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儒道的比較看對“道”的認識不同

大道家園 2023-04-21 12:04:11

儒道的比較看對“道”的認識不同

《系辭》:1.一陰一陽(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂道。陰陽(yang)和合才合乎道。繼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者善也,成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者性(xing)也。成(cheng)性(xing)存存道義之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)門(men)。治人事天(tian)莫(mo)若嗇,安身立命之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所,存中存正,道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可左(zuo)右(you),觀道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)下界面(mian)常(chang)呈現(xian)一陰一陽(yang)。艮門(men),玄玄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)門(men)謙如(ru)而須有大人天(tian)相。觀音菩薩(sa)的耳根圓通法(fa)門(men),是要“反聞聞自(zi)性(xing),性(xing)成(cheng)無上(shang)道”,明心見性(xing)。《左(zuo)傳·昭公(gong)二十五年》“則(ze)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)明,因地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)”。

2.是故形而上者謂之道,形而下者謂之器。“離上坎下”,天之道向上而地之道(輿)是向下的,乾陽坤陰的方向相反。以此故老子的德道(dao)經在大方向上(shang)只(zhi)取天之道(dao)和(he)人(ren)之道(dao),乃高(gao)尚(shang)其事,而不(bu)墮惡趣。

3.得(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)。“一(yi)燈(deng)滅萬古黑”,昔之(zhi)(zhi)得(de)一(yi),南(nan)面聽水(shui)得(de)一(yi)乃如得(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在《易經》山風蠱(gu)卦(gua),離卦(gua),雷水(shui)解(jie)卦(gua),天澤夬等(deng)卦(gua)的爻中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多有出現“得(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)”。易經全文多次(ci)提及中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)未失也(ye);中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)為實;中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)行正;中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)為志;中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)行愿(yuan)(yuan);中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),心得(de)也(ye);中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),心愿(yuan)(yuan)也(ye)。道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)盅,道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)杯,得(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是以(yi)虛受(shou)人,空(kong)杯原理(li)。以(yi)虛受(shou)人,是故(gu)弱者(zhe)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)用。《說文》得(de),行有所(suo)得(de)也(ye)。“行而有所(suo)取(qu),是曰(yue)得(de)也(ye)”。《左傳(chuan)》曰(yue):凡獲器(qi)用曰(yue)得(de)。《荀(xun)子(zi)·勸學》積善成德,而神(shen)明自得(de)。《孟子(zi)·告子(zi)上》“求則得(de)之(zhi)(zhi),舍(she)則失之(zhi)(zhi)”。

4.反復(fu)(fu),道也。地雷復(fu)(fu)生,乾元(yuan)龍生,指(zhi)右側(ce)觀生的(de)“道元(yuan)”也。見乾卦93爻,終日乾乾,反復(fu)(fu),道也。復(fu)(fu)卦彖曰:“復(fu)(fu)亨,剛(gang)反,動而以順行(xing)(xing)。是(shi)以出入(ru)無疾,傰來無咎。反復(fu)(fu)其道,七(qi)日來復(fu)(fu),天行(xing)(xing)也。利有攸往(wang),剛(gang)長也”。反也者(zhe),道之動也。

5.小(xiao)(xiao)人,道(dao)(dao)也。見觀(guan)卦(gua)初六爻:童(tong)觀(guan),小(xiao)(xiao)人無咎,君子吝(lin)(lin)。象曰(yue):初六童(tong)觀(guan),小(xiao)(xiao)人,道(dao)(dao)也。這(zhe)也就(jiu)是(shi)吝(lin)(lin)道(dao)(dao)。治人事天莫若嗇,這(zhe)小(xiao)(xiao)氣是(shi)合乎道(dao)(dao)的,坤為小(xiao)(xiao)人,就(jiu)是(shi)地道(dao)(dao)。節卦(gua)64爻,安節之亨,承上,道(dao)(dao)也。山(shan)水(shui)蒙,蒙以養正,圣(sheng)功也。地天泰卦(gua)彖曰(yue):內(nei)(nei)陽(yang)外陰,內(nei)(nei)健而外順,內(nei)(nei)君子而外小(xiao)(xiao)人,君子道(dao)(dao)長,小(xiao)(xiao)人道(dao)(dao)消。“唯道(dao)(dao)者”常(chang)墮惡趣故(gu)道(dao)(dao)趣善。

以上(shang)是(shi)《易經(jing)》中(zhong)找到的(de)“道(dao)(dao)”的(de)定義,猶如瞎(xia)子(zi)摸象。按孔子(zi)修(xiu)易,這易之道(dao)(dao)講的(de)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)是(shi)那么美。中(zhong)中(zhong),中(zhong)行,故“道(dao)(dao)恒無名”也(ye)(ye)。天(tian)物(wu)(wu)蕓蕓各(ge)復歸其根,復小(xiao)(xiao)以辨于(yu)物(wu)(wu)。其信如何(he)?大人小(xiao)(xiao)人乎?是(shi)人非(fei)人乎?同人而(er)有異乎?天(tian)物(wu)(wu)道(dao)(dao)物(wu)(wu)乎?行無行乎?動不(bu)動乎?格(ge)(割開或遠觀(guan))物(wu)(wu)致知。《系辭》:小(xiao)(xiao)人以小(xiao)(xiao)善為(wei)無益而(er)弗為(wei),以小(xiao)(xiao)惡(e)為(wei)無傷而(er)弗去也(ye)(ye)。故惡(e)積而(er)不(bu)可掩,罪大而(er)不(bu)可解。易曰:荷校滅(mie)耳。兇(xiong)。在小(xiao)(xiao)界時輪也(ye)(ye)須“元(yuan)成”,大正大人而(er)不(bu)可墮惡(e)趣。

《說(shuo)(shuo)文》道(dao)(dao)(dao),所行(xing)道(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)。風行(xing)于地(di)觀(guan)生,以(yi)元(yuan)或能(neng)成元(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)元(yuan)。《爾雅》一(yi)(yi)達(da)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。坎一(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)終謂(wei)一(yi)(yi)達(da),居易(yi)(yi)解(jie)歸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)昔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乃名(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)原。《論語(yu)(yu)·里(li)仁》子(zi)曰:“參乎(hu),吾(wu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)以(yi)貫(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。…曾(ceng)子(zi)曰:“夫子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao),忠恕而(er)已(yi)矣”。恕道(dao)(dao)(dao)參解(jie)解(jie)卦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君子(zi)以(yi)赦(she)過(guo)宥罪,“一(yi)(yi)以(yi)貫(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”如解(jie)歸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意。《論語(yu)(yu)·子(zi)張》:“雖(sui)小(xiao)道(dao)(dao)(dao),必(bi)有(you)(you)(you)可觀(guan)者焉。致遠恐泥,是以(yi)君子(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)也(ye)”。道(dao)(dao)(dao)原似有(you)(you)(you)小(xiao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嫌,有(you)(you)(you)致遠恐泥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慮(lv)。小(xiao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)就(jiu)是地(di)道(dao)(dao)(dao),做泥巴地(di)里(li)。《書·大(da)禹謨》“人(ren)心(xin)(xin)惟(wei)(wei)(wei)危(wei),道(dao)(dao)(dao)心(xin)(xin)惟(wei)(wei)(wei)微;惟(wei)(wei)(wei)精惟(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi),允(yun)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)厥中(zhong)”。這(zhe)(zhe)十六個(ge)字(zi)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)人(ren)說(shuo)(shuo)是是儒(ru)學的(de)“十六字(zi)心(xin)(xin)傳”,似宋儒(ru)所加。世交之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)危(wei),惟(wei)(wei)(wei)微猶如復小(xiao)以(yi)辨物。“惟(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)允(yun)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)厥中(zhong)”乃厥陰風木濟定(ding)中(zhong)而(er)易(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),落地(di)眾允(yun),中(zhong)行(xing)故易(yi)(yi)墮惡趣死寂。第67章“是以(yi)聲人(ren)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi),以(yi)為(wei)天(tian)下牧”,聲人(ren)歉收(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)終。第73章“夫天(tian)下,神器也(ye),非(fei)可為(wei)也(ye)。為(wei)者敗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。佛云:諸法空相無(wu)(wu)自性,無(wu)(wu)心(xin)(xin)我(wo)法兩不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《荀(xun)子(zi)·天(tian)論》“脩道(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)貳,則天(tian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)禍”。離之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)二(er)相好,時(shi)見止。《管子(zi)·禁藏(zang)》“故凡(fan)治亂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情,皆(jie)道(dao)(dao)(dao)上始。故善者圉(yǔ)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)害,牽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)利(li)”,牽羊有(you)(you)(you)言。有(you)(you)(you)說(shuo)(shuo)假經(jing)的(de)《文始真經(jing)》謂(wei)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可說(shuo)(shuo)即道(dao)(dao)(dao)”,這(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可說(shuo)(shuo)就(jiu)是道(dao)(dao)(dao),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)僅(jin)是玄乎(hu)更多是糊(hu)弄。道(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可說(shuo)(shuo)”在于說(shuo)(shuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)清,容易(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)偏(pian)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),道(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精妙(miao)在自悟(wu)。

莊子的道是(shi)天道,是(shi)效法自然(ran)的“道”,如大鵬鳥自在逍遙。莊子(zi)(zi)的要(yao)本(ben)歸(gui)于老子(zi)(zi)之言(yan)。莊子(zi)(zi)字子(zi)(zi)休(xiu),取(qu)意雷山小過,復眾人之所(suo)過。莊子(zi)(zi)把“貴生(sheng)”、為(wei)我(wo)引向“達生(sheng)”、“忘我(wo)”,歸(gui)結為(wei)天然(ran)的“道”,而不是(shi)人為(wei)的殘生(sheng)傷性的。老子(zi)(zi)和莊子(zi)(zi)都被百(bai)姓封仙(xian)。看“朝聞道夕(xi)可死”,這孔子(zi)(zi)至死未得道,所(suo)以(yi)還在凡(fan)圣間(jian)。

《老(lao)子》之(zhi)道,“字之(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)道,強之(zhi)名曰(yue)(yue)大(da)(da)(da)”,易(yi)曰(yue)(yue)“乾大(da)(da)(da)坤小(xiao)(xiao)”,“大(da)(da)(da)者正也”。大(da)(da)(da)道正道也,正道而(er)(er)用見(jian)大(da)(da)(da)人(ren)。道大(da)(da)(da)在莊子多見(jian),《易(yi)經》則少見(jian)。易(yi)經如庖丁解牛,牛肉(rou)牛腱上桌后而(er)(er)不(bu)見(jian)牛之(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)。小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)大(da)(da)(da)人(ren)取正人(ren)之(zhi)時得大(da)(da)(da)道。“天(tian)時”易(yi)逝所以《金(jin)剛經》謂“不(bu)住”,乾大(da)(da)(da)乃大(da)(da)(da)生,大(da)(da)(da)地是(shi)說的要從(cong)長遠(yuan)看。

《帛(bo)書老(lao)子》第69章“有物(wu)昆成,先天(tian)地生。繡呵繆呵,獨立(li)而不晐,可以(yi)為天(tian)地母。吾(wu)(wu)未知元(yuan)名,字之(zhi)曰(yue):道(dao)。吾(wu)(wu)強(qiang)之(zhi)名曰(yue):大(da)(da)(da)(da)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)曰(yue)筮,筮曰(yue)遠(yuan),遠(yuan)曰(yue)反。道(dao)大(da)(da)(da)(da),天(tian)大(da)(da)(da)(da),地大(da)(da)(da)(da),王也大(da)(da)(da)(da)。國中有四大(da)(da)(da)(da),而王居一(yi)焉。人(ren)法(fa)地地,法(fa)天(tian)天(tian),法(fa)道(dao)道(dao),法(fa)自然”。這老(lao)子定(ding)義的道(dao)是(shi)如乾陽之(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da),道(dao)配天(tian)或(huo)如學父(fu),故道(dao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)乃大(da)(da)(da)(da)道(dao)。道(dao)倚(yi)天(tian)倚(yi)陽,依靠乾、澤(ze)、離(li)、震為四大(da)(da)(da)(da)陽卦而起(qi)性。《金(jin)剛(gang)經》:佛說佛土莊嚴,即不莊嚴,是(shi)名莊嚴。這是(shi)一(yi)種“空、假、名”。

參考《金剛(gang)經(jing)》論述之(zhi)法:“老(lao)子(zi)說大道(dao),即非大道(dao),是名(ming)大道(dao)”。

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