呼(hu)吸系(xi)(xi)(xi)統類疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)是(shi)在生(sheng)活(huo)中對(dui)很多(duo)人造(zao)成(cheng)困擾(rao)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing),其最主(zhu)要的(de)(de)發病(bing)部(bu)位有(you)(you)支氣管和肺部(bu)等與人體的(de)(de)呼(hu)吸有(you)(you)著(zhu)密(mi)切關系(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)病(bing)癥,近年來,隨著(zhu)空氣污染的(de)(de)加劇,呼(hu)吸系(xi)(xi)(xi)統疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)的(de)(de)治療也成(cheng)為醫學(xue)界中的(de)(de)一大(da)治療病(bing)種(zhong),為此,對(dui)患有(you)(you)呼(hu)吸系(xi)(xi)(xi)統疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)的(de)(de)人來講,及(ji)時(shi)的(de)(de)分辨出自己所患的(de)(de)呼(hu)吸系(xi)(xi)(xi)統疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)的(de)(de)具(ju)體病(bing)種(zhong),對(dui)于(yu)治療這種(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)有(you)(you)著(zhu)極大(da)的(de)(de)功效。
一般來(lai)講(jiang),像哮喘病(bing)、支氣管炎、結核等(deng)都(dou)屬于呼(hu)吸(xi)系(xi)統的常見病(bing)癥(zheng),而在日(ri)常生活中,此類疾病(bing)的發(fa)病(bing)次數與人數最多(duo),因此,對于呼(hu)吸(xi)系(xi)統的治(zhi)療是很多(duo)人十分關心(xin)的事情。那(nei)么,呼(hu)吸(xi)系(xi)統常見疾病(bing)有哪些呢?
哮喘病
哮(xiao)喘(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)病(bing)英文:bronchial asthma,簡稱(cheng)(cheng)哮(xiao)喘(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),俗稱(cheng)(cheng)“吼病(bing)”,祖國醫(yi)學(xue)稱(cheng)(cheng)“哮(xiao)證”,是由多種(zhong)細(xi)胞特別是肥大細(xi)胞、嗜酸性(xing)(xing)(xing)粒細(xi)胞和T淋巴(ba)細(xi)胞參與的慢(man)性(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)道(dao)炎癥;在(zai)(zai)易感者(zhe)中此(ci)種(zhong)炎癥可引起(qi)反(fan)復(fu)發作的喘(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)息、氣(qi)(qi)促(cu)、胸悶和咳嗽(sou)等癥狀,多在(zai)(zai)夜間(jian)或(huo)凌晨發生;此(ci)類癥狀常伴有廣泛(fan)而(er)多變的呼氣(qi)(qi)流速受(shou)限,但可部分地自然緩解或(huo)經治療緩解;此(ci)種(zhong)癥狀還伴有氣(qi)(qi)道(dao)對多種(zhong)刺激因子反(fan)應性(xing)(xing)(xing)增高。根(gen)據(ju)權威機構濟南哮(xiao)喘(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)病(bing)醫(yi)院哮(xiao)喘(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)病(bing)可分類為:慢(man)性(xing)(xing)(xing)支氣(qi)(qi)管炎哮(xiao)喘(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan) 、過(guo)敏性(xing)(xing)(xing)哮(xiao)喘(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)、 藥物性(xing)(xing)(xing)哮(xiao)喘(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)、老年性(xing)(xing)(xing)哮(xiao)喘(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)、咳嗽(sou)變異性(xing)(xing)(xing)哮(xiao)喘(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)、慢(man)性(xing)(xing)(xing)哮(xiao)喘(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan) 、運動性(xing)(xing)(xing)哮(xiao)喘(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan) 、兒(er)童性(xing)(xing)(xing)哮(xiao)喘(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)等十幾類。
氣管炎
氣管炎(chronic bronchitis)是由于感染(ran)(ran)或(huo)非感染(ran)(ran)因素引起的氣管、支氣管粘(zhan)膜炎性變化,粘(zhan)液分泌增多,臨(lin)床上以長期(qi)咳嗽(sou)、咯痰或(huo)伴(ban)有喘息為(wei)(wei)主要(yao)特征。本(ben)病(bing)早期(qi)癥狀較輕,多在(zai)冬季發(fa)作,春暖(nuan)后緩解,且病(bing)程緩慢,故不(bu)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)們注意。晚期(qi)病(bing)變進(jin)展,并(bing)發(fa)阻(zu)塞(sai)性肺氣腫時,肺功(gong)能遭受損(sun)害,影(ying)響(xiang)健(jian)康(kang)及勞動力極大(da)。本(ben)病(bing)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國常見多發(fa)病(bing)之一,幾十(shi)年臨(lin)床數據(ju)表(biao)明發(fa)病(bing)年齡多在(zai)40歲以上,吸煙患(huan)者明顯高(gao)于不(bu)吸煙患(huan)者,在(zai)中(zhong)國患(huan)病(bing)率(lv)北(bei)方高(gao)于南方,農村較城市(shi)發(fa)病(bing)率(lv)稍高(gao)。
支氣管炎
支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管炎(yan)(yan)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管粘膜(mo)及其周(zhou)圍組織的非特異性(xing)(xing)(xing)炎(yan)(yan)癥(zheng)。多數是(shi)(shi)由細菌(jun)或(huo)病毒感(gan)染引(yin)起的,根據流行病學的調(diao)查(cha),主要為(wei)鼻病毒、合胞病毒、流感(gan)病毒及風疹病毒等。較常見(jian)的細菌(jun)為(wei)肺炎(yan)(yan)球菌(jun)、溶(rong)血(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)鏈球菌(jun)、葡萄球菌(jun)、流感(gan)桿(gan)菌(jun)、沙門氏菌(jun)屬和(he)(he)白喉(hou)(hou)桿(gan)菌(jun)等。此外氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫突(tu)變、粉塵、煙霧和(he)(he)刺(ci)激性(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體也能引(yin)起支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管炎(yan)(yan)。臨(lin)床上以(yi)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽(sou)、咳(ke)(ke)(ke)痰或(huo)伴有(you)喘(chuan)息及反復發(fa)(fa)(fa)作為(wei)特征。又分慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管炎(yan)(yan)和(he)(he)急性(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管炎(yan)(yan)兩種。急性(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管炎(yan)(yan)以(yi)流鼻涕、發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)、咳(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽(sou)、咳(ke)(ke)(ke)痰為(wei)主要癥(zheng)狀,并有(you)咽(yan)聲音嘶(si)啞、喉(hou)(hou)痛(tong)、輕微胸骨后摩擦痛(tong)。初期痰少,呈粘性(xing)(xing)(xing),以(yi)后變為(wei)膿性(xing)(xing)(xing)。煙塵和(he)(he)冷空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等刺(ci)激都能使咳(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽(sou)加重。慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管炎(yan)(yan)主要表現為(wei)長期咳(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽(sou),特別是(shi)(shi)早晚咳(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽(sou)加重。如果繼(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)感(gan)染則發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)(re)、怕冷、咳(ke)(ke)(ke)膿痰。臨(lin)床數據表明冬季,是(shi)(shi)此病的高(gao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)季節。
慢性阻塞性肺疾病
慢(man)(man)性(xing)(xing)阻(zu)塞性(xing)(xing)肺(fei)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,COPD),一種不(bu)可逆(ni)的(de)(de)慢(man)(man)性(xing)(xing)肺(fei)部疾(ji)病(bing)(bing),包括兩類:慢(man)(man)性(xing)(xing)支氣(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)炎(chronic bronchitis)及(ji)肺(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)腫(zhong)(emphysema)。是(shi)一種可以預防(fang)可以治(zhi)療的(de)(de)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing),有(you)一些明顯的(de)(de)肺(fei)外(wai)效應,可加重(zhong)一些患者疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)嚴重(zhong)程(cheng)度,以不(bu)完全(quan)可逆(ni)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)流(liu)受限為特(te)(te)征(zheng)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)流(liu)受限呈進(jin)行(xing)性(xing)(xing)加重(zhong),多(duo)與肺(fei)部對有(you)害的(de)(de)顆(ke)粒和氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體的(de)(de)異常炎癥反應有(you)關。COPD 的(de)(de)特(te)(te)征(zheng)性(xing)(xing)病(bing)(bing)變氣(qi)(qi)(qi)流(liu)受限,是(shi)小氣(qi)(qi)(qi)道病(bing)(bing)變(閉塞性(xing)(xing)細(xi)慢(man)(man)性(xing)(xing)阻(zu)塞性(xing)(xing)肺(fei)病(bing)(bing)支氣(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)炎)和肺(fei)實質破壞(肺(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)腫(zhong))共同(tong)作用的(de)(de)結果,在(zai)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)患者中這兩種原因所占的(de)(de)比例不(bu)同(tong)。COPD 的(de)(de)自然(ran)病(bing)(bing)程(cheng)是(shi)可變的(de)(de),且每個病(bing)(bing)人(ren)的(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)程(cheng)都不(bu)一樣。一種進(jin)行(xing)性(xing)(xing)加重(zhong)的(de)(de)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing),特(te)(te)別(bie)是(shi)當病(bing)(bing)人(ren)持續(xu)暴(bao)露于有(you)害環境時。COPD對病(bing)(bing)人(ren)的(de)(de)影(ying)響不(bu)僅(jin)取(qu)決于氣(qi)(qi)(qi)流(liu)受限的(de)(de)程(cheng)度,還取(qu)決于癥狀(特(te)(te)別(bie)是(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)促和活(huo)動能力的(de)(de)下降)的(de)(de)嚴重(zhong)程(cheng)度,全(quan)身(shen)效應以及(ji)有(you)無合并(bing)癥。
肺心病
慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)源(yuan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)心(xin)(xin)臟(zang)(zang)病(bing)最常(chang)見(jian)者為慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)缺氧血性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)源(yuan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)心(xin)(xin)臟(zang)(zang)病(bing),又(you)稱(cheng)阻(zu)塞(sai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)氣腫(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)心(xin)(xin)臟(zang)(zang)病(bing),簡稱(cheng)肺(fei)心(xin)(xin)病(bing),是指由肺(fei)部胸廓或肺(fei)動(dong)脈的慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)病(bing)變引起(qi)的肺(fei)循環阻(zu)力(li)增高,致肺(fei)動(dong)脈高壓(ya)和右心(xin)(xin)室肥大,伴(ban)或不伴(ban)有右心(xin)(xin)衰(shuai)竭的一(yi)類心(xin)(xin)臟(zang)(zang)病(bing)。肺(fei)心(xin)(xin)病(bing)在中國是常(chang)見(jian)病(bing),多發病(bing)。
2000~2002年(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)全國調查了二千多萬人(ren),肺心(xin)病(bing)(bing)的(de)平均(jun)患(huan)(huan)病(bing)(bing)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)0.4%。1992年(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai) 北(bei)京、湖北(bei)、遼寧某些地區(qu)農民(min)中普查了十萬余人(ren),肺心(xin)病(bing)(bing)的(de)平均(jun)患(huan)(huan)病(bing)(bing)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)0.47%,基本與(yu)(yu)前相似(si)。居(ju)住(zhu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)高(gao)原(如(ru) 東(dong)北(bei)、華北(bei)、西北(bei)),日照(zhao)不(bu)足(zu)又過于潮(chao)濕(shi)的(de)西南地區(qu)及(ji)抽煙的(de)人(ren)群患(huan)(huan)病(bing)(bing)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)高(gao),并(bing)隨(sui)年(nian)齡(ling)的(de)增長而增高(gao),91.2%以 上患(huan)(huan)者年(nian)齡(ling)在(zai)(zai)(zai)41歲(sui)以上。男(nan)女性(xing)別(bie)無明顯差異。隨(sui)職(zhi)業的(de)不(bu)同患(huan)(huan)病(bing)(bing)率(lv)(lv)依(yi)次為(wei)工人(ren)、農民(min)及(ji)一般城市(shi)居(ju)民(min)。患(huan)(huan)病(bing)(bing)率(lv)(lv)最高(gao)可達(da)15.7%~49.8%。本病(bing)(bing)占住(zhu)院心(xin)臟病(bing)(bing)的(de)構(gou)成(cheng)比為(wei)46%~38.5%。多數(shu)(shu)地區(qu)占第(di)3、4位,1980~1989年(nian)的(de)構(gou)成(cheng)比僅2.49%,占第(di)8位,這與(yu)(yu)冠心(xin)病(bing)(bing)、心(xin)肌炎發病(bing)(bing)率(lv)(lv)與(yu)(yu)收(shou)治(zhi)率(lv)(lv)例(li)數(shu)(shu)增高(gao)有關。在(zai)(zai)(zai)氣候嚴(yan)寒的(de)北(bei)方及(ji)潮(chao)濕(shi)的(de)西南地區(qu)則為(wei)首(shou)位。
肺結核
肺結(jie)(jie)核:pulmonary tuberculosis(簡稱(cheng)TB)結(jie)(jie)核病是(shi)由結(jie)(jie)核桿菌(tubercle bacillus) 引起(qi)的慢(man)性傳染病,可(ke)累及全身(shen)多個器(qi)官,但以肺結(jie)(jie)核最(zui)為(wei)常見。本(ben)病病理特點是(shi)結(jie)(jie)核結(jie)(jie)節和干(gan)酪樣壞死,易形成空洞。臨床上多呈慢(man)性過(guo)程,少數可(ke)急(ji)起(qi)發病。常有低(di)熱、乏力等(deng)全身(shen)癥狀和咳嗽、咯血等(deng)呼吸(xi)系統表(biao)現。
通過本文(wen)對于呼吸系統(tong)中(zhong)幾(ji)種常見(jian)的(de)病(bing)癥(zheng)癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)的(de)講述(shu),相信大(da)家(jia)對于幾(ji)種呼吸系統(tong)的(de)疾病(bing)癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)大(da)家(jia)已經(jing)有所了解,同時希望(wang)大(da)家(jia)在(zai)平常生活(huo)中(zhong)如果遇到上述(shu)幾(ji)種病(bing)癥(zheng)癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)的(de)發生,一定要注意及時對自身出現的(de)病(bing)癥(zheng)進行就醫治療(liao)。
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