong)識(shi),只是(shi)小器,營小事(shi)(shi)(shi),為下品人(ren)(ren)。
中(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)辨別人(ren)(ren)品,又有(you)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)俗(su)(su)(su)之(zhi)分(fen)。俗(su)(su)(su)有(you)兩(liang)種,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)空(kong)間之(zhi)俗(su)(su)(su),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)時間之(zhi)俗(su)(su)(su)。限(xian)于(yu)地域,在(zai)(zai)某一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)區的風氣習俗(su)(su)(su)之(zhi)內(nei),轉換到別一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)區,便(bian)不能(neng)相(xiang)通(tong)(tong),限(xian)于(yu)時代,在(zai)(zai)某一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)期(qi)(qi)的風氣習俗(su)(su)(su)之(zhi)內(nei),轉換到另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)期(qi)(qi),又復不能(neng)相(xiang)通(tong)(tong)。此(ci)謂小人(ren)(ren)俗(su)(su)(su)人(ren)(ren)。大(da)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)子,不為(wei)(wei)時限(xian),不為(wei)(wei)地限(xian),到處相(xiang)通(tong)(tong)。中(zhong)國(guo)在(zai)(zai)西周初期(qi)(qi),列國(guo)分(fen)疆,即提倡(chang)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)言(yan)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)樂,遂造成(cheng)了中(zhong)國(guo)民族更進一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步之(zhi)大(da)統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。此(ci)后中(zhong)國(guo)的文(wen)學(xue)藝(yi)術,無不力求雅(ya)(ya)(ya)化。應不為(wei)(wei)地域所限(xian),并(bing)亦(yi)(yi)不為(wei)(wei)時代所限(xian)。文(wen)學(xue)藝(yi)術如此(ci)其(qi)(qi)它人(ren)(ren)文(wen)大(da)道皆(jie)然。故(gu)(gu)(gu)《中(zhong)庸》曰(yue):“君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)子之(zhi)道,本諸(zhu)身,征諸(zhu)庶民,考(kao)諸(zhu)三王而(er)不繆,建諸(zhu)天地而(er)不悖,質諸(zhu)鬼神(shen)而(er)無疑(yi),百世以俟圣人(ren)(ren)而(er)不惑。”此(ci)項大(da)道,其(qi)(qi)實(shi)只(zhi)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個小己個人(ren)(ren)的身上(shang),此(ci)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)便(bian)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)子。但(dan)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)子之(zhi)道,并(bing)不要(yao)(yao)(yao)異于(yu)人(ren)(ren),乃要(yao)(yao)(yao)通(tong)(tong)于(yu)人(ren)(ren)。抑(yi)且要(yao)(yao)(yao)通(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)群一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)人(ren)(ren)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)曰(yue)征諸(zhu)庶民,要(yao)(yao)(yao)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)庶民身上(shang)求證。考(kao)諸(zhu)三世,是(shi)(shi)求證于(yu)歷史。建諸(zhu)天地,是(shi)(shi)求證于(yu)大(da)自然。質諸(zhu)鬼神(shen),是(shi)(shi)求證于(yu)精神(shen)界。此(ci)項大(da)道,惟遇圣人(ren)(ren),可(ke)獲其(qi)(qi)首肯與心印。圣人(ren)(ren)不易遇,故(gu)(gu)(gu)將(jiang)百世以俟。但(dan)此(ci)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)子,其(qi)(qi)實(shi)亦(yi)(yi)可(ke)謂只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)人(ren)(ren)。雅(ya)(ya)(ya)即通(tong)(tong),要(yao)(yao)(yao)能(neng)旁通(tong)(tong)四海,上(shang)下通(tong)(tong)千(qian)古,乃為(wei)(wei)大(da)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)之(zhi)極。故(gu)(gu)(gu)既是(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)子,則(ze)必(bi)(bi)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)人(ren)(ren)。既是(shi)(shi)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)人(ren)(ren),亦(yi)(yi)必(bi)(bi)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)子。但(dan)沒(mei)有(you)俗(su)(su)(su)的君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)子,亦(yi)(yi)沒(mei)有(you)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)的小人(ren)(ren)。只(zhi)中(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)稱(cheng)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)子,都(dou)指其(qi)(qi)日常人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切實(shi)務言(yan)。而(er)中(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)稱(cheng)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)人(ren)(ren),則(ze)每指有(you)關文(wen)學(xue)藝(yi)術的生(sheng)活方(fang)面(mian)而(er)言(yan)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)子小人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)分(fen),尤重于(yu)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)俗(su)(su)(su)之(zhi)分(fen)。
中(zhong)(zhong)國傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu),亦可謂只要(yao)(yao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為君子(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)為小人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為雅人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)為俗人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。說(shuo)來平易近人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),但其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)寓有(you)(you)(you)(you)最(zui)高(gao)真理,非具最(zui)高(gao)信(xin)仰,則不(bu)(bu)(bu)易到達其(qi)最(zui)高(gao)境(jing)界。中(zhong)(zhong)國傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu),極(ji)富宗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)精(jing)(jing)神(shen),而復與(yu)宗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相同,其(qi)要(yao)(yao)端即在(zai)(zai)此(ci)。中(zhong)(zhong)國傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu),因(yin)寓有(you)(you)(you)(you)上(shang)述(shu)精(jing)(jing)神(shen),故中(zhong)(zhong)國人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)重(zhong)(zhong)視教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu),往往不(bu)(bu)(bu)重(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)學(xue)校(xiao)與(yu)其(qi)所開設(she)之課程,而更(geng)重(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)師(shi)資人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)選(xuan)。在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國歷(li)史上(shang),自(zi)漢以(yi)下(xia),歷(li)代皆有(you)(you)(you)(you)國立太學(xue)。每一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)地方行政單位,亦各設(she)有(you)(you)(you)(you)學(xue)校(xiao)。鄉村亦到處(chu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)私(si)塾小學(xue)。但一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般最(zui)重(zhong)(zhong)視者,乃在(zai)(zai)私(si)家(jia)講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)。戰國先秦(qin)時(shi)代,諸(zhu)子(zi)百家(jia)競起,此(ci)姑不(bu)(bu)(bu)論。在(zai)(zai)兩漢時(shi)代,在(zai)(zai)野有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)名師(shi),學(xue)徒不(bu)(bu)(bu)遠(yuan)千(qian)里,四面湊集(ji),各立精(jing)(jing)廬,登門求教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),前(qian)后(hou)可得數千(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。亦有(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)遍歷(li)中(zhong)(zhong)國,到處(chu)訪問(wen)各地名師(shi)。下(xia)至宋、元、明(ming)三代,書院講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue),更(geng)是(shi)如(ru)此(ci)。所以(yi)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)上(shang)。更(geng)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)者,乃是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種私(si)門教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)、自(zi)由(you)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)。其(qi)物(wu)件,則為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種社會教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)成人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)。孔子(zi)死后(hou),不(bu)(bu)(bu)聞(wen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)曲(qu)阜(fu)興建一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)校(xiao)繼(ji)續講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)。朱(zhu)子(zi)死后(hou),不(bu)(bu)(bu)聞(wen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)武夷、五曲(qu),在(zai)(zai)建陽(yang)、考亭興建一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)校(xiao)繼(ji)續講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)。更(geng)如(ru)王陽(yang)明(ming),只在(zai)(zai)他隨處(chu)的衙門內講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue),連書院也沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)。中(zhong)(zhong)國傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)之主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)精(jing)(jing)神(shen),尤重(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)間之傳(chuan)(chuan)道。既沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)如(ru)各大宗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之有(you)(you)(you)(you)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)會組織,又不(bu)(bu)(bu)憑借固定的學(xue)校(xiao)場所。只一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)名師(shi)平地拔起,四方云集(ji)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)拘形式地進(jin)行其(qi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)事業,此(ci)卻(que)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特色(se)。
唐(tang)代佛教中(zhong)(zhong)禪(chan)宗(zong)崛起,他(ta)們自(zi)建禪(chan)寺,與一般(ban)佛寺不(bu)同。可以沒有佛殿,可以不(bu)開講一部佛門(men)經典(dian)。但有了一祖師,四方(fang)僧(seng)徒(tu),云集而至。一所大叢林,可以有數千(qian)行腳僧(seng),此來彼往,質疑(yi)問難。一旦自(zi)成祖師,卻又另(ling)自(zi)開山(shan),傳授僧(seng)徒(tu)。禪(chan)宗(zong)乃是佛教中(zhong)(zhong)之最(zui)為中(zhong)(zhong)國化(hua)者,其傳教精神,亦復是中(zhong)(zhong)國化(hua)。
近代的世界,宗教勢力,逐步衰退。西方現代教育,最先本亦由教會發動,此刻教會勢力亦退出了學校。教育全成為傳播知識與訓練職業。只有中小學,還有一些教導人成為一國公民的教育意義外,全與教導人為人之道的這一大宗旨,脫了節。整個世界,只見分裂,不見調和。各大宗教,已是一大分裂。在同一宗教下,又有宗派分裂。民族與國家,各自分裂。人的本身,亦為職業觀念所分裂。如宗教家、哲學家、文學家、藝術家、科學家、政治家、軍事家、外交家、法律家、財政經濟家、企業資本家等,每一職業,在其知識與技能方面,有杰出表現杰出成就者,均目為一家。此外蕓蕓大眾,則成無產階級與雇用人員。好像不為由人生大道而有職業,乃是為職業而始有人生。全人生只成為功利的、唯物的。莊子說(shuo):“道(dao)(dao)術將為(wei)天(tian)(tian)下裂(lie)。”今天(tian)(tian)世(shi)界的道(dao)(dao)術,則全為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)各(ge)自營生與(yu)牟利,于是職業分裂(lie)。德(de)性一觀念,似乎(hu)極少(shao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)注意。職業為(wei)上(shang)(shang),德(de)性為(wei)下,德(de)性亦隨職業而(er)分裂(lie)。從(cong)事教育工作者,亦被(bei)視為(wei)一職業。為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)師者,亦以(yi)知(zhi)識(shi)技能(neng)分高(gao)下,非(fei)犯(fan)法(fa),德(de)性在所(suo)不論(lun)。科(ke)學(xue)被(bei)視為(wei)各(ge)項知(zhi)識(shi)技能(neng)中之(zhi)最高(gao)者。《中庸(yong)》說(shuo):“盡(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)性而(er)后可以(yi)盡(jin)(jin)物(wu)之(zhi)性。”《大學(xue)》說(shuo)“格物(wu)”,其最后目標乃為(wei)國(guo)治而(er)天(tian)(tian)下平(ping)。朱子說(shuo):“格物(wu)窮(qiong)(qiong)理(li)”,其所(suo)窮(qiong)(qiong)之(zhi)理(li),乃是吾心之(zhi)全體大用,與(yu)夫國(guo)治天(tian)(tian)下平(ping)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生大道(dao)(dao)。近代(dai)科(ke)學(xue),只(zhi)窮(qiong)(qiong)物(wu)理(li),卻忽略了人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao),即人(ren)(ren)(ren)生之(zhi)理(li)。原(yuan)子彈、核(he)武器,并不能(neng)治國(guo)平(ping)天(tian)(tian)下。送人(ren)(ren)(ren)上(shang)(shang)月球,也非(fei)當(dang)前治國(guo)平(ping)天(tian)(tian)下所(suo)需,科(ke)學(xue)教育只(zhi)重智,不重仁(ren)。在《漢(han)書(shu)》的《古(gu)今人(ren)(ren)(ren)表(biao)》里,最高(gao)只(zhi)當(dang)列第三(san)等,上(shang)(shang)面還有上(shang)(shang)上(shang)(shang)、上(shang)(shang)中兩等,近代(dai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)全不理(li)會。中國(guo)傳統教育之(zhi)特殊理(li)想(xiang)與(yu)特殊精神,在現實世(shi)界之(zhi)情勢下,實有再(zai)為(wei)提(ti)倡(chang)之(zhi)必要。
而(er)且中國傳(chuan)統教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)理想,最重師(shi)道(dao)。但(dan)師(shi)道(dao)也有另一(yi)解法。孔子(zi)(zi)說(shuo):“三人(ren)行,必有吾師(shi)。”子(zi)(zi)貢亦說(shuo):“夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)焉不學(xue),而(er)亦何常師(shi)之(zhi)有。”可(ke)見(jian)人(ren)人(ren)可(ke)以(yi)為人(ren)師(shi),而(er)且亦可(ke)為圣人(ren)師(shi)。中國人(ren)之(zhi)重師(shi)道(dao),其實同(tong)時即(ji)是(shi)重人(ren)道(dao)。孟子(zi)(zi)說(shuo):“圣人(ren),百(bai)世(shi)之(zhi)師(shi)也,伯夷、柳(liu)下(xia)(xia)惠是(shi)也。”伯夷、柳(liu)下(xia)(xia)惠并不從事教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)工(gong)作(zuo),但(dan)百(bai)世(shi)之(zhi)下(xia)(xia)聞其風而(er)興起,故說(shuo)為百(bai)世(shi)師(shi)。又說(shuo):“君(jun)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)德,風。小人(ren)之(zhi)德,草。草,尚之(zhi)風,必偃。”所以(yi)儒家教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)義論教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu),脫略了形式化(hua)(hua)。只要(yao)是(shi)一(yi)君(jun)子(zi)(zi),同(tong)時即(ji)是(shi)一(yi)師(shi)。社會上(shang)(shang)只要(yao)有一(yi)君(jun)子(zi)(zi),他人(ren)即(ji)望風而(er)起。又說(shuo):“君(jun)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),如(ru)時雨化(hua)(hua)之(zhi)。”只要(yao)一(yi)陣雨,萬物皆以(yi)生以(yi)化(hua)(hua)。人(ren)同(tong)樣(yang)是(shi)一(yi)人(ren),人(ren)之(zhi)德性相同(tong),人(ren)皆有向上(shang)(shang)心。只要(yao)一(yi)人(ren)向上(shang)(shang),他人(ren)皆跟著(zhu)向上(shang)(shang)。中國古人(ren)因對人(ren)性具此信仰,因此遂發展出像上(shang)(shang)述(shu)的(de)那(nei)一(yi)套傳(chuan)統的(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)理想和教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)精(jing)神(shen)。
不(bu)要(yao)怕(pa)違逆了(le)時(shi)代,不(bu)要(yao)怕(pa)少數,不(bu)要(yao)怕(pa)無(wu)憑借,不(bu)要(yao)計及權勢與力量(liang)。單(dan)憑小(xiao)己個(ge)(ge)人,只要(yao)道(dao)在(zai)(zai)我身,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)默(mo)默(mo)地主宰著人類命(ming)(ming)運。否世(shi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)轉泰(tai),剝運可(ke)以(yi)(yi)轉復。其(qi)主要(yao)的(de)樞紐,即在(zai)(zai)那一種無(wu)形的(de)教育(yu)理想(xiang)與教育(yu)精(jing)神(shen)上。此(ci)(ci)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)把中國(guo)(guo)全部(bu)歷史為證。遠從(cong)周(zhou)公(gong)以(yi)(yi)來三千年,遠從(cong)孔子以(yi)(yi)來兩千五百年,其(qi)間歷經不(bu)少衰(shuai)世(shi)亂世(shi),中國(guo)(guo)民(min)族屢(lv)仆屢(lv)起,只是這一個(ge)(ge)傳(chuan)統(tong)直到于今,還將賴這一個(ge)(ge)傳(chuan)統(tong)復興(xing)于后。這是人類全體(ti)生命(ming)(ming)命(ming)(ming)脈之(zhi)所在(zai)(zai)。中國(guo)(guo)人稱之(zhi)曰(yue):“道(dao)”。“教統(tong)”即在(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)“道(dao)統(tong)”上,“政統(tong)”亦應在(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)“道(dao)統(tong)”上。全世(shi)界各(ge)時(shi)代、各(ge)民(min)族、各(ge)大宗教、各(ge)大思想(xiang)體(ti)系、各(ge)大教育(yu)組(zu)織,亦莫(mo)不(bu)合于此(ci)(ci)者(zhe)盛而興(xing),離于此(ci)(ci)者(zhe)衰(shuai)而亡(wang)。而其(qi)主要(yao)動機,則(ze)掌(zhang)握(wo)在(zai)(zai)每一小(xiao)已個(ge)(ge)人身上。明末遺民(min)顧亭(ting)林曾說:“天下興(xing)亡(wang),匹夫有責。”其(qi)內(nei)涵意義亦在(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)。
由于(yu)中國傳統(tong)而(er)發展成為東方各民(min)族的(de)文化體系,韓國人(ren)的(de)歷(li)史,至少亦(yi)該(gai)遠溯到三(san)千年以上。即根據韓國史,我想亦(yi)可證(zheng)成我上面之(zhi)(zhi)所述(shu)。我中、韓兩(liang)民(min)族,尤(you)其是知識分子(zi),身負教(jiao)(jiao)育責任的(de),應該(gai)大家奮起,振作此傳統(tong)精(jing)神,發揚此傳統(tong)理想。從(cong)教(jiao)(jiao)育崗位上,來為兩(liang)民(min)族前途,為全(quan)世界人(ren)類前途,盡其最(zui)高可能之(zhi)(zhi)貢獻(xian)。
教育的(de)第一(yi)任務,便(bian)是要(yao)這一(yi)國家(jia)這一(yi)民族里(li)面的(de)每一(yi)分子(zi),都(dou)(dou)能來認識(shi)他們(men)自己的(de)傳統。正像教一(yi)個人都(dou)(dou)要(yao)能認識(shi)他自己。連自己都(dou)(dou)不(bu)認識(shi),其(qi)它便(bian)都(dou)(dou)不(bu)必說了。
今天,我們東方人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu),第一(yi)大(da)錯(cuo)誤,是在一(yi)意模仿西方,抄襲西方。不知道每一(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家每一(yi)民族(zu)的(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu),必該(gai)有自己(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)一(yi)套。如韓(han)(han)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu),必該(gai)教(jiao)大(da)家如何做一(yi)韓(han)(han)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren),來(lai)建立起韓(han)(han)國(guo)(guo)(guo)自己(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)新(xin)(xin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家,發(fa)揚韓(han)(han)國(guo)(guo)(guo)自己(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)新(xin)(xin)文化,創造出韓(han)(han)國(guo)(guo)(guo)此(ci)下的(de)新(xin)(xin)歷史(shi)。這一(yi)個莫大(da)的(de)新(xin)(xin)任(ren)務(wu),便該(gai)由(you)韓(han)(han)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)自己(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)來(lai)負擔。要負擔起此(ci)一(yi)任(ren)務(wu),首先要韓(han)(han)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)各自認(ren)識自己(ji)(ji)(ji),尊(zun)重自己(ji)(ji)(ji),一(yi)切以(yi)自己(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)中心,一(yi)切以(yi)自己(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)歸宿。
但(dan)這(zhe)不(bu)是(shi)說要(yao)我(wo)們(men)故步自(zi)(zi)封,閉關自(zi)(zi)守。也不(bu)是(shi)要(yao)我(wo)們(men)不(bu)懂得(de)看重別人(ren),不(bu)懂得(de)學別人(ren)長處(chu)來補自(zi)(zi)己(ji)短(duan)處(chu)。但(dan)此種(zhong)種(zhong)應有一(yi)限度。切(qie)不(bu)可為要(yao)學別人(ren)而(er)遺忘了自(zi)(zi)己(ji),更不(bu)可為要(yao)學別人(ren)而(er)先(xian)破滅了自(zi)(zi)己(ji)。今天,我(wo)們(men)東方人(ren)便有這(zhe)樣的趨勢,亟待我(wo)們(men)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)來改(gai)進。
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