《春秋》是中國最早(zao)的一部(bu)編年(nian)體史書,記載了春秋時(shi)期(qi)魯國的歷史。《春秋》也(ye)是儒家的經典(dian)“六經”之一。
春秋(qiu)(qiu)時期(qi),各(ge)個諸(zhu)侯(hou)國(guo)都有(you)自己官方記(ji)載歷史(shi)的(de)(de)系統,并且形成(cheng)了(le)修(xiu)史(shi)體(ti)制,當(dang)時號稱(cheng)有(you)百(bai)國(guo)《春秋(qiu)(qiu)》。孟子曾說:“王者之(zhi)跡熄而《詩》亡,《詩》亡然(ran)后《春秋(qiu)(qiu)》作。晉之(zhi)《乘》、楚之(zhi)《梼杌》、魯之(zhi)《春秋(qiu)(qiu)》,一也。”但是大部(bu)分史(shi)書(shu)都毀(hui)于以后的(de)(de)戰(zhan)亂紛爭(zheng)而湮(yin)滅不存,唯獨《春秋(qiu)(qiu)》一直(zhi)流傳(chuan)至今,其中很重要的(de)(de)原因是該(gai)書(shu)經過孔子的(de)(de)整理修(xiu)訂(ding)。
《孟子·滕(teng)文公》中稱“《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》,天(tian)子之(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)”,就是肯(ken)定《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》的(de)(de)政治(zhi)影響(xiang)。《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》成(cheng)為(wei)寄寓(yu)王(wang)(wang)法(fa)的(de)(de)史(shi)籍,唯有天(tian)子才能行之(zhi)(zhi)用之(zhi)(zhi)。《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》既然是“天(tian)子之(zhi)(zhi)事”,那(nei)么也(ye)就成(cheng)了(le)(le)官方(fang)話語(yu)權的(de)(de)最高代表,也(ye)使得儒(ru)家的(de)(de)價值理(li)念(nian)成(cheng)為(wei)官方(fang)的(de)(de)意(yi)識(shi)形態。自漢代開始,《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》就成(cheng)為(wei)能使“亂(luan)臣(chen)賊(zei)子懼”的(de)(de)治(zhi)世(shi)寶典,而且孔(kong)子在《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》中賦予了(le)(le)微言大義,也(ye)能裁(cai)制天(tian)下的(de)(de)善(shan)惡。《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》不僅能夠評判和威懾(she)世(shi)人(ren)的(de)(de)行為(wei)準(zhun)則,而且能夠以儒(ru)家思想為(wei)準(zhun)繩來達到(dao)治(zhi)理(li)天(tian)下的(de)(de)目的(de)(de),使人(ren)以史(shi)明志,修身治(zhi)國(guo)。《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》一(yi)書起到(dao)了(le)(le)對(dui)后人(ren)正己修身和治(zhi)國(guo)理(li)政的(de)(de)鏡鑒(jian)功用,孔(kong)子的(de)(de)弟(di)子子夏曾言“有國(guo)家者不可(ke)不學春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋……茍能述春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa),致行其道,豈徒除禍哉,乃堯(yao)、舜之(zhi)(zhi)德也(ye)”。孔(kong)子也(ye)由此從(cong)圣人(ren)上升至無冕之(zhi)(zhi)王(wang)(wang)——“素王(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)地(di)位(wei),《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》的(de)(de)功用也(ye)得到(dao)了(le)(le)無窮(qiong)的(de)(de)發揮。正如東漢思想家王(wang)(wang)充所說“孔(kong)子不王(wang)(wang),素王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)業,在于《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》”。
《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》中所(suo)提倡的(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)思想(xiang)和(he)道(dao)(dao)德觀念(nian)隨著(zhu)孔子影響的(de)(de)擴大(da)而不斷深入(ru)民(min)心,從(cong)而對于(yu)(yu)(yu)中國古代(dai)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)發展意(yi)義(yi)重大(da)。《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》中最(zui)先提出了(le)正(zheng)(zheng)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)論的(de)(de)說法(fa)(fa),如歐陽修就稱“‘正(zheng)(zheng)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)’之(zhi)說,肇于(yu)(yu)(yu)誰(shui)乎(hu)?始于(yu)(yu)(yu)《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》之(zhi)作也”。班(ban)固(gu)的(de)(de)《漢書》中也說“《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》法(fa)(fa)五始之(zhi)要(yao),在(zai)乎(hu)審己正(zheng)(zheng)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而已”。正(zheng)(zheng)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)論的(de)(de)價值在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)衡量政(zheng)權的(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)性,春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)大(da)義(yi)成為后世正(zheng)(zheng)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與否的(de)(de)主要(yao)依據。確(que)定是否為正(zheng)(zheng)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)政(zheng)權,是歷代(dai)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者所(suo)十分(fen)看重的(de)(de),所(suo)以(yi)也催(cui)生(sheng)了(le)一系列維護(hu)正(zheng)(zheng)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)地位(wei)的(de)(de)禮儀(yi)行(xing)為。如歷代(dai)皇帝都喜(xi)歡舉(ju)行(xing)隆重的(de)(de)封禪(chan)典禮,其行(xing)為理念(nian)的(de)(de)核心思想(xiang)是要(yao)順應“天(tian)命”,也希(xi)望由此確(que)立(li)皇位(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)“大(da)一統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”所(suo)必需的(de)(de)文(wen)化表征。通過強調王朝統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)端的(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),便可以(yi)獲(huo)得(de)(de)足夠的(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)性,從(cong)而贏得(de)(de)穩固(gu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資本。正(zheng)(zheng)所(suo)謂“春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)之(zhi)道(dao)(dao),大(da)得(de)(de)之(zhi)則以(yi)王,小(xiao)得(de)(de)之(zhi)則以(yi)霸”。
《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》作為孔子(zi)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)學(xue)思(si)想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“元典(dian)”,承載著(zhu)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)家(jia)倡導的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倫理思(si)想和(he)政治(zhi)原則(ze),深刻(ke)影(ying)響(xiang)了(le)中國(guo)傳統(tong)社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮俗文化。《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》中涉及(ji)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮制(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,而(er)禮又(you)是(shi)維(wei)持王權政治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)保證。自漢(han)武帝(di)以后,官(guan)方尤(you)其(qi)重(zhong)視(shi)《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》,朝(chao)(chao)政大(da)(da)事往(wang)往(wang)援(yuan)引《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》大(da)(da)義(yi)。受此影(ying)響(xiang),漢(han)代許(xu)(xu)多官(guan)員(yuan)喜歡以經生(sheng)為幕(mu)僚,并且援(yuan)引《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》入法(fa),以《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》為斷(duan)案依據(ju),甚至產生(sheng)了(le)所謂“《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》決獄”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)。《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》還確立了(le)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)、尊(zun)(zun)(zun)卑(bei)有別(bie)、父(fu)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)親、長幼有序(xu)、朋友有信等(deng)多種(zhong)觀(guan)念,對(dui)于(yu)以儒(ru)(ru)(ru)家(jia)學(xue)說(shuo)(shuo)為基礎構建的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統(tong)倫理關系(xi)有奠(dian)基性作用(yong)。《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》用(yong)詞嚴格(ge)體現(xian)禮儀內(nei)外(wai)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)卑(bei)秩序(xu)。如(ru)周(zhou)天子(zi)去世(shi)用(yong)“崩(beng)”;魯公和(he)夫(fu)(fu)人去世(shi)用(yong)“薨”;魯國(guo)大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)和(he)其(qi)他國(guo)諸侯及(ji)夫(fu)(fu)人去世(shi)用(yong)“卒(zu)”。孔子(zi)整理修訂《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》時(shi)還明(ming)顯體現(xian)了(le)“為尊(zun)(zun)(zun)者(zhe)諱(hui)(hui),為親者(zhe)諱(hui)(hui),為賢者(zhe)諱(hui)(hui)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)念,這也是(shi)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)家(jia)思(si)想中“禮”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內(nei)容。這種(zhong)思(si)想促使傳統(tong)社(she)會形成(cheng)了(le)避諱(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)俗,如(ru)歷史上老百姓(xing)對(dui)帝(di)王及(ji)本(ben)朝(chao)(chao)歷代皇帝(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名都(dou)要(yao)進行避諱(hui)(hui),有時(shi)對(dui)于(yu)長官(guan)本(ben)人及(ji)其(qi)父(fu)祖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名諱(hui)(hui)也要(yao)避諱(hui)(hui)。南宋陸游編(bian)著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《老學(xue)庵筆記(ji)(ji)》就(jiu)記(ji)(ji)載了(le)因為避諱(hui)(hui)而(er)鬧出了(le)“只許(xu)(xu)州官(guan)放(fang)火(huo),不準百姓(xing)點(dian)燈(deng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)笑話。當時(shi)寫布告的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人為了(le)避諱(hui)(hui)州官(guan)田(tian)登(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名諱(hui)(hui),于(yu)是(shi)就(jiu)把正月(yue)十五元宵節按慣(guan)例點(dian)花燈(deng)三(san)天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)告示“放(fang)燈(deng)三(san)日”,改寫成(cheng)了(le)“本(ben)州依例放(fang)火(huo)三(san)日”,成(cheng)了(le)歷史上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)笑談。
《春(chun)(chun)秋》在(zai)中國(guo)古代歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)的(de)發(fa)展中意義重大。隨著孔(kong)(kong)子形(xing)象不斷的(de)圣化,以(yi)(yi)及《春(chun)(chun)秋》被尊奉(feng)為(wei)儒學(xue)的(de)經(jing)(jing)典,這(zhe)就極大地(di)調(diao)動了私(si)家撰史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)熱情。雖然歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上有隋朝(chao)(chao)等朝(chao)(chao)代曾經(jing)(jing)短(duan)暫地(di)禁止過私(si)人纂修(xiu)國(guo)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),但這(zhe)項政策基本沒有推行(xing)下去,大部(bu)分朝(chao)(chao)代和時間里都(dou)認可私(si)家修(xiu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。由于孔(kong)(kong)子的(de)地(di)位,使得歷(li)(li)代統治者無法禁止任(ren)何人模仿(fang)先師而從事(shi)(shi)私(si)人修(xiu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工作。于是(shi)私(si)家紛紛效(xiao)仿(fang)孔(kong)(kong)子,不僅可以(yi)(yi)修(xiu)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),而且可以(yi)(yi)評論歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),甚至可以(yi)(yi)通(tong)過史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)書使惡(e)人知懼,使統治者引以(yi)(yi)為(wei)戒。通(tong)過孔(kong)(kong)子所(suo)(suo)確立的(de)“春(chun)(chun)秋筆法”,史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家們都(dou)可以(yi)(yi)通(tong)過歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)書寫而對歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)件進行(xing)評判,對歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人物予以(yi)(yi)褒貶(bian)。《春(chun)(chun)秋》遣(qian)詞用(yong)句“字(zi)字(zi)針砭(bian)”成為(wei)獨(du)特的(de)文(wen)風(feng),為(wei)歷(li)(li)代史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)家奉(feng)為(wei)經(jing)(jing)典,對后世(shi)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)書的(de)編修(xiu)產生(sheng)了很(hen)大的(de)影響。對現(xian)世(shi)的(de)關懷,是(shi)孔(kong)(kong)子所(suo)(suo)創儒家學(xue)說的(de)特質之一(yi),經(jing)(jing)世(shi)致用(yong)的(de)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)宗(zong)旨貫穿于大多數史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家的(de)思想(xiang)之中。史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)不僅只關注(zhu)過去,而且更(geng)加關注(zhu)社會現(xian)實和國(guo)家未(wei)來,史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)的(de)地(di)位和影響力得到(dao)進一(yi)步(bu)提(ti)升(sheng)。
孔子整(zheng)理(li)(li)修(xiu)訂(ding)(ding)完《春秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》時(shi)(shi)說:“知我(wo)者(zhe),其(qi)惟(wei)《春秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》乎(hu);罪我(wo)者(zhe),其(qi)惟(wei)《春秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》乎(hu)。”可見《春秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》在孔子的心目中(zhong)具有(you)很(hen)高(gao)的地位(wei),是(shi)把它當(dang)作(zuo)自(zi)己最(zui)為重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的成(cheng)(cheng)就。而(er)且(qie)《春秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》作(zuo)為孔子親自(zi)筆削之(zhi)書,在儒(ru)(ru)家的六經(jing)體(ti)系中(zhong)也占有(you)特(te)殊的地位(wei)。《春秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》不僅內(nei)涵豐(feng)富,自(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)系,而(er)且(qie)又蘊含著(zhu)精深的義理(li)(li),具備經(jing)的超越性(xing),同時(shi)(shi)又很(hen)貼近政治(zhi)和(he)生活實踐,具備史(shi)(shi)的切實性(xing)。真可謂是(shi)經(jing)史(shi)(shi)之(zhi)絕唱。《春秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》也廣受(shou)歷代政治(zhi)家的重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)和(he)學者(zhe)的推崇。西漢(han)時(shi)(shi)期的政治(zhi)家和(he)思想(xiang)家董仲舒就評價說:“仲尼之(zhi)作(zuo)《春秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》也,上探正(zheng)(zheng)天端(duan),王(wang)公(gong)之(zhi)位(wei),萬(wan)民之(zhi)所欲,下明(ming)得失,起賢才以待后(hou)圣。故引史(shi)(shi)記理(li)(li)往事,正(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)非(fei),序王(wang)公(gong)。”孔子修(xiu)訂(ding)(ding)《春秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》成(cheng)(cheng)為經(jing)典,可以教化天下人(ren),書中(zhong)不僅僅是(shi)敘(xu)述歷史(shi)(shi)事件(jian),更(geng)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的是(shi)承載(zai)著(zhu)評判和(he)威懾世(shi)人(ren)的標準(zhun)。所以通(tong)過孔子修(xiu)訂(ding)(ding)《春秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》,儒(ru)(ru)家思想(xiang)成(cheng)(cheng)為后(hou)世(shi)準(zhun)繩,也發揮了(le)治(zhi)理(li)(li)天下的作(zuo)用。
【來源(yuan):《學(xue)習(xi)時(shi)報》;作者(zhe):吳榮(rong)生(sheng)】
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