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道家經典道德經里的八個觀念

網絡 2023-09-20 18:09:22

《道(dao)德經》是中國傳統文(wen)化中的(de)瑰寶,全文(wen)約五千字,其高度(du)概(gai)括的(de)思想內(nei)涵博 大精深,享譽中外(wai)。自其問世以來,各(ge)朝歷代的(de)政治家(jia)、軍(jun)事家(jia)、哲學(xue)家(jia)、養生學(xue)家(jia) 等諸(zhu)多方面社會人士均能從(cong)中得(de)到啟示。

一、“修道養德”的人生觀

老子在人世(shi)間留下兩(liang)行(xing)深(shen)深(shen)的(de)腳(jiao)(jiao)印(yin)(yin),腳(jiao)(jiao)印(yin)(yin)里深(shen)深(shen)的(de)印(yin)(yin)著(zhu)兩(liang)個字:一個是(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao),一個 是(shi)(shi)(shi)德(de)。修(xiu)道(dao)(dao)養德(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)《道(dao)(dao)德(de)經》的(de)靈魂。

有(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)必(bi)(bi)(bi)有(you)(you)德,長壽必(bi)(bi)(bi)有(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),養(yang)生(sheng)先養(yang)德是(shi)老子養(yang)生(sheng)理論(lun)的(de)(de)(de)核心(xin)內容,縱觀(guan)我國(guo)歷(li)(li) 史(shi)上(shang)每一次科學發明(ming),道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)身上(shang)總是(shi)印(yin)記發明(ming)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)每個腳印(yin)。不(bu)(bu)管歷(li)(li)史(shi)上(shang)治國(guo)有(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de) 明(ming)君,還是(shi)不(bu)(bu)聞朝事(shi)失掉江山喪權辱國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)無道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)昏君,總是(shi)在(zai)德的(de)(de)(de)經絡里無休止的(de)(de)(de)行 進。不(bu)(bu)管是(shi)天道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、地(di)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、人道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)都離(li)不(bu)(bu)開正道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),正道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)更離(li)不(bu)(bu)開德道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。是(shi)德在(zai)前(qian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)在(zai)后, 還是(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)在(zai)前(qian)德在(zai)后?有(you)(you)正道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)必(bi)(bi)(bi)有(you)(you)邪道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),有(you)(you)邪道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)必(bi)(bi)(bi)有(you)(you)正道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。有(you)(you)真道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)必(bi)(bi)(bi)有(you)(you)假道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),有(you)(you)假道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)必(bi)(bi)(bi) 有(you)(you)真道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),這種既對立又(you)統一的(de)(de)(de)矛盾(dun)邏輯(ji)關系一直貫穿在(zai)人類歷(li)(li)史(shi)前(qian)進的(de)(de)(de)脈絡當中。

國道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、家道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、醫道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、科(ke)學(xue)之道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、天道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、人道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、地道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、大(da)(da)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、小道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)和大(da)(da)德(de)、功德(de)、 品德(de)、善德(de)、醫德(de)、美德(de)、道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)都一(yi)直是華夏(xia)民族文明成長的(de)(de)脊梁。從幼兒呀呀學(xue)語 的(de)(de)啟(qi)蒙時期(qi)父母就用道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)之水去澆灌培(pei)養(yang)。道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教提出(chu)一(yi)個更響亮的(de)(de)口號:“我(wo)命在(zai)我(wo) 不在(zai)天”。提出(chu)人生(sheng)(sheng)命長短非上天所(suo)安(an)排,主動權(quan)操(cao)在(zai)自己手里,強調人通過修煉, 使生(sheng)(sheng)命由短變長的(de)(de)樸素唯(wei)物思(si)想。是生(sheng)(sheng)命自主。老子的(de)(de)一(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)都在(zai)為人類生(sheng)(sheng)命的(de)(de)自主探 求大(da)(da)德(de)大(da)(da)壽的(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)思(si)想和濟世養(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)觀。

老子(zi)離我們遠(yuan)去已兩千多年,但是(shi),他踐行道(dao)德的(de)(de)做法(fa)則成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)傳統文明被人們傳 承沿(yan)襲至今。那簡約的(de)(de)《道(dao)德經》已成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)經典(dian),不僅為(wei)中(zhong)國百姓,乃至世界民眾提 供了人生之法(fa)寶。

 二、"味無味”的辨證觀

餐飲(yin)是營(ying)養健(jian)康(kang)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)石。“人(ren)是鐵(tie),飯是鋼”是人(ren)們(men)(men)(men)強調飲(yin)食(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要,順應自(zi)然 的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要性(xing)。道家養身保健(jian)非常(chang)(chang)重(zhong)視(shi)營(ying)養問題。老子(zi)在(zai)《道德(de)經(jing)》第十三章中(zhong)說:“為(wei)(wei) 無(wu)為(wei)(wei),事(shi)無(wu)事(shi),味(wei)(wei)無(wu)味(wei)(wei)。”所謂“味(wei)(wei)無(wu)味(wei)(wei)”,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)任何(he)東西都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)要貪圖其味(wei)(wei)。如(ru)果 我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)東西的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候,總是品味(wei)(wei)滋(zi)味(wei)(wei),好吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)多吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)好吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)少(shao)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)或不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),長(chang)此以 往,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)養成偏(pian)(pian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)習(xi)慣。現在(zai)醫(yi)學證明(ming)偏(pian)(pian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)容(rong)易(yi)破壞(huai)膳(shan)食(shi)(shi)(shi)平衡(heng)(heng),導致(zhi)人(ren)體營(ying)養缺(que) 乏,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是缺(que)鐵(tie)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是缺(que)鈣或是缺(que)乏維(wei)生(sheng)素(su)(su),對(dui)健(jian)康(kang)非常(chang)(chang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利(li)。兒童偏(pian)(pian)食(shi)(shi)(shi),容(rong)易(yi)導致(zhi)發育 不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)良,長(chang)成畸形(xing)。成人(ren)偏(pian)(pian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)。容(rong)易(yi)導致(zhi)各(ge)種慢性(xing)病的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)。如(ru)高血壓(ya)、糖(tang)尿病、冠心 病就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是由于人(ren)們(men)(men)(men)多吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)鹽、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)油膩的(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu),吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)大(da)魚(yu)大(da)肉引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)。有些年輕女性(xing)為(wei)(wei)了(le)美 麗,養成偏(pian)(pian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)素(su)(su)食(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)習(xi)慣,結果常(chang)(chang)引起(qi)缺(que)鐵(tie)性(xing)貧血的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)。現在(zai)營(ying)養學認為(wei)(wei):營(ying)養要 全面,膳(shan)食(shi)(shi)(shi)要平衡(heng)(heng),關鍵要將糖(tang)、蛋(dan)白質(zhi)、脂肪、纖(xian)維(wei)素(su)(su)、維(wei)生(sheng)素(su)(su)、微量元素(su)(su)這些基(ji) 本營(ying)養素(su)(su)按比(bi)例均衡(heng)(heng)攝取,才能保證身體健(jian)康(kang)。如(ru)何(he)做到(dao)這一(yi)點(dian)?必須防止(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)發 生(sheng)。如(ru)何(he)防止(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)?老子(zi)告訴(su)我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)“味(wei)(wei)無(wu)味(wei)(wei)”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)任何(he)東西都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)要老追求滋(zi) 味(wei)(wei)。要知(zhi)道人(ren)類進(jin)食(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)意義就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是為(wei)(wei)身體提(ti)(ti)供(gong)新陳代(dai)謝的(de)(de)(de)營(ying)養物(wu)質(zhi),而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是去滿(man)足 “口舌之欲”。懂得了(le)這個(ge)道理,我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)在(zai)進(jin)食(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)候,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)應該提(ti)(ti)醒自(zi)己:不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)管(guan)好吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)好 吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),有營(ying)養的(de)(de)(de)應該吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi);不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)管(guan)葷食(shi)(shi)(shi)素(su)(su)食(shi)(shi)(shi),對(dui)健(jian)康(kang)有好處的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)應該吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi);我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)是吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)“營(ying)養”,而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)“滋(zi)味(wei)(wei)”。長(chang)期(qi)堅持(chi)這種自(zi)我(wo)提(ti)(ti)醒,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能幫助我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)除掉不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)良習(xi)慣,逐 步達到(dao)營(ying)養全面,膳(shan)食(shi)(shi)(shi)平衡(heng)(heng)。老子(zi)為(wei)(wei)我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)糾(jiu)正偏(pian)(pian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)了(le)一(yi)個(ge)好方(fang)法。

三、“以靜制動”的養生觀

老子(zi)(zi)在丹(dan)(dan)藥詩(shi)里(li)(li)說:“鉛汞(gong)交(jiao)接神(shen)(shen)丹(dan)(dan)就(jiu)”,《道德經》:“萬(wan)物負(fu)陰而抱陽(yang)(yang),沖(chong)(chong)(chong)炁(qi)(qi)以 為合(he)”,都(dou)是(shi)說萬(wan)事萬(wan)物都(dou)是(shi)由(you)陰陽(yang)(yang)物質結合(he)而成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),鉛為陽(yang)(yang),汞(gong)為陰,鉛汞(gong)交(jiao)接, 陰陽(yang)(yang)相(xiang)合(he),我們今天(tian)所說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陰陽(yang)(yang)平衡要(yao)達到(dao)健(jian)康(kang)狀態(tai),必須陰陽(yang)(yang)調和(he)。要(yao)達到(dao)陰陽(yang)(yang)平 衡,周(zhou)身(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炁(qi)(qi)流沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、炁(qi)(qi)血(xue)暢(chang)通,這是(shi)中國傳統(tong)醫學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)導思想。比(bi)如地球生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系 統(tong),如果(guo)沒有(you)(you)(you)大(da)氣層中氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)一(yi)風(feng)(feng),雨水就(jiu)不(bu)會(hui)均勻(yun)分布,就(jiu)容易發生(sheng)(sheng)旱(han)災(zai),水 災(zai)、火災(zai)、病疫。人(ren)要(yao)健(jian)康(kang),必須要(yao)精炁(qi)(qi)神(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),通過丹(dan)(dan)田腹腔和(he)體內五臟各器(qi)官 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)工作,達到(dao)陰陽(yang)(yang)調和(he)。那么沖(chong)(chong)(chong)何(he)讓(rang)精炁(qi)(qi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)起來(lai)呢?在老子(zi)(zi)養生(sheng)(sheng)訣里(li)(li)我們已解 釋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)很清楚。這就(jiu)是(shi)說天(tian)地人(ren)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren),就(jiu)象一(yi)個(ge)(ge)大(da)風(feng)(feng)箱。精炁(qi)(qi)神(shen)(shen)在人(ren)體這個(ge)(ge)大(da)風(feng)(feng)箱 中是(shi)如何(he)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呢? “虛而不(bu)出”,精炁(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)是(shi)虛靜(jing)而不(bu)屈服的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),就(jiu)是(shi)指(zhi)精炁(qi)(qi)在人(ren) 體內運(yun)(yun)行(xing)是(shi)看不(bu)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),摸不(bu)著的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),多數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)不(bu)會(hui)屈從于人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命令。你讓(rang)它向東(dong), 它不(bu)會(hui)向東(dong);你讓(rang)它向西,它不(bu)會(hui)向西。這就(jiu)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)非常重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)點(dian)。以靜(jing)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),靜(jing) 空(kong)虛無(wu)(wu),只要(yao)堅持(chi)精神(shen)(shen)反倒越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)旺盛(sheng)。老子(zi)(zi)認為:人(ren)身(shen)(shen)這個(ge)(ge)風(feng)(feng)箱運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)越(yue)(yue)虛靜(jing),精炁(qi)(qi) 神(shen)(shen)就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)充(chong)足,精炁(qi)(qi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)多,虛靜(jing)可(ke)以讓(rang)精炁(qi)(qi)神(shen)(shen)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)起來(lai),精炁(qi)(qi)神(shen)(shen)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),可(ke)調和(he) 陰陽(yang)(yang)平衡,有(you)(you)(you)益(yi)健(jian)康(kang)。這同現代(dai)醫學(xue)及運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)理(li)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)點(dian)是(shi)相(xiang)符的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。老子(zi)(zi)在丹(dan)(dan)藥詩(shi)里(li)(li) “呼(hu)去(qu)吸(xi)來(lai)息(xi)由(you)我”,用(yong)呼(hu)吸(xi)炁(qi)(qi)振作精神(shen)(shen),用(yong)作息(xi)來(lai)控制(zhi)自己,可(ke)見老子(zi)(zi)提倡(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)一(yi) 種有(you)(you)(you)氧炁(qi)(qi)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。這同現代(dai)生(sheng)(sheng)理(li)學(xue)“有(you)(you)(you)氧運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)是(shi)一(yi)種最好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)健(jian)身(shen)(shen)方式”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)點(dian)是(shi) 完全相(xiang)吻(wen)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。長(chang)期堅持(chi)吸(xi)來(lai)呼(hu)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)氧運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),可(ke)以調動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)精炁(qi)(qi)神(shen)(shen)貫注到(dao)每個(ge)(ge)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si) 肢,返回到(dao)像(xiang)丹(dan)(dan)嬰那樣無(wu)(wu)性無(wu)(wu)欲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)境界。

四、“還本歸原”的包容觀

有營養,有運(yun)動,還(huan)不能(neng)(neng)完全達到健(jian)康(kang)(kang)狀態(tai)。老子的(de)(de)丹藥詩“為(wei)見生(sheng)(sheng)前(qian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)自然(ran)” 和《道德經》第十(shi)(shi)章中(zhong)說:“專炁致柔,能(neng)(neng)嬰兒(er)乎?”就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)說在(zai)專門調動精(jing)(jing)炁的(de)(de)過程(cheng) 中(zhong),要(yao)(yao)(yao)像(xiang)嬰兒(er)出生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)前(qian),在(zai)母腹中(zhong)不受(shou)外來的(de)(de)干擾,自然(ran)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長。要(yao)(yao)(yao)徹底放(fang)松(song),身體(ti)(ti)(ti) 要(yao)(yao)(yao)像(xiang)嬰兒(er)一樣放(fang)松(song)。老子認為(wei)要(yao)(yao)(yao)健(jian)康(kang)(kang),必須(xu)經常放(fang)松(song)身體(ti)(ti)(ti),勞逸結合。當人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)肌(ji)肉(rou) 處(chu)于松(song)弛(chi)狀態(tai)中(zhong),經脈(mo)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)不易(yi)(yi)被肌(ji)肉(rou)所壓迫,經脈(mo)就(jiu)(jiu)比較通(tong)暢,.精(jing)(jing)炁就(jiu)(jiu)可以在(zai)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti) 最堅(jian)硬(ying)的(de)(de)臟器中(zhong)間奔騰。骨頭是(shi)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)最堅(jian)硬(ying)的(de)(de)器官,如果(guo)(guo)我們(men)充(chong)分放(fang)松(song),骨頭里、骨 髓中(zhong)都會(hui)有精(jing)(jing)炁暢通(tong)無阻的(de)(de)運(yun)行。那(nei)么還(huan)有什么“氣滯血(xue)淤”之(zhi)類的(de)(de)病痛難倒(dao)我們(men) 呢?老子《道德經》第七十(shi)(shi)六章中(zhong)說:“故堅(jian)強者死(si)之(zhi)徒,柔弱者生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)徒”。如果(guo)(guo)長 期緊張,爭(zheng)強好勝(sheng),肌(ji)肉(rou)僵硬(ying),精(jing)(jing)炁運(yun)行偏(pian)移無度,容易(yi)(yi)導致疾病、早衰,要(yao)(yao)(yao)像(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)前(qian) 在(zai)母體(ti)(ti)(ti)內那(nei)樣放(fang)松(song)身體(ti)(ti)(ti),保持自然(ran),肌(ji)嫩(nen)眼明,充(chong)滿生(sheng)(sheng)命力。才(cai)能(neng)(neng)達到“為(wei)見生(sheng)(sheng)前(qian) 體(ti)(ti)(ti)自然(ran)”的(de)(de)狀態(tai)。

不勉強做任(ren)何事(shi)(shi),凡事(shi)(shi)順其自然。這樣就可消除心(xin)里緊(jin)張。否則達不到的(de)(de)欲望多 了,就不會“為(wei)見(jian)生前體自然”,心(xin)里就會過(guo)度緊(jin)張,“息(xi)由我”是根據(ju)自己的(de)(de)身(shen)體 條件作(zuo)息(xi)由自己而(er)定。緊(jin)張,搞得人(ren)癡癡呆(dai)呆(dai),出現心(xin)里失常的(de)(de)疾患,心(xin)律不齊。道 教(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)主(zhu)流(liu)是主(zhu)張道儒(ru)釋三教(jiao)(jiao)同源異流(liu),三教(jiao)(jiao)歸(gui)一、三家人(ren)應成一家人(ren)的(de)(de)大肚包(bao)容觀。

五、"見素抱樸”的自然觀

道(dao)德經對于(yu)生命的(de)(de)(de)延續、生命質的(de)(de)(de)提升(sheng),有著(zhu)莫大(da)的(de)(de)(de)作用。按照流行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)說法(fa),身 體似乎是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)用來“使(shi)用”的(de)(de)(de),但如果“使(shi)用過(guo)度”,則(ze)難免“五(wu)(wu)色令(ling)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)目盲(mang)(mang);五(wu)(wu)音(yin) 令(ling)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)耳聾(long);五(wu)(wu)味(wei)令(ling)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口爽;馳(chi)騁畋(tian)獵令(ling)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)發(fa)狂(kuang);難得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貨(huo)令(ling)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行(xing)(xing)妨”,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)德經 對人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)告誡。五(wu)(wu)色、五(wu)(wu)音(yin)、五(wu)(wu)味(wei),只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)外在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)粗(cu)淺枝(zhi)葉(xie),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)如果被外在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi) 葉(xie)所(suo)障蔽,則(ze)不(bu)能(neng)知(zhi)(zhi)其本,雖(sui)目能(neng)視、耳能(neng)聞、口能(neng)嘗,實(shi)則(ze)又盲(mang)(mang)又聾(long)又無(wu)(wu)味(wei),所(suo)以(yi) 不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)追逐(zhu)外在(zai)(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末(mo),而應(ying)體悟(wu)并抱守純(chun)素(su)清(qing)(qing)淡的(de)(de)(de)內在(zai)(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)本性(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)虛靜(jing)(jing)清(qing)(qing)明,無(wu)(wu) 貪(tan)無(wu)(wu)欲(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)。狩獵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),整日(ri)馳(chi)騁奔逐(zhu),放蕩不(bu)羈,其心(xin)(xin)必狂(kuang),如此就(jiu)(jiu)失去了(le)(le)虛靜(jing)(jing)清(qing)(qing)明 之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本性(xing)(xing)。難得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貨(huo),最能(neng)誘人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邪念(nian),勾人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)魂,使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)不(bu)規,做不(bu)德不(bu)義、賊(zei) 害國(guo)民(min)、陷(xian)己(ji)傷人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)。應(ying)對這(zhe)一切,其實(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“見素(su)抱樸(pu),少私寡欲(yu)(yu)”兩(liang)招,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi) 心(xin)(xin)地純(chun)潔,行(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)真誠樸(pu)實(shi),少存私心(xin)(xin)和份(fen)外的(de)(de)(de)欲(yu)(yu)念(nian),須知(zhi)(zhi)“重為(wei)輕根,靜(jing)(jing)為(wei)躁君”, 行(xing)(xing)為(wei)狂(kuang)妄是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)謂(wei)輕躁,姿情縱(zong)欲(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)謂(wei)飄浮,這(zhe)無(wu)(wu)益于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)自(zi)然、自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)和諧(xie),只有 “知(zhi)(zhi)足(zu)不(bu)辱,知(zhi)(zhi)止不(bu)殆,可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)長久名譽錢財(cai)皆為(wei)身外之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)沒有它們(men),但 取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有道(dao),得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有理(li),享(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有量,不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)貪(tan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)甚(shen),只有知(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)滿(man)足(zu),才不(bu)會遭辱身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 禍(huo),只有適可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)而止,才不(bu)會遭亡身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)災,而可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)平安無(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi),免遭禍(huo)殃(yang),壽(shou)盡天(tian)年。專(zhuan) 家們(men)也(ye)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)自(zi)然繪(hui)出了(le)(le)一個(ge)理(li)想的(de)(de)(de)“愿(yuan)景”--天(tian)地萬物皆在(zai)(zai)慈愛中生長,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men) 不(bu)造作、不(bu)妄為(wei)、清(qing)(qing)靜(jing)(jing)、自(zi)然、無(wu)(wu)為(wei),順乎天(tian),應(ying)乎人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),任物自(zi)然,而且人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)不(bu)自(zi)以(yi) 為(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),謙(qian)虛謹慎,則(ze)天(tian)地萬物皆在(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)為(wei)、簡約中自(zi)化,一切無(wu)(wu)所(suo)不(bu)有、無(wu)(wu)所(suo)不(bu)包, “江海(hai)處下能(neng)為(wei)百谷王” 了(le)(le)。隨著(zhu)環境(jing)污染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)加重,工業文明向(xiang)生態文明轉向(xiang),國(guo)際 上把老子(zi)尊奉為(wei)環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)才的(de)(de)(de)祖先”,這(zhe)個(ge)評(ping)價是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)十分中肯、獨(du)到的(de)(de)(de)。

六、“利萬物而不爭”的宗教觀

老(lao)子曰:我有三(san)寶,保而(er)持(chi)之:一(yi)曰慈(ci),二曰儉,三(san)曰不(bu)敢為(wei)天(tian)下先。“慈(ci)”是 寬容,“儉”是節(jie)制,“不(bu)敢”也就(jiu)是“不(bu)爭(zheng)”。

“慈(ci)”最(zui)好的(de)解釋就(jiu)是寬容兩字,為何(he)后來人(ren)們(men)把母親稱做慈(ci)母?既寬容又容 忍、保護(hu);“儉”不僅是節約,更(geng)多的(de)是一種節制和自律,節制人(ren)過度的(de)欲望(wang)與行(xing) 為;慈(ci)、儉共(gong)同導致了 “不敢(gan)為天下先(xian)”,“不敢(gan)”也(ye)就(jiu)是“不爭(zheng)”,上善若水,水善 利萬(wan)物而不爭(zheng),惟其不爭(zheng),故無尤。

寬容、自(zi)律的(de)(de)心(xin)境,對人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)身體大有(you)(you)裨益(yi),這也(ye)被當下現實生(sheng)活所(suo)證實。隨著(zhu)經 濟條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)改善(shan),有(you)(you)些人(ren)(ren)(ren)開始注重豪(hao)華高檔(dang)的(de)(de)享(xiang)受(shou),其實這些對養(yang)生(sheng)并無(wu)好處,還是(shi)要(yao)(yao) 淡泊(bo)自(zi)然地面對一切(qie)。大家(jia)都是(shi)凡夫(fu)俗子(zi),面對職場進退(tui)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)得失等種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)不愉快, 一定要(yao)(yao)順(shun)其自(zi)然,調節好身心(xin)。有(you)(you)權有(you)(you)勢有(you)(you)地位者,愈發(fa)要(yao)(yao)謙遜,不僅富貴(gui)之人(ren)(ren)(ren)不應(ying) 為(wei)富不仁,其實老百姓都應(ying)該有(you)(you)一種(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)和的(de)(de)姿態,和人(ren)(ren)(ren)家(jia)平(ping)等相處。人(ren)(ren)(ren)與自(zi)然要(yao)(yao)和 諧、協調,《道德(de)經》講究包(bao)容性,像大海(hai)一樣(yang),像水(shui)一樣(yang),無(wu)所(suo)不包(bao)。真正讀懂 《道德(de)經》的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren),不會沉淪(lun),人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)皆可君子(zi)之交。

相(xiang)比較于(yu)其他思想典(dian)籍,《道(dao)(dao)德經》在(zai)歷(li)史上(shang)發(fa)揮的(de)(de)作用更為(wei)廣泛而(er)深入,歷(li)史 發(fa)展之(zhi)(zhi)關(guan)鍵時刻,道(dao)(dao)家都(dou)能以(yi)柔克剛,《道(dao)(dao)德經》講究(jiu)包容(rong)性,像大海一(yi)樣(yang),像水一(yi) 樣(yang),無所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)包。真(zhen)正讀懂《道(dao)(dao)德經》的(de)(de)人(ren),不(bu)(bu)(bu)會沉淪,人(ren)人(ren)皆可君子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)交,如果(guo)社(she)(she)(she) 會上(shang)所(suo)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)人(ren),都(dou)以(yi)道(dao)(dao)為(wei)目標,擺脫(tuo)庸俗(su)的(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)會關(guan)系,社(she)(she)(she)會將會更和(he)諧(xie)。《道(dao)(dao)德經》 對人(ren)類文(wen)化未來的(de)(de)發(fa)展具有(you)(you)巨大指導意義。雖(sui)然哈耶克說過(guo),自(zi)由是人(ren)類進步(bu)的(de)(de)最(zui)后(hou) 動力,但自(zi)由和(he)自(zi)然要(yao)和(he)諧(xie),崇尚(shang)人(ren)和(he)自(zi)然的(de)(de)協調,人(ren)的(de)(de)行為(wei)符合(he)自(zi)然。“持而(er)盈(ying) 之(zhi)(zhi)’不(bu)(bu)(bu)如其已。揣而(er)銳之(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可常保。金玉滿堂(tang),莫之(zhi)(zhi)能守(shou)。富貴而(er)驕(jiao),自(zi)遺其 咎。”器盛物(wu)(wu)過(guo)于(yu)盈(ying)滿,必(bi)(bi)有(you)(you)傾(qing)失(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)患(huan);器物(wu)(wu)中空,則(ze)可容(rong)物(wu)(wu)受益,刀劍磨(mo)得過(guo)于(yu)鋒(feng) 利,會傷其鋒(feng),人(ren)若鋒(feng)芒(mang)畢露,亦(yi)必(bi)(bi)受挫,不(bu)(bu)(bu)會能常保。不(bu)(bu)(bu)勞而(er)獲,以(yi)至(zhi)金玉滿堂(tang), 必(bi)(bi)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)義,這些金玉必(bi)(bi)招禍患(huan),不(bu)(bu)(bu)能常保。身處富貴,最(zui)易驕(jiao)肆。須知富貴而(er)驕(jiao),后(hou) 果(guo)可想而(er)知。張良(liang)當年,便是“功成名遂,身退,天之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)。”逍遙(yao)于(yu)紫柏山(shan)中,功成 身退,成為(wei)后(hou)世(shi)多(duo)少(shao)人(ren)所(suo)追慕(mu)的(de)(de)楷模,否則(ze)他也不(bu)(bu)(bu)會成為(wei)“秦世(shi)無雙國(guo)士,漢(han)廷第 一(yi)名臣”。“專氣致柔,能如嬰兒乎?”《道(dao)(dao)德經》曾這樣(yang)向每個人(ren)發(fa)問。

七、“民不畏威”的民生觀

老子(zi)說(shuo):“治大國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)若烹(peng)(peng)小鮮”(《道德(de)(de)經》六(liu)十章(zhang)),國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)由(you)民(min)(min)構(gou)成,無(wu)(wu)民(min)(min)則無(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。 故侯王(wang)(wang)治理國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)一定(ding)要愛民(min)(min)。侯王(wang)(wang)愛民(min)(min)的(de)一個主要表(biao)現是不(bu)(bu)擾(rao)(rao)民(min)(min)。擾(rao)(rao)動民(min)(min)則民(min)(min)傷,民(min)(min) 傷則國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)亂。賦(fu)斂重使民(min)(min)貧,民(min)(min)貧國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也(ye)窮(qiong),國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)本動搖,威從何來?故,有(you)德(de)(de)之君(jun)愛民(min)(min)治 國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),重積德(de)(de),厚養(yang)民(min)(min),不(bu)(bu)斂民(min)(min)財,不(bu)(bu)擾(rao)(rao)民(min)(min),以民(min)(min)為國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)本。治理國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)道理好比烹(peng)(peng)魚, 不(bu)(bu)可(ke)繁政擾(rao)(rao)民(min)(min),不(bu)(bu)可(ke)頻繁折(zhe)騰。如果(guo)折(zhe)騰不(bu)(bu)已,魚變(bian)魚醬,非(fei)一塌糊(hu)涂不(bu)(bu)可(ke)。

老子說:“民(min)不(bu)畏威,則大威至(zhi)。”又說,“我無(wu)為而民(min)自(zi)化,我好(hao)靜(jing)而民(min)自(zi)正, 我無(wu)事(shi)(shi)而民(min)自(zi)富,我不(bu)欲(yu)而民(min)自(zi)樸”(《道德經(jing)》五十七(qi)章(zhang))。老子在這(zhe)里(li)規勸最高統 治者(“我”)不(bu)要(yao)多事(shi)(shi)而要(yao)“無(wu)事(shi)(shi)”,民(min)生少了來自(zi)王權的(de)壓(ya)力和重(zhong)稅(shui),休養(yang)生息(xi), 勤勞(lao)致富,就不(bu)會再懼怕官府的(de)微(wei)薄的(de)稅(shui)收與管(guan)治,這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)政治,反而能夠得(de)到最高 的(de)權威。

八、“小國寡民”的領地觀

老(lao)子說:“小(xiao)國寡(gua)民,鄰村相望(wang),雞(ji)犬(quan)之聲相聞,民至(zhi)老(lao)死不(bu)相往(wang)來(lai)。”這(zhe)句頗 有爭議,曾(ceng)被許多人歪曲為消極(ji)保(bao)守的(de)(de)政治思想,鮮明地表(biao)達了老(lao)子古樸的(de)(de)領地意(yi) 識。領地意(yi)識源自于(yu)獅群的(de)(de)動(dong)物本(ben)能(neng),也(ye)是(shi)后來(lai)國家尊嚴(yan)的(de)(de)由來(lai)。在當今動(dong)蕩不(bu)安、 弱肉強(qiang)食(shi)、和平難求(qiu)的(de)(de)k際局勢下(xia),領地意(yi)識提醒我們(men)要(yao)有起碼的(de)(de)尊重(zhong),在友(you)好往(wang)來(lai) 的(de)(de)同時,還要(yao)保(bao)持適當的(de)(de)距離,才能(neng)做(zuo)到張弛有節,不(bu)亂不(bu)淫(yin)。

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