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明清時期:清初龍門洞中興“四公”

網絡 2023-09-20 21:30:52
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說明:陜(shan)西(xi)寶雞市隴縣龍(long)門(men)洞(dong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)院是邱長春祖(zu)師(shi)得道(dao)(dao)(dao)山(shan)場,即道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)全真(zhen)龍(long)門(men)派(pai)發(fa)祥地,元世祖(zu)忽必烈(lie)敕封為(wei)玉(yu)宸宮(gong)(gong)。明萬歷年(nian)間(jian)增修棧(zhan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)和(he)橋梁,朝拜者日多,明末戰亂殃及龍(long)門(men)洞(dong),玉(yu)宸宮(gong)(gong)被毀。清順治、康熙年(nian)間(jian)張顯(xian)中(zhong)、田(tian)守存、曾守云(yun)、苗(miao)清揚、黃(huang)(huang)本(ben)善、薛教(jiao)(jiao)玉(yu)等(deng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)士前赴(fu)后繼(ji),恢復(fu)了前建殿堂,并增建了若干(gan)建筑(包(bao)括(kuo)黃(huang)(huang)公(gong)祠(ci)),玉(yu)宸宮(gong)(gong)改名龍(long)門(men)洞(dong)。民國六(liu)年(nian)(1917年(nian))龍(long)門(men)洞(dong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)院將(jiang)黃(huang)(huang)公(gong)祠(ci)(專祀黃(huang)(huang)本(ben)善真(zhen)人)改建為(wei)八(ba)仙樓(lou),下層設四公(gong)祠(ci)(祭祀田(tian)守存、曾守云(yun)、黃(huang)(huang)本(ben)善和(he)苗(miao)清陽),后世稱其為(wei)開山(shan)祖(zu)師(shi),祭祀至今。

【曾守云真人】

曾守云道(dao)長,號自悅,系清(qing)初(chu)龍門(men)洞(dong)開山祖師。為山東曾子(zi)之(zhi)后,在武當山太子(zi)坡(po)入道(dao),傳(chuan)為龍門(men)五房法眷,屬龍門(men)派第八代傳(chuan)人。

明代末(mo)(mo)年(nian)(nian)(nian),戰事(shi)頻(pin)仍,即使龍(long)(long)門(men)(men)洞(dong)(dong)毀為(wei)廢墟(xu),加(jia)之(zhi)龍(long)(long)門(men)(men)洞(dong)(dong)宮、殿、樓(lou)、閣年(nian)(nian)(nian)久失(shi)修(xiu),龍(long)(long)門(men)(men)洞(dong)(dong)殿堂破敗不堪(kan)。據(ju)現存康熙元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1662年(nian)(nian)(nian))《重修(xiu)龍(long)(long)門(men)(men)洞(dong)(dong)諸殿宇碑》載,“惟(wei)洞(dong)(dong)前連山(shan)(shan)壁碑并懸崖(ya)‘全真’鐫字在焉”。清順治(zhi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian),曾守(shou)云(yun)道長(chang)由武(wu)當山(shan)(shan)太(tai)子(zi)坡入主龍(long)(long)門(men)(men)洞(dong)(dong)。順治(zhi)十一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1654年(nian)(nian)(nian)),有明末(mo)(mo)遺(yi)老,明固原(yuan)鎮總鎮張顯中(zhong),痛傷(shang)明亡(wang),棄(qi)職修(xiu)真,隱跡山(shan)(shan)林,邀游至(zhi)龍(long)(long)門(men)(men)洞(dong)(dong),曾守(shou)云(yun)道長(chang)即與之(zhi)籌劃(hua),共(gong)(gong)謀對(dui)龍(long)(long)門(men)(men)洞(dong)(dong)復修(xiu)之(zhi)事(shi)。于次年(nian)(nian)(nian)建成萬(wan)壽宮后,曾即筑庵羽靜,主醮(jiao)道事(shi),專修(xiu)上乘,其未竣工(gong)程由張獨立(li)承擔。后張與接(jie)踵而至(zhi)的(de)黃(huang)本善道長(chang)、苗清陽道長(chang)同(tong)心協力,共(gong)(gong)完成修(xiu)竣事(shi)。經過(guo)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)募化,開基砌臺,重妝飾陋,修(xiu)閣建miao。

自順(shun)治十四年(nian)至十八年(nian)(1657-1661年(nian)),以(yi)(yi)五年(nian)時(shi)間,修建和補飾青龍白虎殿、文昌殿、關圣(sheng)殿、太(tai)上殿、三官殿、玄(xuan)帝殿、三清(qing)殿、靈官殿、七真(zhen)樓、湘子(zi)洞等15座(zuo)殿閣,又與華(hua)亭善士(shi)杜若馥,募鐵(tie)為(wei)樁修筑(zhu)了通(tong)達玉皇閣的(de)鐵(tie)鏈(lian)棧道,方(fang)便了游人牽引攀登。此(ci)次工程浩大,使明代以(yi)(yi)來漸次殘缺的(de)道觀,面(mian)貌煥然一新。

曾(ceng)守云道長與田守存道長雖均來(lai)自武當,但在龍(long)門(men)內部道見(jian)相悖。據傳,清初(chu)在修建(jian)大(da)殿(dian)時,田公(gong)力(li)主以玉皇大(da)帝(di)掌山(shan),而曾(ceng)公(gong)卻認為當以真武祖師掌山(shan),田因此負氣去景福山(shan)八(ba)仙崖,開創了景福山(shan)道場,以玉皇掌山(shan),曾(ceng)守云道長后羽(yu)化于隴(long)縣城內長春(chun)觀。

【田守存真人】

田守存道(dao)長(chang)系順天河北省宛(wan)平縣人(ren)(ren),出(chu)身于(yu)(yu)閥閱名門(men),為(wei)道(dao)教龍(long)(long)門(men)派第八(ba)代傳人(ren)(ren)。自由(you)聰慧敏(min)達,博學(xue)槍機,才識過人(ren)(ren),氣質非凡,抱有(you)匡君救民之(zhi)(zhi)志。后(hou)見仕途詭譎,詐偽滋生,乃幡然悔悟曰(yue):“奈何以有(you)盡之(zhi)(zhi)身心,蹈無涯之(zhi)(zhi)陷阱乎”。遂視富貴(gui)為(wei)浮(fu)云,棄田園妻子,云游四方,遍涉名山(shan)(shan)大(da)川,皈依全(quan)真教龍(long)(long)門(men)派。康熙二(er)年(nian)(1663年(nian))由(you)武當策杖渡關,謁華山(shan)(shan),扣吳岳,抵(di)崆(kong)峒,后(hou)棲于(yu)(yu)龍(long)(long)門(men)洞(dong),傾心婁景先生之(zhi)(zhi)遺跡,欣(xin)慕(mu)丘真人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)丹灶,與(yu)(yu)曾(ceng)守云道(dao)長(chang)、黃本善(shan)道(dao)長(chang)、苗清陽道(dao)長(chang)共謀重建龍(long)(long)門(men)。此時龍(long)(long)門(men)洞(dong)因(yin)屢遭兵火,miao宇荒涼,羽流星散,開(kai)創(chuang)修(xiu)葺頗為(wei)艱辛,在(zai)修(xiu)建大(da)殿(dian)時田因(yin)與(yu)(yu)黃道(dao)長(chang)、苗道(dao)長(chang)意(yi)見相左,遂攜徒高太慧道(dao)長(chang)去景福山(shan)(shan)八(ba)仙崖(ya)另辟道(dao)場,為(wei)景福山(shan)(shan)道(dao)場開(kai)山(shan)(shan)祖師。龍(long)(long)門(men)洞(dong)在(zai)清初(chu)重建時,田守存為(wei)開(kai)創(chuang)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),與(yu)(yu)曾(ceng)、黃、苗諸(zhu)公(gong)(gong)功同名齊,故被龍(long)(long)門(men)派子孫將四人(ren)(ren)列為(wei)“四公(gong)(gong)”,并建“四公(gong)(gong)祠”于(yu)(yu)龍(long)(long)門(men)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)場,塑全(quan)身像以祀奉。

在開創(chuang)景(jing)福山(shan)道場(chang)(chang)中(zhong),田守(shou)存道長探(tan)奇尋(xun)幽(you),被其(qi)勝若龍門之(zhi)景(jing)所(suo)感(gan),奮然發志(zhi)。初始(shi)開山(shan)興工,面對寂(ji)山(shan)幽(you)林,荒坡曠野,他寢于(yu)石穴,飲之(zhi)泉(quan)流(liu),霜雪不(bu)懼,虎(hu)狼不(bu)驚。終日早出(chu)晚歸(gui),乞(qi)化(hua)募緣(yuan),篤志(zhi)力行,備受艱辛(xin),其(qi)虔誠至(zhi)誠,辛(xin)勤功績為(wei)道內和(he)(he)世人(ren)(ren)所(suo)稱(cheng)道。相傳因他的心跡和(he)(he)作為(wei),感(gan)天動地(di),得到各方的相助(zhu)。據(ju)說(shuo)(shuo)在開山(shan)中(zhong),曾(ceng)遇(yu)虎(hu)擋(dang)路,田道長即(ji)對虎(hu)笑曰:“古人(ren)(ren)稱(cheng)你為(wei)山(shan)中(zhong)之(zhi)王(wang)(wang),此山(shan)應開,君需助(zhu)之(zhi)、避之(zhi),如守(shou)不(bu)能(neng)開此山(shan),君當(dang)啖之(zhi)”。聽(ting)此話后,虎(hu)以頭點地(di),悠然遁(dun)去,再(zai)未復見。又一說(shuo)(shuo),在此開山(shan)半就時(shi),天炎人(ren)(ren)眾,泉(quan)沽流(liu)竭,田公即(ji)跪(gui)地(di)拜天,禱天祈水。這時(shi),忽有(you)兩(liang)麋鹿跑出(chu),蹄創(chuang)角牴,遂甘泉(quan)涌(yong)出(chu)。至(zhi)德(de)感(gan)化(hua),人(ren)(ren)心悅服,遠近婦(fu)女老(lao)幼多有(you)歸(gui)其(qi)門下相助(zhu)。御(yu)屏(ping)峰(feng)頂(ding)建(jian)成(cheng)九皇殿、混元閣、三官(guan)殿、山(shan)神、靈(ling)官(guan)二祠,后又創(chuang)建(jian)了(le)云(yun)溪(xi)宮(gong)。宮(gong)內有(you)玉皇殿、斗姆宮(gong)、王(wang)(wang)母(mu)宮(gong)。三官(guan)殿、三清殿及救苦樓(lou)、圣母(mu)殿共12座,并(bing)開壇(tan)放戒,使云(yun)溪(xi)山(shan)場(chang)(chang)盛及一時(shi)。

【苗紫霄真人】

苗紫(zi)霄道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang),號清(qing)陽(?—1719),道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教龍門(men)(men)派(pai)第十代(dai)傳人。清(qing)初,曾與黃本善道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)、田守(shou)存(cun)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)、曾守(shou)云道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)重修(xiu)龍門(men)(men)洞,為龍門(men)(men)派(pai)尊祀的“四(si)公(gong)”之一(yi)(yi)。清(qing)康熙十三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(1674年(nian)(nian)),王輔臣(chen)兵變(bian),平(ping)涼崆峒山遭劫,seng道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)逃(tao)散,宮觀寺miao殘敗坍塌(ta)。兵戎停(ting)息后,鄉民(min)(min)李天(tian)祿、孫應(ying)龍、趙(zhao)維新(xin)等(deng)10人于(yu)康熙十五年(nian)(nian)(1676年(nian)(nian)),發起聚資整修(xiu)崆峒山全城(cheng),并四(si)處(chu)尋訪(fang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)界高士。訪(fang)得隴州(zhou)龍門(men)(men)洞主持苗清(qing)陽道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德崇高,遂前往虔請,苗道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)堅辭(ci)不就。后經平(ping)涼知(zhi)府楊鳳起親筆書信,再(zai)三(san)(san)敦請,苗清(qing)陽道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)顧(gu)念官(guan)、民(min)(min),盛情難卻,遂選(xuan)攜門(men)(men)徒(tu)范一(yi)(yi)圣道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang),潘(pan)和真道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)、范一(yi)(yi)樣道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)、楊一(yi)(yi)光(guang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)蒞臨崆峒道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)場。

經十(shi)方募化,又(you)多(duo)次得到寧(ning)夏(xia)文武官員、士庶商(shang)民資助,于康熙十(shi)六年(1677)春動工(gong)整(zheng)修(xiu)崆峒山(shan)(shan)隍城(cheng)(cheng)大殿(dian),先后修(xiu)復了關圣(sheng)藥王殿(dian),青(qing)龍白虎殿(dian)。創建增修(xiu)了鐘、孤二樓,于二十(shi)年(1681)竣工(gong),使(shi)全城(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)宇(yu)煥(huan)然一新。其后四(si)十(shi)年中,在苗清陽道(dao)長(chang)苦(ku)心(xin)經營、眾(zhong)弟子(zi)同心(xin)協力(li)下(xia),崆峒道(dao)教盛極一時,miao宇(yu)殿(dian)閣幾遍全山(shan)(shan)。此間(jian),苗道(dao)長(chang)曾于康熙二十(shi)三年(1684)春云(yun)游龍門(men)洞,常與眾(zhong)道(dao)友(you)靜(jing)坐(zuo)與鳳爪峰下(xia),賦詩(shi)吟(yin)贈,曾有道(dao)友(you)贈其詩(shi)曰(yue):“山(shan)(shan)靜(jing)紅塵少(shao)。庵香紫氣多(duo)。長(chang)春今復見,瀟灑(sa)樂(le)如(ru)何”。今崆峒山(shan)(shan)、龍門(men)洞居山(shan)(shan)為道(dao)者,均為其弟子(zi)、門(men)人,已傳至27代。

康熙六十一年(1722年),苗清陽道長羽化,遺骨(gu)由其弟子安葬于崆峒山北麓。

【黃本善真人】

黃本善道(dao)長,號秀峰,中(zhong)州(zhou)河南人,龍(long)(long)門洞(dong)“四公”之一,龍(long)(long)門派第十五代傳人。他于清順(shun)治間入道(dao)龍(long)(long)門洞(dong),至康(kang)熙末年先后與曾守云道(dao)長、苗清陽道(dao)長、田(tian)紫(zi)霄道(dao)長、薛教玉道(dao)長等前(qian)仆后繼,開山建道(dao),為(wei)復興(xing)龍(long)(long)門洞(dong)道(dao)院建立(li)了不朽功績。

清(qing)順治(zhi)十一年(nian)至十八年(nian)(1657-1661年(nian)),曾協同曾道長、田道長與固原(yuan)都統張顯中,共謀(mou)興建了道院樓(lou)閣宮殿(dian)15所。

康熙六(liu)年(1667年),黃(huang)本(ben)善(shan)道長(chang)與弟(di)子賀(he)常(chang)德道長(chang)鳩工修葺了(le)玉皇(huang)閣、混(hun)元(yuan)(yuan)閣、救苦殿(dian)、三(san)清殿(dian)、三(san)官殿(dian),并(bing)分別妝(zhuang)顏金像,使miao觀金碧流輝,彩(cai)煥復新。并(bing)為混(hun)元(yuan)(yuan)閣、救苦殿(dian)、三(san)清殿(dian)、三(san)官殿(dian)劈石(shi)筑階(jie),懸(xuan)梯架木、方便了(le)攀援登臨。十(shi)七年(1678),與苗清陽道長(chang)向五原善(shan)士(shi)鄒起(qi)旺、蔡養(yang)神募緣十(shi)方鄉庶,對(dui)殿(dian)閣塑像又進行了(le)一次彩(cai)飾。

黃(huang)本善道(dao)長深諳邱祖“民為(wei)邦本”思想(xiang),道(dao)心向(xiang)善,不與民爭食(shi)。他認(ren)為(wei)“奪民業而資常住,非所以良民也”。故而力墾(ken)荒坡,勤(qin)耕(geng)不輟,為(wei)道(dao)院(yuan)廣開福(fu)田。到(dao)三十(shi)四年(1695),道(dao)院(yuan)已墾(ken)植耕(geng)地(di)七十(shi)余畝,道(dao)觀膳(shan)食(shi)基本自(zi)給。為(wei)后世(shi)徒孫(sun)開了自(zi)食(shi)其力之先河,到(dao)康(kang)熙末(mo)年,道(dao)院(yuan)糧(liang)田已達四百余畝。

黃(huang)本(ben)善道長形貌癯然(ran),神(shen)氣泰(tai)然(ran),虛懷(huai)若谷,靜而如(ru)淵(yuan)。昔年,他發開(kai)山之(zhi)(zhi)宏愿(yuan),于僻野荒(huang)棘(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)中,刈(yi)草結庵,寂(ji)然(ran)獨坐,闡玄風之(zhi)(zhi)道,倡無為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)篇,尤在(zai)miao會(hui)期以蒲團露坐于院中,自雞鳴呼弟(di)子一(yi)一(yi)奏疏、誦經,日日復然(ran),數十(shi)日不(bu)(bu)(bu)寐,精神(shen)如(ru)故,使(shi)四方朝(chao)山者肅(su)然(ran)起敬(jing)。他不(bu)(bu)(bu)憚艱(jian)辛,不(bu)(bu)(bu)畏霜雪。佀虎(hu)狼,剪樛木(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)長蔓,除葛藤之(zhi)(zhi)蔓莖,披荒(huang)榛(zhen),攀峭壁,廣(guang)開(kai)基址,構木(mu)深(shen)林(lin),使(shi)山色重輝,仙風丕振。康(kang)熙五十(shi)三(san)年(1714年),其(qi)弟(di)子薛教玉道長飲水思源,夢寐懷(huai)念師(shi)祖開(kai)基功德(de),托夢蓄意,為(wei)其(qi)構櫞三(san)楹(ying),建(jian)黃(huang)公祠并樓碑,歲(sui)歲(sui)祀奉不(bu)(bu)(bu)已。

(選自隴州圖片報道新浪博客)

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