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道武結合與道教傷科的發展

網(wang)絡 2023-09-20 16:54:36

中(zhong)華武(wu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)文化與(yu)宗教文化有著緊(jin)密的(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系(xi)。早在南北朝時(shi)期,fo門的(de)(de)(de)(de)少林(lin)寺習(xi)武(wu)即已發(fa)端,而道(dao)家與(yu)武(wu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)也開(kai)始了(le)交(jiao)融(rong)。武(wu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)與(yu)道(dao)家有共同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)哲學淵源,老莊思(si)(si)想的(de)(de)(de)(de)“以(yi)靜制(zhi)動,以(yi)柔克剛(gang)〃、"因敵變化,后發(fa)制(zhi)人(ren)〃以(yi)及道(dao)家陰陽辯證、五行(xing)生克等思(si)(si)想,均成為武(wu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)技擊理論(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)指導原(yuan)則,武(wu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌(zhang)及峨眉、武(wu)當諸流派之(zhi)技擊理論(lun),無不(bu)以(yi)道(dao)家思(si)(si)想為指針。在道(dao)教發(fa)展過程中(zhong),不(bu)少道(dao)士精習(xi)武(wu)藝,亦武(wu)亦道(dao),除利(li)用武(wu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)于亂世中(zhong)自衛防身,保護道(dao)教miao觀財產外,更借武(wu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)以(yi)習(xi)道(dao)法,使道(dao)家神仙思(si)(si)想與(yu)武(wu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)相結合,形成宗教文化的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個重要特(te)征。

早(zao)在(zai)魏(wei)晉時期,早(zao)期道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)即有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)武術與(yu)神(shen)仙(xian)思(si)想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結合,借武術來(lai)顯示(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)意識與(yu)法(fa)力,這(zhe)主要表現在(zai)關于劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)話(hua)與(yu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)術上。由(you)于自(zi)先秦(qin)以(yi)來(lai)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)術受到(dao)人(ren)(ren)們(men)特(te)殊(shu)喜愛(ai),人(ren)(ren)們(men)練(lian)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)佩(pei)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),除習武之(zhi)外,更(geng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著英雄氣概高貴不凡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象征,因而(er)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)這(zhe)一(yi)武器(qi)逐漸由(you)被人(ren)(ren)崇敬而(er)神(shen)化(hua),表現在(zai)認為(wei)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)靈異性,劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)能(neng)體(ti)現祥瑞以(yi)及劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)能(neng)降(jiang)妖、誅(zhu)(zhu)鬼、辟邪(xie)(xie)等方(fang)面。如《晉書?張華傳》記(ji)吳(wu)國之(zhi)地斗牛間常(chang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)紫氣,是(shi)"寶(bao)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)之(zhi)精,上徹于天(tian)〃。張華命人(ren)(ren)掘出寶(bao)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)佩(pei)帶,起(qi)事(shi)稱王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)事(shi)。又(you)《晉書》還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)劉曜得道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)童獻寶(bao)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),后來(lai)當(dang)了前趙皇帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)事(shi)。王(wang)嘉(拾遺記(ji)》:"昆(kun)吾(wu)山下多赤金……越王(wang)勾踐使二人(ren)(ren)以(yi)白馬白牛祠昆(kun)吾(wu)之(zhi)神(shen),采金鑄之(zhi),以(yi)成八劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)…?六(liu)名(ming)滅(mie)魂,挾之(zhi)夜行,不逢魑(chi)魅;七曰卻邪(xie)(xie),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)妖魅見之(zhi)則伏(fu)。”這(zhe)是(shi)神(shen)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)能(neng)辟邪(xie)(xie)誅(zhu)(zhu)鬼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳說。這(zhe)些神(shen)話(hua)傳說,成為(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)士(shi)把寶(bao)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)作為(wei)法(fa)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要根據(ju),道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)士(shi)作法(fa),降(jiang)神(shen)誅(zhu)(zhu)妖,均(jun)(jun)離不開(kai)寶(bao)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。陶(tao)弘(hong)景喜歡研(yan)究武術,著《刀劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)錄》,自(zi)述(shu)造(zao)神(shen)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)十三口(kou),每(mei)口(kou)神(shen)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)均(jun)(jun)刻(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)銘文符箓,并有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)特(te)殊(shu)作用(yong)。如〃一(yi)曰凝霜,道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)家三洞九真劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上刻(ke)真人(ren)(ren)玉女名(ming)字……五(wu)曰伐形,刻(ke)符箓道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)家登真口(kou)訣,六(liu)甲神(shen),長五(wu)尺(chi)(chi)……七曰五(wu)威靈光,長二尺(chi)(chi)許(xu),半身(shen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)刃,上刻(ke)晨(chen)辰北斗,天(tian)市天(tian)魁,二十八宿,服此,除百(bai)邪(xie)(xie)魑(chi)魅,厭即伏(fu)用(yong)之(zhi)。”劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)除了種種神(shen)異作用(yong)外,還(huan)能(neng)上天(tian)入云>飛劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)斬殺。這(zhe)些傳說即后世(shi)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)仙(xian)故(gu)事(shi)之(zhi)由(you)來(lai)。

道(dao)術(shu)與武術(shu)的(de)結合,還表現在(zai)道(dao)教修煉中借(jie)寶(bao)(bao)劍(jian)"尸(shi)(shi)解(jie)〃成仙(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)道(dao)術(shu)上,葛洪在(zai)《抱(bao)樸(pu)子(zi)?論仙(xian)(xian)(xian)》中把神(shen)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)分為三(san)等(deng)(deng),即天(tian)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)、地(di)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)和尸(shi)(shi)解(jie)仙(xian)(xian)(xian):“上士舉(ju)形(xing)升虛,謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)。中士游(you)于名山,謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)。下士先死(si)(si)后(hou)脫,謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尸(shi)(shi)解(jie)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)。”即天(tian)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)、地(di)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)都已能(neng)不死(si)(si),肉體成仙(xian)(xian)(xian)。而(er)第三(san)等(deng)(deng)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)人,則須先死(si)(si),借(jie)某一(yi)(yi)物體〃尸(shi)(shi)解(jie)〃——代(dai)替自己死(si)(si)身,而(er)后(hou)成仙(xian)(xian)(xian)。代(dai)替之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物,多用寶(bao)(bao)劍(jian),亦稱"劍(jian)解(jie)〃。《太極(ji)真人遺帶散》云:〃凡尸(shi)(shi)解(jie)者(zhe),皆寄一(yi)(yi)物而(er)后(hou)去,或刀(dao)或劍(jian)1:,或竹或杖,及(ji)水火兵刃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)解(jie)。〃《神(shen)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)傳》謂(wei):〃真人去世(shi),多以(yi)劍(jian)代(dai)形(xing)。

五百年后,劍亦(yi)能(neng)靈化。”道(dao)家典籍記載亦(yi)有“刀解(jie)〃,死后棺內(nei)尸體變成寶刀。尸解(jie)的法術,也是(shi)道(dao)教和武術結合的另—種形態。

道家與武術(shu)(shu)的(de)緊密聯(lian)系,更(geng)主(zhu)要的(de)體現(xian)在道門習(xi)武練武,道家而兼武家。晉代(dai)著名道教理論(lun)家葛(ge)(ge)洪即精通武術(shu)(shu)。《抱樸(pu)子?外(wai)篇自序》:"少嘗學射(she)……昔在軍旅,曾手射(she)追騎,應弦(xian)而倒,殺二(er)賊一馬,遂以(yi)得(de)免死(si)〃。可見葛(ge)(ge)洪曾參加部(bu)隊指揮作(zuo)戰(zhan),并精于射(she)術(shu)(shu)。葛(ge)(ge)洪自述(shu)曾練習(xi)多項武藝(yi):

“又曾(ceng)(ceng)受刀(dao)楣(mei)及單(dan)(dan)刀(dao)、雙(shuang)戟,皆(jie)有口(kou)訣要求,以(yi)待(dai)取人(ren),乃(nai)有秘法(fa)(fa),其(qi)巧入神(shen)。若(ruo)以(yi)此(ci)道與不曉者對,便可(ke)(ke)以(yi)當(dang)全獨勝。所向無敵(di)矣。晚(wan)又學(xue)(xue)七尺(chi)杖術,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)入白刃,取大(da)戟〃。可(ke)(ke)見葛洪掌握(wo)了刀(dao)楣(mei)、單(dan)(dan)刀(dao)、雙(shuang)戟等(deng)當(dang)時實戰中常用(yong)武(wu)藝(yi)及棍法(fa)(fa),學(xue)(xue)到(dao)一(yi)些較為高(gao)超的本領。葛洪青(qing)年(nian)時即學(xue)(xue)道,晉惠帝泰安年(nian)間(jian),曾(ceng)(ceng)應(ying)召(zhao)從軍(jun),并(bing)立(li)下戰功(gong),獲得"伏(fu)波將(jiang)軍(jun)"稱號。戰爭平息之后(hou),復(fu)返(fan)道門(men)。可(ke)(ke)見當(dang)時不少宗教徒(tu)也(ye)參軍(jun)服(fu)役(yi),這也(ye)是道門(men)尚武(wu)的一(yi)個歷史原(yuan)由(you)。南朝時期著(zhu)名道士陶(tao)弘景(jing)亦(yi)精于(yu)武(wu)藝(yi),他一(yi)生經歷宋、齊、梁三(san)(san)朝,早年(nian)出(chu)仕,后(hou)入山修道,因其(qi)學(xue)(xue)識淵博,深受帝王崇敬。其(qi)祖父陶(tao)隆、父陶(tao)貞寶均文武(wu)全能(neng),善騎(qi)射,有力好武(wu)。陶(tao)弘景(jing)承其(qi)家傳(chuan),亦(yi)"便馬(ma)善射〃,精研(yan)兵法(fa)(fa),對刀(dao)劍(jian)有深入研(yan)究(jiu),著(zhu)(刀(dao)劍(jian)錄》,記歷代名刀(dao)寶劍(jian),自(zi)己于(yu)"弘景(jing)造神(shen)劍(jian)十三(san)(san)口(kou),用(yong)金銀銅鐵錫五色(se)合為此(ci)劍(jian),長短各依洞劍(jian)術法(fa)(fa)。”陶(tao)氏亦(yi)喜煉寶刀(dao),曾(ceng)(ceng)煉寶刀(dao)二口(kou),"其(qi)一(yi)名善勝,一(yi)名威勝,并(bing)為佳寶〃,獻給梁武(wu)帝,受到(dao)嘉獎。

中國武術發展至宋代,漸趨成熟,此時,已開始形成各種拳法、流派,且出現了“十八般武藝〃之說,表明武藝器械已多樣化,在武術發展過程中與道家的關系進一步密切。特別是明代出現了有關張三豐與(yu)武(wu)(wu)當(dang)派(pai)武(wu)(wu)術(shu)的傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說,把武(wu)(wu)當(dang)武(wu)(wu)術(shu)的首創者(zhe)(zhe)歸(gui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)道(dao)士(shi)張三豐。明(ming)代(dai)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)黃梨洲撰《王征(zheng)(zheng)南墓志銘(ming)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)文記下(xia)(xia)(xia)了這一(yi)(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說:〃少(shao)林(lin)以拳(quan)(quan)勇(yong)名(ming)天下(xia)(xia)(xia),然主于(yu)(yu)(yu)搏人,人亦得(de)以乘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。有(you)所謂內(nei)家(jia)者(zhe)(zhe),以靜制動(dong),犯者(zhe)(zhe)應手即仆,故別(bie)少(shao)林(lin)為外家(jia),蓋起于(yu)(yu)(yu)宋(song)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)張三豐。三豐為武(wu)(wu)當(dang)丹士(shi),徽宗召(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),道(dao)梗(geng)不得(de)進。夜夢元(yuan)帝(di)授之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)拳(quan)(quan)法(fa)(fa),厥(jue)明(ming),以單丁殺賊(zei)百(bai)余。三豐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)術(shu),百(bai)年(nian)以后流傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)陜西,而王宗最著(zhu)。”(《南雷(lei)文案(an))卷六)王征(zheng)(zheng)南為明(ming)末內(nei)家(jia)拳(quan)(quan)武(wu)(wu)術(shu)家(jia),在這個墓志銘(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)記下(xia)(xia)(xia)了內(nei)家(jia)拳(quan)(quan)為道(dao)家(jia)張三豐所創。這一(yi)(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說雖無(wu)更(geng)多(duo)的史料來印(yin)證,但從內(nei)家(jia)拳(quan)(quan)及(ji)(ji)內(nei)家(jia)拳(quan)(quan)的體系太極(ji)拳(quan)(quan)、形意拳(quan)(quan)及(ji)(ji)八(ba)卦掌等流派(pai)看,其拳(quan)(quan)法(fa)(fa)思想理(li)論,則多(duo)為道(dao)家(jia)思想觀點,因此,其與(yu)道(dao)教有(you)著(zhu)緊(jin)密的聯系是(shi)存在的。近世(shi)八(ba)卦掌傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)人董海川(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)記亦敘董之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)拳(quan)(quan)法(fa)(fa)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)道(dao)士(shi):"董公海川(chuan)者(zhe)(zhe),八(ba)卦掌傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)祖也。世(shi)居(ju)文安城南朱家(jia)塢,生(sheng)有(you)神力,幼習技(ji)擊(ji),以武(wu)(wu)勇(yong)名(ming)鄉里……嘗訪(fang)友于(yu)(yu)(yu)皖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)江(jiang)南九(jiu)華山,迷途誤入亂山中(zhong)(zhong),得(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)士(shi)而從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)習打拳(quan)(quan)擊(ji)劍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa),練神導氣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功。凡(fan)其所傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)皆所未聞(wen)未睹者(zhe)(zhe)。"(《武(wu)(wu)當(dang)絕技(ji)》?《董海川(chuan)先(xian)生(sheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》吉(ji)林(lin)科技(ji)出版社1988年(nian)版)明(ming)清以來,各(ge)種典籍(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)記道(dao)士(shi)精于(yu)(yu)(yu)武(wu)(wu)術(shu)技(ji)擊(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)不少(shao),突出者(zhe)(zhe)如明(ming)人唐順之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《峨(e)眉道(dao)人拳(quan)(quan)歌(ge)》寫道(dao):

"浮屠善幻多技(ji)能,少林拳法世(shi)稀有。道人更自出新奇,乃(nai)是深山(shan)白猿(yuan)授(shou)。

忽然(ran)豎發一頓足,去來星(xing)女(nv)擲(zhi)靈(ling)梭,險中呈(cheng)巧眾盡驚(jing),百折(zhe)連(lian)腰(yao)盡無骨,猶言技癢試賈勇,興閎顧影卻自惜(xi),余奇未竟(jing)已收場,道人變化固不測,崖石(shi)迸裂驚(jing)砂(sha)走。天嬌天魔翻(fan)翠袖。拙里藏機(ji)人莫究。—撒通身皆是手。低蹲(dun)更(geng)作(zuo)獅(shi)子吼。肯使(shi)天機(ji)俱(ju)泄(xie)漏。鼻息無聲神氣守。跳上蒲團如木偶(ou)。”

這首詩極生動地描繪了峨(e)眉道人的(de)(de)拳技(ji),說他是能(neng)與少(shao)林拳法(fa)媲美而更(geng)新奇的(de)(de)拳術,詩中形(xing)象(xiang)地寫出了道人的(de)(de)深(shen)厚功力和武(wu)術風格,可作當(dang)時道家武(wu)術的(de)(de)代表。

中(zhong)華武術(shu)具(ju)有多種社會功能,用(yong)之于戰斗的實(shi)戰性(xing),用(yong)之于強健體(ti)(ti)魄的健身性(xing)以(yi)(yi)及用(yong)于愉娛身心(xin)的競技(ji)娛樂性(xing)是其(qi)主要(yao)方面(mian)。武術(shu)離(li)不(bu)(bu)開(kai)殺伐搏擊(ji)(ji),其(qi)多種社會功能均與(yu)(yu)其(qi)技(ji)擊(ji)(ji)性(xing)分(fen)不(bu)(bu)開(kai),而(er)技(ji)擊(ji)(ji)則免不(bu)(bu)了傷(shang)人或(huo)(huo)自(zi)傷(shang),因此(ci),無(wu)論(lun)從武術(shu)的習(xi)練或(huo)(huo)實(shi)戰看,武術(shu)均與(yu)(yu)對人體(ti)(ti)創(chuang)傷(shang)的防護與(yu)(yu)治療有緊密聯系。所(suo)以(yi)(yi),自(zi)古以(yi)(yi)來,習(xi)藝練武必兼習(xi)創(chuang)傷(shang)治療,武師多為傷(shang)科(ke)(ke)醫(yi)師,武科(ke)(ke)與(yu)(yu)傷(shang)科(ke)(ke)成(cheng)為不(bu)(bu)可分(fen)割的孿(luan)生姐妹,在歷史(shi)的長河中(zhong)共同(tong)發(fa)展。道家與(yu)(yu)武家相(xiang)結合,在道教(jiao)醫(yi)療中(zhong)自(zi)然表現(xian)了傷(shang)科(ke)(ke)的特色,而(er)且由于道教(jiao)醫(yi)家在傷(shang)科(ke)(ke)方面(mian)的成(cheng)就,使道教(jiao)醫(yi)學對中(zhong)華傷(shang)科(ke)(ke)的形(xing)成(cheng)與(yu)(yu)發(fa)展亦作出了杰出的貢獻。

晉代道家大醫(yi)葛洪在(zai)傷科方面(mian)也有巨大的(de)(de)貢獻。他論述(shu)了開放創口(kou)感染的(de)(de)“毒氣〃之說(shuo),強調早期處理(li)傷口(kou)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要性(xing),他所主張并提倡的(de)(de)骨(gu)折和關節脫位用小夾板(ban)局(ju)部固定法(fa)和手術整復療法(fa),在(zai)中(zhong)國骨(gu)傷診斷(duan)與治療史(shi)上起到劃時代的(de)(de)開創作用。

葛(ge)洪對危重創傷及大出血者指出:"凡金皰去血,其人若喝(he),慎勿咸(xian)食(shi),若多飲粥輩,則血溢出殺人,不(bu)可(ke)救也。”

(《外臺秘要》引(yin)(yin)《肘(zhou)(zhou)后方(fang)(fang)》他(ta)對(dui)胸腹(fu)內傷(shang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療,繼(ji)承并發展了漢代《治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)百病(bing)方(fang)(fang)》之(zhi)法,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)活(huo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)逐瘀為主,創(chuang)(chuang)(桃枝湯)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)墮落瘀血(xue)(xue)(xue),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)活(huo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)化瘀止痛(tong)(tong)。為防感染,葛(ge)洪(hong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥水洗創(chuang)(chuang)口,再敷《神黃膏》,他(ta)制成多種金(jin)瘡止血(xue)(xue)(xue)止痛(tong)(tong)之(zhi)膏散常備急用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。葛(ge)洪(hong)創(chuang)(chuang)造性地運用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)按(an)摩(mo)牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)等手術于(yu)脫(tuo)位、骨(gu)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)等創(chuang)(chuang)傷(shang)的(de)整復。《肘(zhou)(zhou)后方(fang)(fang)》載:"治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)失欠頷(han)車(che)蹉(cuo)開張不合(he)方(fang)(fang):一人以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)指牽(qian)其頤,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)漸推之(zhi)則復入〃。這(zhe)(zhe)種治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療下頷(han)關節脫(tuo)位的(de)方(fang)(fang)法至(zhi)今還(huan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)臨床。葛(ge)洪(hong)在《肘(zhou)(zhou)后救卒方(fang)(fang)》中(zhong)首(shou)次(ci)提出(chu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)竹(zhu)(zhu)板(ban)固定(ding)骨(gu)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)法:"肘(zhou)(zhou)后療腕(wan)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),四肢骨(gu)破碎及(ji)筋傷(shang)蹉(cuo)跌(die)方(fang)(fang):爛(lan)搗生(sheng)地敷之(zhi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)裹(guo)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)傷(shang)處,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)竹(zhu)(zhu)片夾(jia)裹(guo)之(zhi),令(ling)遍(bian)病(bing)上(shang),急縛(fu),勿令(ling)轉動。一日(ri)可(ke)十(shi)易(yi),三日(ri)則差。”這(zhe)(zhe)種首(shou)先外敷上(shang)藥然后用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)夾(jia)板(ban)固定(ding)骨(gu)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)療法,成為中(zhong)國醫學千余年來治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療骨(gu)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)獨特療法,葛(ge)洪(hong)首(shou)創(chuang)(chuang)之(zhi)功不可(ke)磨(mo)滅。其外用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥修復骨(gu)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),續筋接骨(gu),也是道醫傷(shang)科的(de)特色(se)。葛(ge)洪(hong)提出(chu)腰(yao)連腿痛(tong)(tong)是"腎氣虛衰(shuai)而當風臥濕〃所致(zhi),他(ta)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)方(fang)(fang)藥,構(gou)成"獨活(huo)寄生(sheng)湯〃,至(zhi)今仍常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。《肘(zhou)(zhou)后備急方(fang)(fang)》載運用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)灸法:"治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卒腰(yao)痛(tong)(tong)、不得俯仰方(fang)(fang):正(zheng)立倚(yi)小(xiao)竹(zhu)(zhu),度其人足(zu)下至(zhi)臍,斷竹(zhu)(zhu),及(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)度后當脊中(zhong),灸竹(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)頭處,隨年壯……或灸腰(yao)腿中(zhong)七壯……治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)反(fan)腰(yao)有血(xue)(xue)(xue)痛(tong)(tong)方(fang)(fang),搗杜仲三升許,和苦酒(jiu)和涂痛(tong)(tong)上(shang),干復涂,并灸足(zu)踵(zhong)白肉際三壯。”這(zhe)(zhe)是治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)扭傷(shang)腰(yao)痛(tong)(tong)的(de)方(fang)(fang)法。長于(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療腰(yao)腿病(bing)痛(tong)(tong),亦是道醫特色(se)之(zhi)一。

唐(tang)代著(zhu)名(ming)道醫孫思邈之(千金要方(fang))為醫家(jia)百科式巨著(zhu),在傷(shang)科方(fang)面,輯錄(lu)了(le)不少治(zhi)(zhi)傷(shang)藥(yao)方(fang),記錄(lu)了(le)孫氏(shi)治(zhi)(zhi)內傷(shang)的(de)經驗。以人尿(niao)治(zhi)(zhi)內傷(shang)至今(jin)仍為外科用藥(yao)。《千金要方(fang)?備急》:"凡被打損(sun),血悶搶心,氣絕不能言(yan),可擘開口,尿(niao)中令下咽,即醒。”他還介紹了(le)以泥土(tu)蒸熱包熨損(sun)傷(shang)之法,有(you)—定療效。孫思邈還對針(zhen)灸、按摩、導(dao)引等治(zhi)(zhi)筋骨痹癥(zheng)、風濕痹癥(zheng)進行了(le)總結,其治(zhi)(zhi)扭挫傷(shang)腰疼痛的(de)導(dao)引法是:〃正(zheng)東坐,收手抱心,一人于(yu)前(qian)據攝(she)其兩膝,一人后捧(peng)其頭,徐牽令偃(yan)臥,頭到地(di),三起三臥,止便差。”孫氏(shi)此法簡便有(you)效。

在唐(tang)代,出了一位對中(zhong)醫(yi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)科(ke)診斷(duan)與治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)作出劃時(shi)代貢獻的(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)教醫(yi)家——藺(lin)(lin)道(dao)(dao)人。正史沒見他的(de)(de)傳(chuan)記,他所傳(chuan)授(shou)(shou)《仙授(shou)(shou)理(li)傷(shang)(shang)續(xu)(xu)斷(duan)秘方(fang)》之序言說他在唐(tang)武宗會昌(chang)年間(841-846)已(yi)"百四五十歲〃。藺(lin)(lin)道(dao)(dao)人原(yuan)籍(ji)長安,其(qi)名(ming)不可知,晚年隱居江西宜春鐘村,村民彭(peng)叟(sou)與道(dao)(dao)人為友,彭(peng)叟(sou)之子(zi)受傷(shang)(shang)"折頸挫肱(gong),呻吟不絕(jue)〃,藺(lin)(lin)道(dao)(dao)人為其(qi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)數日即(ji)愈,人們才知其(qi)精傷(shang)(shang)科(ke)醫(yi)術,求者益(yi)眾。藺(lin)(lin)道(dao)(dao)人以其(qi)方(fang)授(shou)(shou)彭(peng)叟(sou),《仙授(shou)(shou)理(li)傷(shang)(shang)續(xu)(xu)斷(duan)秘方(fang)》才得以流傳(chuan)于(yu)世。該書以氣血學(xue)說立論,以整(zheng)(zheng)復(fu)(fu)、固定(ding)、活(huo)動(dong)及內(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)用藥(yao)為治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)折的(de)(de)大法(fa)(fa),對開放性骨(gu)(gu)(gu)折,應(ying)先(xian)沖(chong)洗傷(shang)(shang)口(kou),后行手法(fa)(fa)整(zheng)(zheng)復(fu)(fu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)折或擴創復(fu)(fu)位、縫合傷(shang)(shang)口(kou)、小(xiao)夾板(ban)外(wai)固定(ding)和內(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)用藥(yao)的(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)。其(qi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)傷(shang)(shang)有七步內(nei)(nei)(nei)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)傷(shang)(shang)損法(fa)(fa),分七個步驟(zou)按(an)不同(tong)的(de)(de)階段服以不同(tong)的(de)(de)方(fang)劑藥(yao)物,計"一湯(tang)二藥(yao)三丸一丹(dan)〃,體(ti)現了辨證論治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)原(yuan)則。其(qi)整(zheng)(zheng)復(fu)(fu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)折有"相(xiang)度"、“忖(cun)度"、“拔(ba)伸"、“撙捺〃和“捺正”,即(ji)手摸心(xin)會、技(ji)伸牽引、端擠提按(an)等整(zheng)(zheng)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)手法(fa)(fa),再加小(xiao)夾板(ban)固定(ding)與活(huo)動(dong)相(xiang)結合的(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)。藺(lin)(lin)道(dao)(dao)人的(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)科(ke)診斷(duan)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)形成了一套完整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)體(ti)系,成為后世千余年骨(gu)(gu)(gu)傷(shang)(shang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)的(de)(de)準繩(sheng),至(zhi)今有著重要的(de)(de)學(xue)術價值。

明清時期,中國武術有極大發展,此時,拳種并出,流派林立。所謂少林、武當、峨眉為其最著者,此外,各家拳腳器械,何止數十百家。從宗教與武術關系看,fo道及民間宗教都與武術有緊密聯系,而且以武為核心,往往突破宗教界限。如著名武術大家少林派中,卻有不少道家人物;武當派本出自道家,卻有不少高seng強手。現在所見成書于清乾隆年間的為少林拳術最早的完整拳譜(少林衣缽真傳)四卷,包括拳術、短打、器械及內功,整理者為升霄道人,為此譜作序者為弗遑道人。其內功《十八羅漢功圖譜》中,還附有道教內丹修煉的《內觀圖》,表明(ming)(ming)少(shao)(shao)林武(wu)術(shu)(shu)亦(yi)汲取了(le)不少(shao)(shao)道(dao)(dao)教修煉的理論(lun)與方法,道(dao)(dao)家人物對少(shao)(shao)林fo門武(wu)術(shu)(shu)亦(yi)有(you)(you)重大的貢獻(參(can)閱曠(kuang)文(wen)楠:《繪象羅漢行功全譜評述(shu)》,《中(zhong)華武(wu)術(shu)(shu)》1992年4期(qi))。在武(wu)術(shu)(shu)傷科方面,亦(yi)是(shi)如(ru)此。明(ming)(ming)清時期(qi)武(wu)術(shu)(shu)傷科有(you)(you)較大發展(zhan),其中(zhong)包含(han)不少(shao)(shao)道(dao)(dao)醫兼武(wu)家的成就。

明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)正德嘉靖年間有(you)異(yi)(yi)遠(yuan)(yuan)真(zhen)(zhen)人(ren),著《跌(die)(die)損妙(miao)(miao)方(fang)》,內容(rong)有(you)《治法(fa)總(zong)論》、《用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)歌(ge))及(ji)《血(xue)頭(tou)行走穴(xue)道(dao)(dao)(dao)歌(ge)》等(deng),該書為(wei)武(wu)術傷(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)科(ke)(ke)較早著作(zuo)(zuo),其作(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)異(yi)(yi)遠(yuan)(yuan)真(zhen)(zhen)人(ren)事跡生平不可考(kao),顧其名可能為(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)醫(yi)(yi)兼武(wu)家人(ren)物。《跌(die)(die)損妙(miao)(miao)方(fang)》一書對明(ming)(ming)清武(wu)術傷(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)科(ke)(ke)有(you)較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)影響。其藥(yao)方(fang)"七厘(li)散(san)"至(zhi)今為(wei)少林傷(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)科(ke)(ke)要藥(yao),其基本成分是承(cheng)繼(ji)唐代(dai)藺道(dao)(dao)(dao)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)骨(gu)方(fang)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)而來(lai)。《跌(die)(die)損妙(miao)(miao)方(fang)》、《用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)歌(ge)》論述(shu)了(le)(le)(le)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)科(ke)(ke)藥(yao)物性(xing)味(wei)及(ji)主治,為(wei)明(ming)(ming)以前治傷(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)藥(yao)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)結。特別值(zhi)得注(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)是《跌(die)(die)損妙(miao)(miao)方(fang)》中《血(xue)頭(tou)行走穴(xue)道(dao)(dao)(dao)歌(ge)》,說明(ming)(ming)人(ren)身氣血(xue)運(yun)(yun)行在(zai)十(shi)二時辰(chen)中分別經過不同穴(xue)道(dao)(dao)(dao),這(zhe)是中醫(yi)(yi)經絡學說子(zi)午流注(zhu)(zhu)理(li)論在(zai)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)科(ke)(ke)中的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)用(yong)(yong),早在(zai)晉代(dai)道(dao)(dao)(dao)教大(da)醫(yi)(yi)葛洪《肘后救(jiu)卒方(fang)》中就記載了(le)(le)(le)人(ren)體受傷(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)致命的(de)(de)(de)部位、穴(xue)道(dao)(dao)(dao),異(yi)(yi)遠(yuan)(yuan)真(zhen)(zhen)人(ren)承(cheng)繼(ji)了(le)(le)(le)歷代(dai)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)科(ke)(ke)有(you)關(guan)穴(xue)位的(de)(de)(de)經驗,提出(chu)子(zi)午流注(zhu)(zhu)運(yun)(yun)用(yong)(yong)于傷(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)科(ke)(ke),為(wei)以后少林武(wu)術的(de)(de)(de)跌(die)(die)打(da)點穴(xue)治傷(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)法(fa)指明(ming)(ming)了(le)(le)(le)途徑。至(zhi)今,道(dao)(dao)(dao)醫(yi)(yi)治療(liao)中還十(shi)分重視運(yun)(yun)用(yong)(yong)子(zi)午流注(zhu)(zhu)理(li)論點穴(xue)按摩、針灸(jiu)治療(liao),都(dou)是承(cheng)繼(ji)、發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)異(yi)(yi)遠(yuan)(yuan)真(zhen)(zhen)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)科(ke)(ke)血(xue)頭(tou)穴(xue)道(dao)(dao)(dao)理(li)論而來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)。異(yi)(yi)遠(yuan)(yuan)真(zhen)(zhen)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)《跌(die)(die)損妙(miao)(miao)方(fang)》為(wei)清代(dai)武(wu)家兼醫(yi)(yi)家的(de)(de)(de)王瑞(rui)伯、江考(kao)卿、趙廷海等(deng)人(ren)繼(ji)承(cheng),對清代(dai)骨(gu)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)科(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)起了(le)(le)(le)重要的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。時至(zhi)今日,傷(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)科(ke)(ke)仍(reng)是道(dao)(dao)(dao)醫(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)特色之一,不少知名的(de)(de)(de)武(wu)家兼醫(yi)(yi)家,許多是承(cheng)繼(ji)與發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)醫(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)一特色而來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)。

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