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易經雜說第01部分,基礎知識(20)在線學習

網絡 2023-09-22 06:35:45
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《易經雜說》第01部分 基礎知識(20)


從《系傳》看京氏十六卦變

京(jing)房(fang)的(de)(de)(de)卦變(bian)(bian)(bian),我(wo)們(men)也(ye)(ye)可(ke)以(yi)從(cong)《系(xi)傳》中(zhong)看出(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)端倪,現在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)們(men)摘要說明(ming)如下(xia):“其出(chu)入以(yi)度(du),外內使(shi)知(zhi)懼,又明(ming)于憂(you)患與(yu)(yu)故,無有(you)(you)(you)(you)師(shi)(shi)保,如臨父母,初率其辭(ci)而揆其方(fang),既(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)典(dian)常(chang),茍非(fei)其人,道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)不(bu)虛(xu)(xu)行。”(《易(yi)·系(xi)傳》下(xia)第八章)這(zhe)(zhe)和京(jing)房(fang)易(yi)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)卦有(you)(you)(you)(you)非(fei)常(chang)重要的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)出(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)入,有(you)(you)(you)(you)非(fei)常(chang)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)法度(du),雖(sui)然在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)變(bian)(bian)(bian),可(ke)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)當(dang)中(zhong),還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)法度(du)。外變(bian)(bian)(bian)、內變(bian)(bian)(bian),使(shi)人知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)懼怕,人生都(dou)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)小心(xin)謹慎中(zhong)。每(mei)種宗教(jiao)哲學(xue),看人生,看世界,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)點(dian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)滴都(dou)要小心(xin),天天在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)憂(you)患中(zhong),天天在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)恐(kong)懼中(zhong),為什么(me)有(you)(you)(you)(you)許(xu)多事情,不(bu)動(dong)則(ze)已(yi),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)便會招來(lai)痛苦與(yu)(yu)憂(you)愁(chou)?當(dang)你懂得了(le)《易(yi)經(jing)》就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)怎么(me)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)回事了(le),就(jiu)像(xiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個宗教(jiao)家。“無有(you)(you)(you)(you)師(shi)(shi)保”,誰也(ye)(ye)保不(bu)了(le)你,“如臨父母”,只有(you)(you)(you)(you)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)保佑自(zi)己(ji)(ji),隨時戰(zhan)戰(zhan)兢(jing)兢(jing),知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)時、空(kong)每(mei)樣都(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)變(bian)(bian)(bian),所以(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切(qie)(qie)事隨時隨地(di)要有(you)(you)(you)(you)宗教(jiao)家的(de)(de)(de)精神(shen),像(xiang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)上帝、pusa面前(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣嚴肅地(di)警惕自(zi)己(ji)(ji)。《易(yi)經(jing)》的(de)(de)(de)哲學(xue)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)迷信,可(ke)是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)宗教(jiao)家絕對(dui)(dui)嚴肅的(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)。如何未卜先(xian)知(zhi)?甚至不(bu)需要卜卦,對(dui)(dui)于前(qian)因后(hou)果(guo),都(dou)了(le)然于心(xin)呢?“初率其辭(ci)而揆其方(fang),既(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)典(dian)常(chang),茍非(fei)其人,道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)不(bu)虛(xu)(xu)行。”我(wo)們(men)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)開(kai)始(shi)率爾讀這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)《易(yi)經(jing)》上的(de)(de)(de)辭(ci)句(ju)。——由文王、周公、孔子他們(men)研究過的(de)(de)(de)結論,所告(gao)訴我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)辭(ci)句(ju),先(xian)要了(le)解這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)辭(ci)句(ju)的(de)(de)(de)意義,然后(hou)再進一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步地(di)推理,去(qu)明(ming)白它的(de)(de)(de)意向與(yu)(yu)方(fang)位、方(fang)法,知(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切(qie)(qie)都(dou)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)斷變(bian)(bian)(bian)易(yi)之中(zhong),而一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切(qie)(qie)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)易(yi),并非(fei)亂動(dong)亂變(bian)(bian)(bian),而是(shi)循了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種固(gu)(gu)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)法則(ze)而變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)。如何去(qu)找(zhao)到(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)法則(ze),還(huan)是(shi)要靠各(ge)人自(zi)己(ji)(ji)智(zhi)慧的(de)(de)(de)成就(jiu);成就(jiu)了(le)這(zhe)(zhe)種智(zhi)慧的(de)(de)(de)人,就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)得到(dao)未卜先(xian)知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)理,因為道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)不(bu)虛(xu)(xu)行的(de)(de)(de)。

說(shuo)到京房(fang)易的變例,我們提出這段《系辭(ci)》下傳第八(ba)章(zhang),來說(shuo)明變例并不(bu)是隨便任意來變的。

繼續(xu)談到(dao)(dao)(dao)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)變(bian),下(xia)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)四爻(yao)(yao),變(bian)成(cheng)火地晉游魂(hun)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)后(hou),跟(gen)著八宮(gong)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)法(fa),第(di)(di)八變(bian)就(jiu)來了(le)(le)(le),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)三爻(yao)(yao)全部都變(bian),而成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)火天大有(you)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),但京房十六(liu)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)法(fa)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)游魂(hun)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)以(yi)后(hou),下(xia)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)三爻(yao)(yao)變(bian),成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)火山旅(lv),這(zhe)名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)外(wai)(wai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),剛才提出孔(kong)子在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《系(xi)傳(chuan)》中所(suo)(suo)說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)“外(wai)(wai)內使(shi)(shi)知(zhi)懼”,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)個(ge)外(wai)(wai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。至于(yu)外(wai)(wai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)理,如(ru)做一事(shi)業,隨(sui)時(shi)都在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)戰(zhan)戰(zhan)兢兢,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)成(cheng)敗(bai)之間,有(you)時(shi)候內部起問題而發生(sheng)(sheng)變(bian)化(hua),有(you)時(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)面起問題而發生(sheng)(sheng)變(bian)化(hua)。下(xia)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)第(di)(di)三爻(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),然后(hou)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)下(xia)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)第(di)(di)二爻(yao)(yao),成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)火風(feng)(feng)鼎,這(zhe)個(ge)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)內在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),下(xia)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)初爻(yao)(yao)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)變(bian),亦成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)八宮(gong)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)歸魂(hun)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)火天大有(you),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)第(di)(di)一次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian),實際上(shang)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)第(di)(di)二次(ci)變(bian),因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八宮(gong)本身有(you)一個(ge)變(bian)法(fa),那不去(qu)(qu)管它。現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八宮(gong)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)變(bian)到(dao)(dao)(dao)游魂(hun),然后(hou)到(dao)(dao)(dao)外(wai)(wai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)、到(dao)(dao)(dao)內在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)、到(dao)(dao)(dao)歸魂(hun),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)變(bian)到(dao)(dao)(dao)這(zhe)里(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)止(zhi),以(yi)后(hou)見到(dao)(dao)(dao)這(zhe)些卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),就(jiu)知(zhi)道(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由乾(qian)(qian)(qian)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)來的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)以(yi)后(hou)還(huan)要(yao)(yao)變(bian),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什么還(huan)要(yao)(yao)變(bian)?因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)還(huan)沒有(you)返本還(huan)原,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)還(huan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)變(bian),要(yao)(yao)向回轉(zhuan)(zhuan)來的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)上(shang)走(zou)(zou),回轉(zhuan)(zhuan)來的(de)(de)(de)變(bian),“不變(bian)上(shang)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)(第(di)(di)二爻(yao)(yao))為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)絕命”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)絕命卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),例如(ru)卜(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),剛剛二爻(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)動和五(wu)(wu)爻(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)動,于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)一變(bian)變(bian)成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)離卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)絕命卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),假使(shi)(shi)問一件事(shi),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很危險了(le)(le)(le)。乾(qian)(qian)(qian)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)本身不錯(cuo)、可是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內外(wai)(wai)要(yao)(yao)大變(bian)動,這(zhe)個(ge)變(bian)動可使(shi)(shi)失(shi)敗(bai)到(dao)(dao)(dao)底(di),如(ru)果(guo)說(shuo)(shuo)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)上(shang)說(shuo)(shuo)了(le)(le)(le)要(yao)(yao)失(shi)敗(bai)到(dao)(dao)(dao)底(di),就(jiu)此聽任不管了(le)(le)(le),這(zhe)就(jiu)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)《易(yi)經》的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)。前面引敘《系(xi)辭》下(xia)傳(chuan)第(di)(di)八章,孔(kong)子說(shuo)(shuo)了(le)(le)(le)“道(dao)不虛行(xing)”,還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)靠人(ren),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)不要(yao)(yao)走(zou)(zou)上(shang)迷(mi)信的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)。《易(yi)經》告訴(su)我們(men),得意到(dao)(dao)(dao)極(ji)點(dian)(dian),失(shi)敗(bai)到(dao)(dao)(dao)極(ji)點(dian)(dian),并(bing)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)絕對(dui)沒有(you)路(lu)(lu),看自己的(de)(de)(de)智慧如(ru)何走(zou)(zou),絕命卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)警戒(jie)性。我們(men)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)回轉(zhuan)(zhuan)來看乾(qian)(qian)(qian)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)(de)二爻(yao)(yao)和五(wu)(wu)爻(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)好的(de)(de)(de),并(bing)沒有(you)錯(cuo),還(huan)有(you)救,再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)去(qu)(qu)第(di)(di)三爻(yao)(yao)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)火雷(lei)(lei)噬(shi)嗑卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)血脈卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),也等(deng)(deng)于(yu)后(hou)世卜(bu)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)人(ren)所(suo)(suo)說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de),“后(hou)代子孫血脈留傳(chuan),衍變(bian)綿續(xu)”,以(yi)京房易(yi)的(de)(de)(de)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)變(bian)例子來說(shuo)(shuo),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)(de)血脈流(liu)傳(chuan);再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)去(qu)(qu)第(di)(di)四爻(yao)(yao)變(bian),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山雷(lei)(lei)頤卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)肌肉卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)去(qu)(qu)第(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)爻(yao)(yao)變(bian),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)風(feng)(feng)雷(lei)(lei)益卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)骸(hai)骨卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)下(xia)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)第(di)(di)四爻(yao)(yao)開始變(bian),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天雷(lei)(lei)無妄(wang),名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)棺槨(guo)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)。再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)下(xia)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)第(di)(di)三爻(yao)(yao)變(bian),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天火同(tong)人(ren),名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)墓庫(ku)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),后(hou)世算(suan)命的(de)(de)(de)所(suo)(suo)謂“墓庫(ku)運”等(deng)(deng)名(ming)(ming)詞,都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由這(zhe)里(li)來的(de)(de)(de)。再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)下(xia)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)第(di)(di)二爻(yao)(yao)變(bian),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),還(huan)原,一共有(you)十六(liu)變(bian),叫作飛(fei)(fei)(fei)復(fu)。一飛(fei)(fei)(fei)一復(fu),所(suo)(suo)謂飛(fei)(fei)(fei),就(jiu)如(ru)撥電話(hua)一樣(yang)跳了(le)(le)(le),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)告訴(su)人(ren)事(shi)有(you)突變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象。

現在把乾(qian)卦十六變的卦名(ming)依次記在這里:

乾(qian)、姤、遁、否(fou)、觀、剝(bo)、晉(jin)(游魂)、旅(外卦(gua))、鼎(內(nei)卦(gua))、大(da)有(you)(歸(gui)魂)、離(絕命)、噬嗑(血(xue)脈)、頤(肌肉)、益(yi)(骸(hai)骨)、無(wu)妄(棺槨)、同(tong)人(墓庫)、乾(qian)(還(huan)原)。其他(ta)坎、艮、震、巽、離、坤、兌等十六卦(gua)變,也(ye)都同(tong)乾(qian)卦(gua)一樣。

京房十六卦變表乾姤第一爻變天后姤。遁第二爻再變為天山遁。否第三爻再變為天地否。觀第四爻再變為風地觀。剝第五爻再變為山地剝,六爻不變為宗miao晉外卦第一爻又變為火地晉,名為游魂卦,京氏叫下飛,就是所謂的“下飛四往”。旅下飛三爻變為火山旅,名外在卦(八宮卦至此變火天大有)鼎下飛第二爻變火風鼎,名內在卦大有下飛初爻再變為火天大有,名歸魂卦(八宮卦變到此為止),以下的變要向回轉來的路上走離不變上飛(二爻變)為離,名絕命卦噬嗑再上三爻再變為火雷噬嗑,名血脈卦,即京氏的血脈流傳。頤再上四爻再變為山雷頤,名肌肉卦益再上五爻再變為風雷益,名骸骨卦無妄再下飛第四爻變為天雷無妄,名棺槨卦同人再下飛第三爻變為天火同人,名墓庫卦乾再下飛第二爻變為乾,還原。
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