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減少吸煙的措施介紹,吸煙的危害及降低方法

中醫(yi)世家 2023-07-27 08:39:08

一、減少(shao)吸煙(yan)量的(de)方法

嚼口香糖。

當煙癮進犯又覺得(de)已(yi)經抽太(tai)多時,就(jiu)可(ke)以拿出(chu)兩粒口香(xiang)糖(tang)嚼(jiao)起來,這(zhe)樣(yang)可(ke)以控制嘴(zui)巴的(de)(de)依賴感,口香(xiang)糖(tang)的(de)(de)蓬松感多少(shao)跟煙霧(wu)感有點相像,讓人產(chan)生一種已(yi)經抽了(le)一根煙的(de)(de)感覺。很(hen)多人戒煙也(ye)用這(zhe)招。

吃山楂條、山楂片。

也有(you)(you)吃山楂片控煙、戒煙的,山楂片更好,還有(you)(you)補血、養氣、降脂等功效。

適當的喝紅酒調節。

紅酒有軟化血管,降低膽固醇,從而防治動脈(mo)硬化等功效。紅酒中(zhong)含有一些對(dui)人(ren)體有益的(de)(de)化學物質,可(ke)抵消香煙(yan)對(dui)動脈(mo)血管帶來的(de)(de)危害。這里小(xiao)(xiao)編主要想(xiang)說(shuo),當煙(yan)癮來犯時,小(xiao)(xiao)酌一小(xiao)(xiao)杯紅酒,可(ke)平(ping)復(fu)情緒,同(tong)樣因為喝酒可(ke)以讓人(ren)有一種情緒上的(de)(de)依賴,在這種狀態下,暫時不要吸煙(yan)是可(ke)以做到的(de)(de)。

做運動。

如果工作允許或時(shi)(shi)間(jian)允許的情況下(xia)(xia),適當地運動(dong)(dong)一下(xia)(xia),可以幫助排出(chu)尼古丁。因為煙癮來(lai)犯時(shi)(shi),人(ren)會(hui)沒有(you)精(jing)神,而(er)運動(dong)(dong)同樣(yang)會(hui)加速血液循環,經常運動(dong)(dong)的話,人(ren)也會(hui)很(hen)有(you)活(huo)力(li)。

二、降低吸(xi)煙危(wei)害的方法

1,補充硒元素

抽(chou)煙的(de)(de)(de)(de)人,體內血液(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)硒(xi)(xi)元(yuan)素含(han)量會有所下降,而硒(xi)(xi)元(yuan)素又(you)是防癌(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種微量元(yuan)素。人體內缺乏(fa)硒(xi)(xi)元(yuan)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)話,癌(ai)癥的(de)(de)(de)(de)發病(bing)率就(jiu)會大大的(de)(de)(de)(de)增高。所以專(zhuan)家建議經常吸煙的(de)(de)(de)(de)男士日常應該(gai)多吃含(han)硒(xi)(xi)元(yuan)素豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)物,例如芝麻(ma),麥芽,酵母等。

2,補充維生素

長期抽煙會(hui)導致身體內所儲備的(de)抗氧化(hua)素,維生(sheng)素快速(su)消耗,而(er)身體中(zhong)的(de)氧化(hua)物(wu)質又會(hui)有所增加。如果不能及時的(de)補充維生(sheng)素就會(hui)造成(cheng)過氧化(hua)作(zuo)用。

抽煙的男士日常飲食可以多吃新鮮(xian)的蔬菜水果,少(shao)吃肉類,在人體內制造出堿(jian)性的生理(li)環境。

3,多喝茶

抽(chou)煙(yan)的(de)過程中,煙(yan)霧中的(de)一些(xie)化合物會導致動脈(mo)內膜增厚,胃(wei)酸(suan)分(fen)泌量(liang)減(jian)少以及血糖的(de)增高(gao)等等。避免這些(xie)化合物在體內滯留,可以多喝茶(cha)。

因為茶(cha)葉中的茶(cha)多酚,咖(ka)啡堿,維生素(su)C等(deng)多種成分,可以(yi)(yi)對這些有毒的物(wu)質起到分解(jie)的作用(yong)。同時茶(cha)葉又有利尿的作用(yong),可以(yi)(yi)幫助促進有毒物(wu)質的排(pai)出。

4,多吃降低(di)膽固醇的食物

吸(xi)煙會(hui)導致(zhi)血管中的(de)膽(dan)固(gu)醇(chun)和(he)脂(zhi)肪沉積量加大,大腦(nao)的(de)供血量減少,容易導致(zhi)腦(nao)萎縮,加速大腦(nao)的(de)老化。所(suo)以(yi)為了(le)避免膽(dan)固(gu)醇(chun)和(he)脂(zhi)肪在體內(nei)的(de)堆(dui)積,最好少吃含有脂(zhi)肪酸的(de)肥肉,多吃能(neng)夠降低(di)或(huo)者(zhe)抑制膽(dan)固(gu)醇(chun)合(he)成的(de)食(shi)(shi)物,例如(ru)豆制品以(yi)及(ji)高纖(xian)維的(de)食(shi)(shi)物。

5,多吃堿性食物

香煙中尼古(gu)丁(ding)(ding)成分對于人(ren)體的(de)(de)(de)傷害是非常大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de),當人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)體液呈現堿性的(de)(de)(de)時候,可以減少對尼古(gu)丁(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)收(shou)。多吃水(shui)果(guo),蔬菜(cai),大(da)(da)豆等堿性食物,可以有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)降低尼古(gu)丁(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)收(shou)率。同時這些堿性的(de)(de)(de)食物還可以刺激(ji)胃酸(suan)的(de)(de)(de)分泌,增加腸胃的(de)(de)(de)蠕動,能夠(gou)避免(mian)消化不良(liang),腹脹(zhang)等癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)。

三、吸煙的危害介紹

①致癌作用

雖然(ran)得不(bu)(bu)到(dao)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)民的(de)(de)(de)接(jie)受,但(dan)吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)致(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)在世(shi)界范圍內(nei)已經(jing)(jing)公(gong)認。流行病(bing)(bing)學(xue)調查表明(ming),吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)肺(fei)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)致(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)因(yin)素之一(yi),特別是(shi)鱗狀上皮細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)和(he)小細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)未分化癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)。吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者患肺(fei)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)性(xing)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者的(de)(de)(de)13倍(bei),如(ru)(ru)果每日吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)在35支以上,則其危(wei)險(xian)性(xing)比不(bu)(bu)吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者高45倍(bei),吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者肺(fei)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)死亡率(lv)(lv)比不(bu)(bu)吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者高10~13倍(bei),肺(fei)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)死亡人數中(zhong)(zhong)約85%由吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)造成,吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者如(ru)(ru)同時接(jie)觸化學(xue)性(xing)致(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)物(wu)(wu)質(如(ru)(ru)石棉、鎳、鈾和(he)砷(shen)等(deng))則發(fa)生(sheng)肺(fei)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)性(xing)將(jiang)更高。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)霧(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)多環芳香碳(tan)氫化合物(wu)(wu),需經(jing)(jing)多環芳香碳(tan)氫化合物(wu)(wu)羥(qian)化酶(mei)代謝(xie)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)后才具有(you)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)毒和(he)誘發(fa)突變作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),在吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者體內(nei)該羥(qian)化酶(mei)濃度(du)較不(bu)(bu)吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者為高。吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)可降低自然(ran)殺傷(shang)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)的(de)(de)(de)活性(xing),從而削弱機體對(dui)腫瘤細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)生(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)視、殺傷(shang)和(he)清(qing)除功能(neng),這(zhe)就(jiu)進一(yi)步(bu)解釋了吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)多種癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)癥發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)高危(wei)因(yin)素。吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者喉癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)率(lv)(lv)較不(bu)(bu)吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者高十幾倍(bei)、膀胱(guang)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)率(lv)(lv)增加3倍(bei),這(zhe)可能(neng)與(yu)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)霧(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)β-萘胺有(you)關。此外,吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)與(yu)唇(chun)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)、舌癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)、口(kou)腔癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)、食道癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)、胃癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)、結(jie)腸癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)、胰腺癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)、腎癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)和(he)子宮頸癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)都有(you)一(yi)定關系(xi)。臨床研究和(he)動物(wu)(wu)實(shi)驗表明(ming),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)霧(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)致(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)物(wu)(wu)質還(huan)能(neng)通過胎盤影響胎兒(er),致(zhi)(zhi)使其子代的(de)(de)(de)癌(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)(ai)癥發(fa)病(bing)(bing)率(lv)(lv)顯著增高。

②對(dui)心、腦血管的影(ying)響

許(xu)多研究認(ren)為,吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)是(shi)許(xu)多心(xin)(xin)、腦血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)疾病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要危險因素,吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)者(zhe)的(de)(de)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)心(xin)(xin)病(bing)(bing)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)血(xue)(xue)(xue)壓病(bing)(bing)、腦血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)病(bing)(bing)及(ji)周(zhou)圍(wei)血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)發病(bing)(bing)率(lv)(lv)均明顯升高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。統(tong)計(ji)資料(liao)表明,冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)心(xin)(xin)病(bing)(bing)和(he)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)血(xue)(xue)(xue)壓病(bing)(bing)患者(zhe)中75%有(you)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)史。冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)心(xin)(xin)病(bing)(bing)發病(bing)(bing)率(lv)(lv)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)者(zhe)較不吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)者(zhe)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)3.5倍,冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)心(xin)(xin)病(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)死(si)率(lv)(lv)前(qian)者(zhe)較后者(zhe)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)6倍,心(xin)(xin)肌(ji)梗塞發病(bing)(bing)率(lv)(lv)前(qian)者(zhe)較后者(zhe)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)2~6倍。病(bing)(bing)理解剖也(ye)發現,冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)狀動(dong)脈(mo)粥(zhou)樣硬化(hua)病(bing)(bing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)前(qian)者(zhe)較后者(zhe)廣泛而嚴重。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)血(xue)(xue)(xue)壓、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)膽(dan)固(gu)醇(chun)及(ji)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)三(san)項具(ju)備(bei)者(zhe)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)心(xin)(xin)病(bing)(bing)發病(bing)(bing)率(lv)(lv)增(zeng)加(jia)9~12倍。心(xin)(xin)血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)疾病(bing)(bing)死(si)亡(wang)人數中的(de)(de)30~40%由(you)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)引起,死(si)亡(wang)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)增(zeng)長與吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)量成(cheng)正(zheng)比。煙(yan)(yan)霧(wu)中的(de)(de)尼(ni)(ni)古(gu)丁和(he)一氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)是(shi)公認(ren)的(de)(de)引起冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)狀動(dong)脈(mo)粥(zhou)樣硬化(hua)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要有(you)害(hai)因素,但其確切機(ji)理尚未完全明了。多數學者(zhe)認(ren)為,血(xue)(xue)(xue)脂(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)、血(xue)(xue)(xue)小(xiao)(xiao)板(ban)功能(neng)及(ji)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液流變(bian)(bian)(bian)異常(chang)起重要作用。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)密度脂(zhi)蛋白(bai)膽(dan)固(gu)醇(chun)(HDL-C)可(ke)刺(ci)激(ji)血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)內(nei)皮細(xi)胞(bao)前(qian)列環(huan)素(PGI2)的(de)(de)生成(cheng),PGI2是(shi)最有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)擴張(zhang)和(he)抑制(zhi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)小(xiao)(xiao)板(ban)聚集(ji)的(de)(de)物質。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)可(ke)損(sun)傷血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)內(nei)皮細(xi)胞(bao),并引起血(xue)(xue)(xue)清HDL-C降(jiang)(jiang)低(di),膽(dan)固(gu)醇(chun)升高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),PGI2水平降(jiang)(jiang)低(di),從(cong)而引起周(zhou)圍(wei)血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)及(ji)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)狀動(dong)脈(mo)收(shou)縮、管(guan)壁變(bian)(bian)(bian)厚(hou)、管(guan)腔狹(xia)窄(zhai)和(he)血(xue)(xue)(xue)流減慢,造(zao)成(cheng)心(xin)(xin)肌(ji)缺氧(yang)(yang),尼(ni)(ni)古(gu)丁又(you)可(ke)促(cu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)小(xiao)(xiao)板(ban)聚集(ji)。煙(yan)(yan)霧(wu)中的(de)(de)一氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)與血(xue)(xue)(xue)紅蛋白(bai)結合形(xing)成(cheng)碳(tan)(tan)氧(yang)(yang)血(xue)(xue)(xue)紅蛋白(bai),影(ying)響(xiang)紅細(xi)胞(bao)的(de)(de)攜氧(yang)(yang)能(neng)力,造(zao)成(cheng)組織缺氧(yang)(yang),從(cong)而誘發冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)狀動(dong)脈(mo)痙攣。由(you)于組織缺氧(yang)(yang),造(zao)成(cheng)代償(chang)性紅細(xi)胞(bao)增(zeng)多癥(zheng),使(shi)(shi)(shi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)粘滯度增(zeng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。此外,吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)可(ke)使(shi)(shi)(shi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)漿纖維(wei)蛋白(bai)原(yuan)水平增(zeng)加(jia),導致(zhi)凝血(xue)(xue)(xue)系統(tong)功能(neng)紊亂;吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)還可(ke)影(ying)響(xiang)花生四烯酸的(de)(de)代謝,使(shi)(shi)(shi)PGI2生成(cheng)減少,血(xue)(xue)(xue)栓素A2相(xiang)對增(zeng)加(jia),從(cong)而使(shi)(shi)(shi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)收(shou)縮,血(xue)(xue)(xue)小(xiao)(xiao)板(ban)聚集(ji)性增(zeng)加(jia)。以上這(zhe)些都可(ke)能(neng)促(cu)進冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)心(xin)(xin)病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)發生和(he)發展,由(you)于心(xin)(xin)肌(ji)缺氧(yang)(yang),使(shi)(shi)(shi)心(xin)(xin)肌(ji)應激(ji)性增(zeng)強,心(xin)(xin)室顫動(dong)閾值下降(jiang)(jiang),所以有(you)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)心(xin)(xin)病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)者(zhe)更易發生心(xin)(xin)律(lv)不齊,發生猝死(si)的(de)(de)危險性增(zeng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。

據報(bao)告,吸煙者發生中風(feng)的(de)危(wei)險是不吸煙者的(de)2~3.5倍;如果吸煙和高血壓同時存在,中風(feng)的(de)危(wei)險性(xing)就會升(sheng)高近20倍。此外(wai),吸煙者易患閉塞(sai)性(xing)動(dong)脈硬化癥和閉塞(sai)性(xing)血栓(shuan)性(xing)動(dong)脈炎,吸煙可(ke)引起慢性(xing)阻塞(sai)性(xing)肺病(簡(jian)稱COPD),最終導致(zhi)肺原性(xing)心(xin)臟病。

③對呼吸道的影響

吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)是(shi)慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)支氣(qi)(qi)管炎、肺氣(qi)(qi)腫和慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)道阻塞的(de)(de)(de)主要誘因(yin)之一(yi)。實(shi)驗研究發現,長期(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)可使(shi)支氣(qi)(qi)管粘(zhan)膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)纖毛(mao)受損、變短,影響纖毛(mao)的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)除功(gong)能(neng)。此外,粘(zhan)膜(mo)下(xia)腺體增(zeng)(zeng)生、肥(fei)大,粘(zhan)液(ye)分(fen)泌增(zeng)(zeng)多,成分(fen)也(ye)有改(gai)變,容(rong)易(yi)阻塞細(xi)支氣(qi)(qi)管。在狗實(shi)驗中(zhong),接觸大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)煙(yan)塵可引(yin)(yin)起肺氣(qi)(qi)腫性(xing)(xing)(xing)改(gai)變。中(zhong)國醫科(ke)大學(xue)呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)疾病(bing)研究所的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)項研究發現,吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)者下(xia)呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)道巨(ju)噬細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(AM)、嗜中(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)粒(li)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(PMN)和彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)蛋(dan)(dan)白酶(mei)較非吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)者明(ming)顯增(zeng)(zeng)多,其機制可能(neng)是(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)煙(yan)粒(li)及有害氣(qi)(qi)體的(de)(de)(de)刺激,下(xia)呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)道單核巨(ju)噬細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)系統被激活,活化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)AM除能(neng)釋放(fang)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)蛋(dan)(dan)白酶(mei)外,同時(shi)又釋放(fang)PMN趨(qu)化(hua)因(yin)子(zi),使(shi)PMN從(cong)毛(mao)細(xi)血管移(yi)動到肺。激活的(de)(de)(de)AM還釋放(fang)巨(ju)噬細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)生長因(yin)子(zi),吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)引(yin)(yin)成纖維細(xi)胞(bao)(bao);以及PMN釋放(fang)大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)氧自(zi)由(you)基和包括彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)硬蛋(dan)(dan)白酶(mei)、膠(jiao)原酶(mei)在內的(de)(de)(de)蛋(dan)(dan)白水解酶(mei),作用(yong)于(yu)(yu)肺的(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)蛋(dan)(dan)白、多粘(zhan)蛋(dan)(dan)白、基底膜(mo)和膠(jiao)原纖維,從(cong)而導(dao)致肺泡壁間隔的(de)(de)(de)破壞和間質(zhi)纖維化(hua)。據報(bao)導(dao),1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)美國患(huan)COPD者近1300萬人,1991年(nian)(nian)(nian)死亡9萬多人,吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)是(shi)其主要病(bing)因(yin)。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)者患(huan)慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)管炎較不吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)者高(gao)2~4倍,且與(yu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)量(liang)和吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)限(xian)成正比例,患(huan)者往往有慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)咳(ke)嗽(sou)、咯痰和活動時(shi)呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)困難(nan)。肺功(gong)能(neng)檢(jian)查顯示(shi)呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)道阻塞,肺順(shun)應性(xing)(xing)(xing)、通氣(qi)(qi)功(gong)能(neng)和彌散功(gong)能(neng)降(jiang)(jiang)低及動脈(mo)血氧分(fen)壓下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)。即使(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)輕的(de)(de)(de)無癥狀的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)者也(ye)有輕度肺功(gong)能(neng)減(jian)退。COPD易(yi)致自(zi)發性(xing)(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)胸。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)者常患(huan)有慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)咽炎和聲帶(dai)炎。

④對消化道的影響

吸(xi)煙(yan)可引起胃(wei)酸分泌增(zeng)加,一般(ban)比(bi)不吸(xi)煙(yan)者增(zeng)加91.5%,并(bing)能抑制胰腺(xian)分泌碳酸氫鈉,致使十(shi)二指腸酸負荷增(zeng)加,誘發潰瘍。煙(yan)草(cao)中煙(yan)堿可使幽門(men)括約(yue)肌張力降低,使膽汁易于返流(liu),從而削弱胃(wei)、十(shi)二指腸粘膜的(de)防御因子(zi),促使慢性炎(yan)癥及潰瘍發生,并(bing)使原(yuan)有(you)潰瘍延遲愈合(he)。此外,吸(xi)煙(yan)可降低食(shi)管下括約(yue)肌的(de)張力,易造成返流(liu)性食(shi)管炎(yan)。

⑤其他

吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)對婦女的(de)危(wei)害更(geng)甚(shen)于(yu)男(nan)(nan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)婦女可(ke)(ke)引起月經紊亂(luan)、受孕困難、宮外(wai)孕、雌(ci)激素低下、骨質疏松及更(geng)年期提(ti)前(qian)。孕婦吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)易(yi)引起自發(fa)(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)流產、胎(tai)兒(er)(er)發(fa)(fa)育(yu)遲緩和(he)新生(sheng)兒(er)(er)低體(ti)重。其他如早產、死產、胎(tai)盤(pan)早期剝離(li)、前(qian)置胎(tai)盤(pan)等均可(ke)(ke)能(neng)與吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)有(you)(you)關。妊娠期吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)可(ke)(ke)增(zeng)加胎(tai)兒(er)(er)出生(sheng)前(qian)后的(de)死亡(wang)率(lv)和(he)先天性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)心臟病的(de)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)率(lv)。以上這(zhe)些(xie)危(wei)害是由于(yu)煙(yan)(yan)霧(wu)中(zhong)的(de)一氧(yang)化(hua)碳等有(you)(you)害物質進入胎(tai)兒(er)(er)血(xue)液(ye),形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)碳氧(yang)血(xue)紅蛋白,造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)缺氧(yang);同時尼古丁(ding)使血(xue)管收縮,減少(shao)了胎(tai)兒(er)(er)的(de)血(xue)供及營(ying)養供應(ying),從而(er)影響胎(tai)兒(er)(er)的(de)正常生(sheng)長發(fa)(fa)育(yu)。女性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)90%的(de)肺癌、75%的(de)COPD和(he)25%的(de)冠心病都與吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)有(you)(you)關,吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)婦女死于(yu)乳腺(xian)癌的(de)比率(lv)比不吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)婦女高25%。已(yi)經證明(ming),尼古丁(ding)有(you)(you)降低性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)激素分(fen)泌(mi)和(he)殺傷(shang)精(jing)子(zi)的(de)作用(yong),使精(jing)子(zi)數量減少(shao),形(xing)(xing)態異常和(he)活力(li)下降,以致受孕機會(hui)減少(shao)。吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)還可(ke)(ke)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)睪丸功能(neng)損傷(shang)、男(nan)(nan)子(zi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)功能(neng)減退和(he)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)功能(neng)障礙(ai),導致男(nan)(nan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)不育(yu)癥。吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)可(ke)(ke)引起煙(yan)(yan)草性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)弱(ruo)視,老年人吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)可(ke)(ke)引起黃斑變性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),這(zhe)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)是由于(yu)動脈硬化(hua)和(he)血(xue)小板聚集率(lv)增(zeng)加,促使局部(bu)缺氧(yang)所致。美(mei)國一項研究發(fa)(fa)現,在強烈噪聲(sheng)中(zhong)吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan),會(hui)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)永久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聽(ting)力(li)衰(shuai)退,甚(shen)至耳聾。

四、戒煙的方法介紹

認知療法

幫助患者充分認(ren)識吸煙(yan)(yan)對自(zi)己(ji)及他人(ren)危害,樹立戒(jie)煙(yan)(yan)的(de)決心(xin)和信心(xin),不要認(ren)為自(zi)己(ji)抽煙(yan)(yan)歷史較長而戒(jie)不掉(diao),一(yi)定(ding)要想(xiang)到:我一(yi)定(ding)會戒(jie)掉(diao)。在日常生活(huo)中(zhong),也有許(xu)多煙(yan)(yan)癮(yin)大的(de)人(ren),多次(ci)戒(jie)煙(yan)(yan)都(dou)未成功,后來得了不宜抽煙(yan)(yan)的(de)疾病(bing),下決心(xin)后還(huan)是戒(jie)了。

厭惡療法

對(dui)嗜煙(yan)(yan)者的(de)(de)抽(chou)煙(yan)(yan)行(xing)為選(xuan)用(yong)一些負性刺激法使(shi)之對(dui)其(qi)產生厭惡(e)感(gan)。例(li)如采(cai)用(yong)快速抽(chou)煙(yan)(yan)法,首先讓(rang)患(huan)(huan)者以(yi)每(mei)秒一口的(de)(de)速度(du)將煙(yan)(yan)吸(xi)入(ru)(ru)肺(fei)(fei)部,由于這(zhe)種速度(du)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超出(chu)正(zheng)常的(de)(de)吸(xi)煙(yan)(yan)速度(du),使(shi)尼(ni)古丁在(zai)短時間內(nei)被大量吸(xi)入(ru)(ru),患(huan)(huan)者會產生強烈的(de)(de)生理反應(ying),如頭暈、惡(e)心、心跳(tiao)過速等。再(zai)要求患(huan)(huan)者好(hao)好(hao)體驗這(zhe)種不(bu)良感(gan)覺,然后(hou)(hou)讓(rang)他呼吸(xi)一會兒新鮮(xian)空氣,兩者形成鮮(xian)明(ming)對(dui)比。隨后(hou)(hou)又讓(rang)患(huan)(huan)者快速抽(chou)煙(yan)(yan),直到(dao)不(bu)想再(zai)抽(chou)、看(kan)到(dao)香煙(yan)(yan)就不(bu)舒(shu)服為止(zhi)。這(zhe)種療法只要連續進(jin)行(xing)2-3次,一般都會戒掉。但此法不(bu)能(neng)用(yong)于患(huan)(huan)心臟(zang)病、高血壓、糖尿病、支氣管炎、肺(fei)(fei)氣腫等人。

系統戒煙

要求戒煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下子將煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)完(wan)全戒掉,是比較困(kun)難的(de),特別對煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)癮大的(de)人說更不現實。因(yin)此,應采取逐步戒煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)方法。抽煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)成癮者往(wang)往(wang)是在下意識狀態下抽煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de),所以在戒煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)前,要制定一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個戒煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)計劃,計算(suan)好每天吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數(shu),每支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)多(duo)長時(shi)(shi)間,將下意識抽煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)習慣轉變為(wei)有意識的(de)抽煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。在戒煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong),要逐步減(jian)少(shao)每天吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數(shu),逐步延長吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)間隔(ge)時(shi)(shi)間,如兩(liang)天減(jian)少(shao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天減(jian)少(shao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),半天減(jian)少(shao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),這樣不斷遞減(jian);一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)小時(shi)(shi)抽一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、兩(liang)小時(shi)(shi)抽一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、半天抽一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),間隔(ge)時(shi)(shi)間不斷遞增(zeng),最后達到戒煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)目的(de)。

控制環境

許多人吸煙(yan)(yan)往往同一(yi)定的(de)(de)生活(huo)、環境、情緒(xu)狀態(tai)聯系在一(yi)起,因(yin)此(ci)應設法避免這些因(yin)素的(de)(de)影響。例如(ru),在寫作或思(si)考問題時喜歡(huan)抽煙(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)人,那(nei)么可有意識的(de)(de)在身(shen)邊少(shao)放(fang)煙(yan)(yan),或放(fang)點瓜子、糖(tang)果之類的(de)(de)東西(xi)來替代。曾經美國總統里(li)根就是用(yong)口香糖(tang)成(cheng)功戒煙(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)。對(dui)于外來的(de)(de)抽煙(yan)(yan)刺激(ji),應盡量避免。當別人敬煙(yan)(yan)時,對(dui)初次見面者可說不會抽,對(dui)熟人朋(peng)友說喉(hou)嚨不舒服或直(zhi)言已戒。只(zhi)要態(tai)度(du)誠懇堅決(jue),別人一(yi)般不會強行敬煙(yan)(yan)。

家庭治療

妻子(zi)和孩(hai)子(zi)可做戒(jie)煙者的監督(du)人,幫(bang)助吸煙者徹(che)底戒(jie)掉。如妻子(zi)可把丈(zhang)夫原來每天(tian)吸煙的錢積攢下來,買件有意義的物品送給他作為(wei)獎勵。如違(wei)約(yue)給予一(yi)定懲罰(fa)。

飲食治療

鹵水豆腐(250g左右),用筷(kuai)子在上(shang)(shang)面扎幾個眼,撒上(shang)(shang)紅糖,上(shang)(shang)鍋(guo)蒸熟(shu),趁熱吃。連續一(yi)周(zhou),每天這樣做一(yi)劑(ji)吃,一(yi)周(zhou)后(hou)聞到(dao)香(xiang)煙焦油味就會惡(e)心嘔吐(tu),更別提吸煙了。

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